According to the work goals and tasks determined by edition outline of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2025 Edition, the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2025 Edition has been completed. Among them, 52 new pharmaceutical excipients monographs have been added, an increase of 15.5% compared with the 2020 Edition, and the total number has reached 387. This article focuses on the general framework and the main characteristics of the standards of pharmaceutical excipients in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2025 Edition, which can contribute to accurately understand and utilize the standards in Chinese Pharmacopoeia.

The statement of"qi transformation leading to the removal of pathogenic dampness"was recorded in Wen Bing Tiao Bian(Analysis on Epidemic Febrile Diseases)written by the Qing Dynasty physician WU Ju-Tong.Dampness in the triple energizer is caused by the dysfunction of qi transformation,and the treatment of dampness must be based on the activation of qi movement and focused on the promotion of qi movement and the restoration of the qi transformation in the triple energizer.For the treatment of dampness attack in the upper energizer,therapies of dispersing lung to smooth qi and resolving dampness to relieve the obstruction are recommended.For the treatment of dampness obstruction in the middle energizer,therapy of activating spleen qi by strengthening spleen and moving qi is stressed for helping the removal of dampness and for the eradication of the source of dampness.For the treatment of dampness stagnation in the lower energizer,therapy of draining dampness with sweet-light medicines and activating yang can be used according to the illness status.The three methods of treating dampness,namely dispersing the upper energizer,activating the middle energizer and draining the lower energizer,all embody the mechanism of"qi transformation leading to the removal of pathogenic dampness",and the therapies of dispersing lung with light medicines,inducing perspiration by opening striated layer,eliminating dampness with aromatics and draining dampness with sweet-light medicines should be used in accordance with the syndromes.The elucidation of the academic thoughts of"qi transformation leading to the removal of pathogenic dampness"can provide theoretical reference for the fundamental research of dampness syndrome and clinical application of therapies for resolving dampness in Chinese medicine.

Bacterial biofilms gave rise to persistent infections and multi-organ failure, thereby posing a serious threat to human health. Biofilms were formed by cross-linking of hydrophobic extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), such as proteins, polysaccharides, and eDNA, which were synthesized by bacteria themselves after adhesion and colonization on biological surfaces. They had the characteristics of dense structure, high adhesiveness and low drug permeability, and had been found in many human organs or tissues, such as the brain, heart, liver, spleen, lungs, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, and skeleton. By releasing pro-inflammatory bacterial metabolites including endotoxins, exotoxins and interleukin, biofilms stimulated the body’s immune system to secrete inflammatory factors. These factors triggered local inflammation and chronic infections. Those were the key reason for the failure of traditional clinical drug therapy for infectious diseases.In order to cope with the increasingly severe drug-resistant infections, it was urgent to develop new therapeutic strategies for bacterial-biofilm eradication and anti-bacterial infections. Based on the nanoscale structure and biocompatible activity, nanobiomaterials had the advantages of specific targeting, intelligent delivery, high drug loading and low toxicity, which could realize efficient intervention and precise treatment of drug-resistant bacterial biofilms. This paper highlighted multiple strategies of biofilms eradication based on nanobiomaterials. For example, nanobiomaterials combined with EPS degrading enzymes could be used for targeted hydrolysis of bacterial biofilms, and effectively increased the drug enrichment within biofilms. By loading quorum sensing inhibitors, nanotechnology was also an effective strategy for eradicating bacterial biofilms and recovering the infectious symptoms. Nanobiomaterials could intervene the bacterial metabolism and break the bacterial survival homeostasis by blocking the uptake of nutrients. Moreover, energy-driven micro-nano robotics had shown excellent performance in active delivery and biofilm eradication. Micro-nano robots could penetrate physiological barriers by exogenous or endogenous driving modes such as by biological or chemical methods, ultrasound, and magnetic field, and deliver drugs to the infection sites accurately. Achieving this using conventional drugs was difficult. Overall, the paper described the biological properties and drug-resistant molecular mechanisms of bacterial biofilms, and highlighted therapeutic strategies from different perspectives by nanobiomaterials, such as dispersing bacterial mature biofilms, blocking quorum sensing, inhibiting bacterial metabolism, and energy driving penetration. In addition, we presented the key challenges still faced by nanobiomaterials in combating bacterial biofilm infections. Firstly, the dense structure of EPS caused biofilms spatial heterogeneity and metabolic heterogeneity, which created exacting requirements for the design, construction and preparation process of nanobiomaterials. Secondly, biofilm disruption carried the risk of spread and infection the pathogenic bacteria, which might lead to other infections. Finally, we emphasized the role of nanobiomaterials in the development trends and translational prospects in biofilm treatment.

Air Pollution/analysis* ; Environmental Exposure/analysis* ; China/epidemiology* ; Air Pollutants/analysis* ; Particulate Matter/analysis* ; Environmental Monitoring

PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway plays a crucial role in cell proliferation, survival, differentiation, motility and intracellular transport. PI3Kδ, an isoform of PI3K, is highly expressed in B lymphocytes and is involved in the malignant progression of B-cell lymphoma. Thus, PI3Kδ has emerged as an attractive target for the development of anti-B-cell lymphoma drugs. Currently, there are several PI3Kδ inhibitors approved by the FDA for the treatment of B-cell lymphoma, each with its own characteristics, but also with varying degrees of adverse effects in clinical practice. Due to the complexity and diversity of the pathogenesis of B-cell lymphoma, single-target PI3Kδ inhibitors often have limited efficacy and are prone to drug resistance, and need to be combined with chemotherapy or other targeted drugs to enhance their efficacy. The future trend is to design novel inhibitors with higher efficacy and lower toxicity or to develop novel combination regimens with other chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and target drugs to acquire better anti-tumor effects with reduced adverse effects. This review summarizes the PI3Kδ inhibitors that have been approved for the treatment of B-cell lymphoma or are still in clinical trials, mainly focusing on their characteristics, adverse effects and combination regimens.

Autoimmune hepatitis(AIH)is a type of chronic hepatitis caused by the attack of hepatocytes by the autoimmune system,and with the prolongation of disease course,it may gradually progress to liver cirrhosis and even hepatocellular carcinoma.Although great achievements have been made in the understanding and treatment of AIH,its etiology and pathogenesis still remain unclear.T cells play a crucial role in the development and progression of AIH,and by focusing on follicular helper T cells,this article elaborates on the research advances in follicular helper T cells in AIH,in order to provide new ideas and strategies for the clinical treatment of AIH.

Most patients with differentiated thyroid cancer have a good prognosis after radioiodine-131 therapy,but a small number of patients are insensitive to radioiodine-131 therapy and even continue to develop disease.At present,some targeted drugs can improve progression-free survival in patients with radioactive iodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer(RAIR-DTC),such as sorafenib and levatinib,have been approved for the treatment of RAIR-DTC.However,due to the presence of primary and acquired drug resistance,drug efficacy in these patients is unsatisfactory.This review introduces the acquired drug resistance mechanism of sorafenib in the regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase(PI3K)pathways and proposes related treatment strategies,in order to provide a reference for similar drug resistance mechanism of sorafenib and effective treatment of RAIR-DTC.

Objective To establish a renal cell co-culture system to simulate the renal barrier system,and to test its responsiveness to different glucose concentrations,and to investigate the regulatory effect of miR-29b-3p on osteopontin(OPN)/transforming growth factor β(TGF-β)pathway and the changes of this pathway under high glucose condition.Methods The three-cell co-culture system consisting of human renal podocytes,human glomerular mesangial cells and human renal tubular epithelial cells was established to test the cell viability and glucose consumption value at glucose concentrations of 5,8,12 and 16 mmol/L.The content of TGF-β and OPN in cell supernatant was measured.The recombinant plasmid and siRNA of OPN were transfected,and the expressions of TGF-β and OPN were detected by Q-PCR and Western blot.Results The mRNA expressions of OPN,TGF-β and miR-29b were significantly increased at 12 mmol/L glucose conditions.Western blot results showed that the protein expression of OPN increased in high glucose conditions,while the protein expression of TGF-β did not change significantly.After adding miR-29b-3p activator,the mRNA levels of OPN and TGF-β in the cell supernatant were significantly increased.After adding miR-29b-3p inhibitor,the mRNA levels of OPN and TGF-β in the cell supernatant were significantly decreased.Western blot results showed that compared with 5 mmol/L glucose,the protein expressions of OPN and TGF-β were increased by miR-29b-3p activator,and the protein expressions of OPN and TGF-β were decreased by miR-29b-3p inhibitor.After transfection with OPN recombinant plasmid,the content of TGF-β in the cell supernatant was significantly increased,and the mRNA expressions of OPN and TGF-β in the cells were significantly increased.After transfection with OPN siRNA,the content of TGF-β in the cell supernatant was decreased,and the expression of OPN mRNA in the cells was significantly decreased,but the expression of TGF-β mRNA was not significantly increased.Conclusion The renal cell co-culture system can mimic the complex renal environment in vivo.When induced by high glucose,cell proliferation is inhibited,glucose consumption is increased,and the content of TGF-β in the cell supernatant is increased,and miR-29b-3p has a regulatory effect on OPN/TGF-β signaling pathway in the co-culture system.

Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics and prognosis of pneumococcal meningitis(PM),and drug sensitivity of Streptococcus pneumoniae(SP)isolates in Chinese children.Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on clinical information,laboratory data,and microbiological data of 160 hospitalized children under 15 years old with PM from January 2019 to December 2020 in 33 tertiary hospitals across the country.Results Among the 160 children with PM,there were 103 males and 57 females.The age ranged from 15 days to 15 years,with 109 cases(68.1% )aged 3 months to under 3 years.SP strains were isolated from 95 cases(59.4% )in cerebrospinal fluid cultures and from 57 cases(35.6% )in blood cultures.The positive rates of SP detection by cerebrospinal fluid metagenomic next-generation sequencing and cerebrospinal fluid SP antigen testing were 40% (35/87)and 27% (21/78),respectively.Fifty-five cases(34.4% )had one or more risk factors for purulent meningitis,113 cases(70.6% )had one or more extra-cranial infectious foci,and 18 cases(11.3% )had underlying diseases.The most common clinical symptoms were fever(147 cases,91.9% ),followed by lethargy(98 cases,61.3% )and vomiting(61 cases,38.1% ).Sixty-nine cases(43.1% )experienced intracranial complications during hospitalization,with subdural effusion and/or empyema being the most common complication[43 cases(26.9% )],followed by hydrocephalus in 24 cases(15.0% ),brain abscess in 23 cases(14.4% ),and cerebral hemorrhage in 8 cases(5.0% ).Subdural effusion and/or empyema and hydrocephalus mainly occurred in children under 1 year old,with rates of 91% (39/43)and 83% (20/24),respectively.SP strains exhibited complete sensitivity to vancomycin(100% ,75/75),linezolid(100% ,56/56),and meropenem(100% ,6/6).High sensitivity rates were also observed for levofloxacin(81% ,22/27),moxifloxacin(82% ,14/17),rifampicin(96% ,25/26),and chloramphenicol(91% ,21/23).However,low sensitivity rates were found for penicillin(16% ,11/68)and clindamycin(6% ,1/17),and SP strains were completely resistant to erythromycin(100% ,31/31).The rates of discharge with cure and improvement were 22.5% (36/160)and 66.2% (106/160),respectively,while 18 cases(11.3% )had adverse outcomes.Conclusions Pediatric PM is more common in children aged 3 months to under 3 years.Intracranial complications are more frequently observed in children under 1 year old.Fever is the most common clinical manifestation of PM,and subdural effusion/emphysema and hydrocephalus are the most frequent complications.Non-culture detection methods for cerebrospinal fluid can improve pathogen detection rates.Adverse outcomes can be noted in more than 10% of PM cases.SP strains are high sensitivity to vancomycin,linezolid,meropenem,levofloxacin,moxifloxacin,rifampicin,and chloramphenicol.[Chinese Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics,2024,26(2):131-138]

Objective To explore food intolerance(FI)characteristics and its relationship with Helicobacter pylo-ri(Hp)infection in chronic gastritis(CG)patients of different age groups.Methods Patients admitted to a hospi-tal from August 2021 to August 2022 were selected as the study subjects.According to age,patients were divided into the young-middle-aged group and the elderly group.According to whether Hp infection occurred,they were di-vided into the infection group and non-infection group.Clinical data and 14 food allergen specific immunoglobulin G(IgG)levels of patients were collected.Testing results were analyzed by statistical software,risk factors were ana-lyzed by multivariate logistic regression,and predictive value of the model was evaluated.Results A total of 108 CG patients were admitted to the hospital,with 65 males and 43 females.There were 78 cases(18-64 years old)in the young-middle-aged group and 30(≥65 years old)in the elderly group,60 cases in the Hp infection group and 48 cases in the non-infection group.The total positive rate of FI tests of 14 kinds of food was 56.48％(61/108).Five food types with highest FI positive rates were shrimp(44.44％),egg(40.74％),crab(35.19％),soybean(31.48％),and cod(29.63％);five food types with highest FI positive rates in the young-middle-aged group were egg(46.15％),shrimp(38.46％),soybean(37.18％),cod(32.05％),and crab(29.49％);in elderly group,they were shrimp(60.00％),crab(50.00％),chicken(33.33％),rice(33.33％),and egg(26.67％).The FI positive rates for 6 food types(crab,egg,milk,shrimp,soybean,and wheat)in patients of different age groups were com-pared,and the differences were all statistically significant(all P＜0.05).Compared with Hp non-infection group,the infection group had higher proportions of patients under 65 years old,male,smoking,and higher IgG antibody levels,differences were all statistically significant(all P＜0.05).FI positive rates in the infection group and non-in-fection group were 65.00％and 45.83％,respectively.Difference between the two groups was statistically signifi-cant(x2=3.985,P=0.046).FI positive rates for 6 food types(cod,crab,egg,mushroom,milk,and shrimp)in the two groups of patients were compared,and differences were all statistically significant(all P＜0.05).After ad-justing patient factors as age,gender,and smoking,seafood and non-seafood FI were risk factors for Hp infection(all P＜0.05).The receiver operator characteristic(ROC)curve of the predictive model presented a high accuracy.Conclusion FI is generally present in CG patients,and FI is related to age.The FI test results can provide guidance for patient's diet and reduce the risk of food adverse reactions.Hp infection can easily induce FI,which can increase the risk of Hp infection.