Blue light inactivation technology, particularly at the 405 nm wavelength, has demonstrated distinct and multifaceted mechanisms of action against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, offering a promising alternative to conventional antibiotic therapies. For Gram-positive pathogens such as Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), the bactericidal effects are primarily mediated by endogenous porphyrins (e.g., protoporphyrin III, coproporphyrin III, and uroporphyrin III), which exhibit strong absorption peaks between 400-430 nm. Upon irradiation, these porphyrins are photoexcited to generate cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS), including singlet oxygen, hydroxyl radicals, and superoxide anions, which collectively induce oxidative damage to cellular components. Early studies by Endarko et al. revealed that (405±5) nm blue light at 185 J/cm² effectively inactivated L. monocytogenes without exogenous photosensitizers, supporting the hypothesis of intrinsic photosensitizer involvement. Subsequent work by Masson-Meyers et al. demonstrated that 405 nm light at 121 J/cm² suppressed MRSA growth by activating endogenous porphyrins, leading to ROS accumulation. Kim et al. further elucidated that ROS generated under 405 nm irradiation directly interact with unsaturated fatty acids in bacterial membranes, initiating lipid peroxidation. This process disrupts membrane fluidity, compromises structural integrity, and impairs membrane-bound proteins, ultimately causing cell death. In contrast, Gram-negative bacteria such as Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Helicobacter pylori, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii exhibit more complex inactivation pathways. While endogenous porphyrins remain central to ROS generation, studies reveal additional photodynamic contributors, including flavins (e.g., riboflavin) and bacterial pigments. For instance, H. pylori naturally accumulates protoporphyrin and coproporphyrin mixtures, enabling efficient 405 nm light-mediated inactivation without antibiotic resistance concerns. Kim et al. demonstrated that 405 nm light at 288 J/cm² inactivates Salmonella by inducing genomic DNA oxidation (e.g., 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine formation) and disrupting membrane functions, particularly efflux pumps and glucose uptake systems. Huang et al. highlighted the enhanced efficacy of pulsed 405 nm light over continuous irradiation for E. coli, attributing this to increased membrane damage and optimized ROS generation through frequency-dependent photodynamic effects. Environmental factors such as temperature, pH, and osmotic stress further modulate susceptibility, sublethal stress conditions (e.g., high salinity or acidic environments) weaken bacterial membranes, rendering cells more vulnerable to subsequent ROS-mediated damage. The 405 nm blue light inactivates drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa through endogenous porphyrins, pyocyanin, and pyoverdine, with the inactivation efficacy influenced by bacterial growth phase and culture medium composition. Intriguingly, repeated 405 nm exposure (20 cycles) failed to induce resistance in A. baumannii, with transient tolerance linked to transient overexpression of antioxidant enzymes (e.g., superoxide dismutase) or stress-response genes (e.g., oxyR). For Gram-positive bacteria, porphyrin abundance dictates sensitivity, whereas in Gram-negative species, membrane architecture and accessory pigments modulate outcomes. Critically, ROS-mediated damage is nonspecific, targeting DNA, proteins, and lipids simultaneously, thereby minimizing resistance evolution. The 405 nm blue light technology, as a non-chemical sterilization method, shows promise in medical and food industries. It enhances infection control through photodynamic therapy and disinfection, synergizing with red light for anti-inflammatory treatments (e.g., acne). In food processing, it effectively inactivates pathogens (e.g., E. coli, S. aureus) without altering food quality. Despite efficacy against multidrug-resistant A. baumannii, challenges include device standardization, limited penetration in complex materials, and optimization of photosensitizers/light parameters. Interdisciplinary research is needed to address these limitations and scale applications in healthcare, food safety, and environmental decontamination.

Objective To explore the distribution of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)syndromes in retinal vein occlusion(RVO)and to study the characteristics of optical coherence tomography angiography(OCTA)in RVO patients with various TCM syndrome types.Methods A total of 63 patients(involving 126 eyes)with RVO were selected for retrospective analysis.The Ward hierarchical cluster method was used for the cluster analysis of the patients'syndromes,and then the syndrome types were defined.The clinical information of the patients were summarized and analyzed to explore the distribution of syndrome types.And then the OCTA characteristics of each syndrome type were explored by the OCTA technology and through statistical analysis.Results(1)The analysis of general data showed that among the 63 patients,there were 33 cases of central retinal vein occlusion(CRVO)and 30 cases of branch retinal vein occlusion(BRVO).There were no significant differences in the distribution of gender and the affected side between the two groups(P＞0.05),but there was significant difference in the distribution of onset seasons between the two groups(P＜0.05).(2)The results of Ward hierarchical clustering showed that the clustering of 4 categories of syndromes was accorded with the clinical practice,and the 4 categories corresponded to qi stagnation and blood stasis type,yin deficiency and yang hyperactivity type,phlegm and blood stasis blocking collaterals type and heart-spleen deficiency type.(3)The analysis of the distribution of TCM syndromes showed that among the 63 patients,qi stagnation and blood stasis type accounted for the highest proportion,being 42.86%(27/63),and the other syndrome types in descending order were phlegm and blood stasis blocking collaterals type[31.75%(20/63)],yin deficiency and yang hyperactivity type[14.29%(9/63)],heart-spleen deficiency type[11.10%(7/63)].(4)The analysis of OCTA characteristics of each syndrome type showed that compared with the healthy eyes,the blood flow density of each retinal layer of in RVO patients with qi stagnation and blood stasis type and phlegm and blood stasis blocking collaterals type was significantly decreased(P＜0.05),and the retinal thickness was significantly increased(P＜0.05).There was no significant difference in retinal blood flow density and retinal thickness between the affected eyes and the healthy eyes of the other syndromes(P＞0.05).The comparison of affected eyes among various syndrome types showed that the blood flow density of each retinal layer of the affected eyes in RVO patients with qi stagnation and blood stasis type was lower than that of the other types(P＜0.05),and the blood flow density of phlegm and blood stasis blocking collaterals type was lower than that of yin deficiency and yang hyperactivity type and heart and spleen deficiency type(P＜0.05),while there was no significant difference between yin deficiency and yang hyperactivity type and heart-spleen deficiency type(P＞0.05).The retinal thickness of each retinal layer of the affected eyes in RVO patients with phlegm and blood stasis blocking collaterals was higher than that of the other types(P＜0.05),and the retinal thickness of qi stagnation and blood stasis type was higher than that of yin deficiency and yang hyperactivity type and heart-spleen deficiency type(P＜0.05),while there was no significant difference between yin deficiency and yang hyperactivity type and heart-spleen deficiency type(P＞0.05).There were no significant differences in macular foveal avascular zone area(FAZ),perimeter(PERIM),blood flow(FLOW)and acircularity index(AI)among RVO patients with various syndrome types(P＞0.05).Conclusion The decreased retinal blood flow density is presented in RVO patients with qi stagnation and blood stasis type and phlegm and blood stasis blocking collaterals type,particularly in RVO patients with qi stagnation and blood stasis type.The increased retinal thickness can be found in RVO patients with phlegm and blood stasis blocking collaterals type and qi stagnation and blood stasis type,particularly in RVO patients with phlegm and blood stasis blocking collaterals type.No specific OCTA characteristics are presented in RVO patients with other syndrome types.There are no significant differences in FAZ,PERIM,FLOW and AI among the RVO patients with various syndrome types,either.

Aging is one of the most important risk factors for human diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases, and many aging diseases are related to cellular aging. Cells show profound phenotypic changes during aging, which are driven by changes in metabolism, chromatin organizationand transcriptional activity. A significant feature of aging is the secretion of inflammatory mediators, including various cytokines, chemokines, extracellular matrix proteins and growth factors, collectively known as the aging-related secreted phenotype (SASP). By secreting SASP, senescent cells have important effects on many biological processes, such as wound healing, tissue repair, tumor formation, or in vivo reorganization. In addition, the inflammatory response associated with SASP is considered to be the basis of aging-related diseases, and the discovery of new targets to control the response of aging effects is crucial. Recent scientific advances have shown that innate immune responses, particularly those involving the cGAS-STING pathway, trigger SASP. In this article, we review the biological function and regulatory mechanism of SASP through the cGAS-STING signaling pathway in aging diseases.

Objective: The relationship between serum uric acid (SUA) levels and glycemic indices, including plasma glucose (FPG), 2-hour postload glucose (2h-PG), and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), remains inconclusive. We aimed to explore the associations between glycemic indices and SUA levels in the general Chinese population. Methods: The current study was a cross-sectional analysis using the first follow-up survey data from The China Cardiometabolic Disease and Cancer Cohort Study. A total of 105,922 community-dwelling adults aged ≥ 40 years underwent the oral glucose tolerance test and uric acid assessment. The nonlinear relationships between glycemic indices and SUA levels were explored using generalized additive models. Results: A total of 30,941 men and 62,361 women were eligible for the current analysis. Generalized additive models verified the inverted U-shaped association between glycemic indices and SUA levels, but with different inflection points in men and women. The thresholds for FPG, 2h-PG, and HbA1c for men and women were 6.5/8.0 mmol/L, 11.0/14.0 mmol/L, and 6.1/6.5, respectively (SUA levels increased with increasing glycemic indices before the inflection points and then eventually decreased with further increases in the glycemic indices). Conclusion An inverted U-shaped association was observed between major glycemic indices and uric acid levels in both sexes, while the inflection points were reached earlier in men than in women.
Aged ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Blood Glucose/analysis* ; China/epidemiology* ; Cohort Studies ; Diabetes Mellitus/blood* ; Female ; Glucose Tolerance Test ; Glycated Hemoglobin A/analysis* ; Glycemic Index ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Uric Acid/blood*

Objective:To investigate the protective effect of quercetin （Qu） on articular cartilage of knee osteoarthritis and its mechanism by inhibiting p38 mitogen activated protein kinase （MAPK） signaling pathway. Method:Through the network pharmacology technology，we scientifically predicted and analyzed the target factors and signal pathways of Qu in the protection of articular cartilage in patients with osteoarthritis. We selected a prediction pathway closely related to osteoarthritis and validated it by cell experiment in vitro. The best intervention concentration of the drug was selected by cell counting kit-8 （CCK-8） method. The osteoarthritis and its closely related inflammatory factors interleukin（IL）-1β and tumor necrosis factor（TNF）-α were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay（ELISA）. The expression of related mRNA and protein in p38 signal pathway after Qu intervention were detected by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction（Real-time PCR） and Western blot. Result:It was predicted that MAPK signal pathway was closely related to osteoarthritis by network pharmacology，and p38 MAPK pathway，which was most closely related to osteoarthritis，was selected for study. The results showed that 100 μmol·L^-1 Qu had the most obvious effect in decreasing the expression of related inflammatory factors，inhibited the expression of p38，phosphorylated（p）-p38，matrix metalloproteinase-13（MMP-13），A disintegrin-like and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin type-1 motifs-4（ADAMTS-4） in the pathway，and promoted the expression of CollagenⅡ. Conclusion:Qu could decrease the expression of cartilage inflammatory factors in the prevention and treatment of osteoarthritis，and the effect can be well developed by intervening and inhibiting p38 MAPK pathway related factor expression level. All the results show that Qu can decrease osteoarthritis inflammatory factors and protect articular cartilage in patients with osteoarthritis.

Pregnane X receptor (PXR), a member of nuclear receptor superfamily, plays an important role in xenobiotic and endogenous metabolism, endocrine balance, and cell proliferation, etc. Previous study has shown that pregnenolone 16α-carbonitrile (PCN), a mouse PXR agonist, could induce liver enlargement. And we found that the change in hepatocytes exhibits regional distribution characteristics: hepatocyte enlargement occurs around the central vein (CV) area, while hepatocyte proliferation occurs around the portal vein (PV) area. In this study, the dynamic changes of hepatocytes during PXR-induced liver enlargement were determined. Serum and liver samples from male C57BL/6 mice were collected for biochemical and pathological analysis after PCN treatment for 1, 2, 3, 5 days, respectively. The animal experiment was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Sun Yat-Sen University. The results showed that with the increase in the PCN treatment days, the feature of this regional change of hepatocyte around the CV and PV areas became more and more obvious. At the same time, the factors related to hepatocyte enlargement, such as the expression of PXR downstream genes and the hepatic content of triglyceride (TG), has gradually increased. The upregulation of proliferation-related proteins and downregulation of cyclin-dependent kinases inhibitor proteins were observed in the early stage of PCN treatment, suggesting that hepatocyte proliferation occurs earlier than hepatocyte enlargement during PXR-induced liver enlargement. This study reveals the dynamic change of hepatocytes during PXR-induced liver enlargement and provides a new insight in liver enlargement promoted via PXR activation.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical features and outcome of neonatal acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in southwest Hubei, China. METHODS: According to the Montreux definition of neonatal ARDS, a retrospective clinical epidemiological investigation was performed on the medical data of neonates with ARDS who were admitted to Department of Neonatology/Pediatrics in 17 level 2 or level 3 hospitals in southwest Hubei from January to December, 2017. RESULTS: A total of 7 150 neonates were admitted to the 17 hospitals in southwest Hubei during 2017 and 66 (0.92%) were diagnosed with ARDS. Among the 66 neonates with ARDS, 23 (35%) had mild ARDS, 28 (42%) had moderate ARDS, and 15 (23%) had severe ARDS. The main primary diseases for neonatal ARDS were perinatal asphyxia in 23 neonates (35%), pneumonia in 18 neonates (27%), sepsis in 12 neonates (18%), and meconium aspiration syndrome in 10 neonates (15%). Among the 66 neonates with ARDS, 10 neonates (15%) were born to the mothers with an age of ≥35 years, 30 neonates (45%) suffered from intrauterine distress, 32 neonates (49%) had a 1-minute Apgar score of 0 to 7 points, 24 neonates (36%) had abnormal fetal heart monitoring results, and 21 neonates (32%) experienced meconium staining of amniotic fluid. Intraventricular hemorrhage was the most common comorbidity (12 neonates), followed by neonatal shock (9 neonates) and patent ductus arteriosus (8 neonates). All 66 neonates with ARDS were treated with mechanical ventilation in addition to the treatment for primary diseases. Among the 66 neonates with ARDS, 10 died, with a mortality rate of 15% (10/66), and 56 neonates were improved or cured, with a survival rate of 85% (56/66). CONCLUSIONS Neonatal ARDS in southwest Hubei is mostly mild or moderate. Perinatal asphyxia and infection may be the main causes of neonatal ARDS in this area. Intraventricular hemorrhage is the most common comorbidity. Neonates with ARDS tend to have a high survival rate after multimodality treatment.
China ; Female ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Meconium Aspiration Syndrome ; Pregnancy ; Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn ; Retrospective Studies

Objective:To construct a systematic identification system of Anemonis Flaccidae Rhizoma, and to evaluate the comprehensive quality of Anemonis Flaccidae Rhizoma from 16 regions in China, so as to lay a foundation for its origin selection and clinical medication safety. Method:The authenticity of Anemonis Flaccidae Rhizoma was quickly identified by traditional identification method and DNA barcode molecular identification technology, and HPLC-UV was used to determine the contents of 5 active ingredients in Anemonis Flaccidae Rhizoma. All high pressure chromatographic separations were performed with a Welch Ultimate XB-C₁₈ column (4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm), the mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile-0.01% trifluoroacetic acid aqueous solution (30∶70) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL·min^-1. The detection wavelength was set at 210 nm and the column temperature was maintained at 30 ℃. Result:The authenticity of Anemonis Flaccidae Rhizoma could be precisely and rapidly identified by ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) sequence and traditional identification methods. BLAST comparative analysis found that medicinal materials from 16 areas were all Anemone flaccida. Based on the contents of multi-index components, it was shown that the total content of 5 triterpenoid saponins in Anemonis Flaccidae Rhizoma from Banqiao, Enshi, Hubei was the highest (10.59%), followed by Hezhang, Bijie, Guizhou (6.28%) and Duzhenwan, Changyang, Hubei (5.64%). Conclusion:DNA barcoding can be used as an effective supplement to the traditional identification technology, it can ensure the authenticity of Anemonis Flaccidae Rhizoma and the safety of clinical use. The comprehensive evaluation of multi-index components of HPLC and cluster analysis show that the quality of medicinal materials in Enshi, Changyang, Wufeng of Hubei, Bijie of Guizhou and Jinfoshan of Chongqing is superior, which can be considered as important origin of Anemonis Flaccidae Rhizoma.