Purpose: The classification of asthma phenotypes frequently depends on the age of onset. However, the rationale for specific age cutoffs remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the distribution of asthma onset age, to define subgroups based on onset age, and to examine their characteristics within a broad Korean population. Methods: An analysis of cross-sectional data involving 56,632 participants from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2010–2016) was conducted. Data on asthma history, including diagnosis, self-reported age of asthma onset, and current disease status, were collected using structured questionnaires. Results: The distribution of asthma onset age showed a distinct peak in early childhood, with a decline between the ages 15 and 20.Based on this distribution, asthma was categorized into childhood-onset ( ≤ 18 years) and adult-onset ( > 18 years) for further analysis.Multivariate analyses indicated that adult-onset asthma was associated with older age, female sex, obesity, and a history of smoking, whereas childhood-onset asthma was linked to younger age, male sex, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis. Among the adultonset group, current asthma had a later onset age, increased history of smoking history, and atopic dermatitis compared to past asthma. Conclusion This analysis of nationwide general population data suggests that an age threshold around 18 years may be relevant for defining adult-onset asthma.

Purpose: The classification of asthma phenotypes frequently depends on the age of onset. However, the rationale for specific age cutoffs remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the distribution of asthma onset age, to define subgroups based on onset age, and to examine their characteristics within a broad Korean population. Methods: An analysis of cross-sectional data involving 56,632 participants from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2010–2016) was conducted. Data on asthma history, including diagnosis, self-reported age of asthma onset, and current disease status, were collected using structured questionnaires. Results: The distribution of asthma onset age showed a distinct peak in early childhood, with a decline between the ages 15 and 20.Based on this distribution, asthma was categorized into childhood-onset ( ≤ 18 years) and adult-onset ( > 18 years) for further analysis.Multivariate analyses indicated that adult-onset asthma was associated with older age, female sex, obesity, and a history of smoking, whereas childhood-onset asthma was linked to younger age, male sex, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis. Among the adultonset group, current asthma had a later onset age, increased history of smoking history, and atopic dermatitis compared to past asthma. Conclusion This analysis of nationwide general population data suggests that an age threshold around 18 years may be relevant for defining adult-onset asthma.

Purpose: The classification of asthma phenotypes frequently depends on the age of onset. However, the rationale for specific age cutoffs remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the distribution of asthma onset age, to define subgroups based on onset age, and to examine their characteristics within a broad Korean population. Methods: An analysis of cross-sectional data involving 56,632 participants from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2010–2016) was conducted. Data on asthma history, including diagnosis, self-reported age of asthma onset, and current disease status, were collected using structured questionnaires. Results: The distribution of asthma onset age showed a distinct peak in early childhood, with a decline between the ages 15 and 20.Based on this distribution, asthma was categorized into childhood-onset ( ≤ 18 years) and adult-onset ( > 18 years) for further analysis.Multivariate analyses indicated that adult-onset asthma was associated with older age, female sex, obesity, and a history of smoking, whereas childhood-onset asthma was linked to younger age, male sex, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis. Among the adultonset group, current asthma had a later onset age, increased history of smoking history, and atopic dermatitis compared to past asthma. Conclusion This analysis of nationwide general population data suggests that an age threshold around 18 years may be relevant for defining adult-onset asthma.

Purpose: The classification of asthma phenotypes frequently depends on the age of onset. However, the rationale for specific age cutoffs remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the distribution of asthma onset age, to define subgroups based on onset age, and to examine their characteristics within a broad Korean population. Methods: An analysis of cross-sectional data involving 56,632 participants from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2010–2016) was conducted. Data on asthma history, including diagnosis, self-reported age of asthma onset, and current disease status, were collected using structured questionnaires. Results: The distribution of asthma onset age showed a distinct peak in early childhood, with a decline between the ages 15 and 20.Based on this distribution, asthma was categorized into childhood-onset ( ≤ 18 years) and adult-onset ( > 18 years) for further analysis.Multivariate analyses indicated that adult-onset asthma was associated with older age, female sex, obesity, and a history of smoking, whereas childhood-onset asthma was linked to younger age, male sex, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis. Among the adultonset group, current asthma had a later onset age, increased history of smoking history, and atopic dermatitis compared to past asthma. Conclusion This analysis of nationwide general population data suggests that an age threshold around 18 years may be relevant for defining adult-onset asthma.

Purpose: The classification of asthma phenotypes frequently depends on the age of onset. However, the rationale for specific age cutoffs remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the distribution of asthma onset age, to define subgroups based on onset age, and to examine their characteristics within a broad Korean population. Methods: An analysis of cross-sectional data involving 56,632 participants from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2010–2016) was conducted. Data on asthma history, including diagnosis, self-reported age of asthma onset, and current disease status, were collected using structured questionnaires. Results: The distribution of asthma onset age showed a distinct peak in early childhood, with a decline between the ages 15 and 20.Based on this distribution, asthma was categorized into childhood-onset ( ≤ 18 years) and adult-onset ( > 18 years) for further analysis.Multivariate analyses indicated that adult-onset asthma was associated with older age, female sex, obesity, and a history of smoking, whereas childhood-onset asthma was linked to younger age, male sex, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis. Among the adultonset group, current asthma had a later onset age, increased history of smoking history, and atopic dermatitis compared to past asthma. Conclusion This analysis of nationwide general population data suggests that an age threshold around 18 years may be relevant for defining adult-onset asthma.

Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is the most common metabolic complication of pregnancy. To define the altered pathway in GDM placenta, we investigated the transcriptomic profiles from human placenta between GDM and controls. Methods: Clinical parameters and postpartum complications were reviewed in all participants.Differentially expressed canonical pathways were analyzed between the GDM and control groups based on transcriptomic analysis. CD4 + T, CD8 + T, and senescent T cell subsets were determined by flow cytometry based on staining for specific intracellular cytokines. Results: Gene ontology analysis revealed that the placenta of GDM revealed upregulation of diverse mitochondria or DNA replication related pathways and downregulation of T-cell immunity related pathways. The maternal placenta of the GDM group had a higher proportion of CD4 + T and CD8 + T cells than the control group. Interestingly, senescent CD4 + T cells tended to increase and CD8 + T cells were significantly increased in GDM compared to controls, along with increased programmed cell death-1 (CD274 + ) expression. Programmed death-ligand 1 expression in syncytotrophoblasts was also significantly increased in patients with GDM. Conclusion This study demonstrated increased proinflammatory T cells, senescent T cells and immune-check point molecules in GDM placentas, suggesting that changes in senescent T cells and immune-escape signaling might be related to the pathophysiology of GDM.

UI026 is an expectorant and antitussive agent which is a new combination of Pelargonium sidoides extract andCoptis extract. The bioactive compounds of Pelargonium sidoides and Coptis extracts were identified as epicatechin and berberine, respectively. This study evaluated the effect of food on the pharmacokinetics (PKs) and safety of UI026. A randomized, openlabel, single-dose, 2-treatment, parallel study in 12 healthy male subjects was performed. Subjects received a single oral dose of UI026 (27 mL of syrup) under a fed or fasted condition according to their randomly assigned treatment. Blood samples for the PK analysis were obtained up to 24 hours post-dose for berberine and 12 hours post-dose for epicatechin. The PK parameters were calculated by non-compartmental analysis. In the fed condition, the mean maximum plasma concentration (C max ) and mean area under the plasma concentrationtime curve from time zero to the last observed time point (AUC last ) for berberine were approximately 33% and 67% lower, respectively, compared with the fasted condition, both showing statistically significant difference. For epicatechin, the mean C max and mean AUC last were about 29% and 45% lower, respectively, compared to the fasting condition, neither of which showed a statistically significant difference. There were no drug-related adverse events. This finding suggests that food affects the systemic exposure and bioavailability of berberine and epicatechin.

Background: This study compared the treatment outcomes of patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) before and after the implementation of public–private mix (PPM). Factors affecting treatment success were also investigated. Methods: Data from culture-confirmed pulmonary MDR-TB patients who commenced MDR-TB treatment at Pusan National University Hospital between January 2003 and December 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were divided into two groups in terms of PPM status: pre-PPM period, patients who commenced MDR-TB treatment between 2003 and 2010; and post-PPM period, patients treated between 2011 and 2017. Results: A total of 176 patients were included (64 and 112 in the pre- and post-PPM periods, respectively). 36.9% of the patients were resistant to a fluoroquinolone or a second-line injectable drug, or both. The overall treatment success rate was 72.7%. The success rate of post-PPM patients was higher than that of pre-PPM patients (79.5% vs. 60.9%, p=0.008). Also, loss to follow-up was lower in the post-PPM period (5.4% vs. 15.6%, p=0.023). In multivariate regression analysis, age ≥65 years, body mass index ≤18.5 kg/m2, previous TB treatment, bilateral lung involvement, and extensively drug-resistant (XDR)- or pre-XDR-TB were associated with poorer treatment outcomes. However, the use of bedaquiline or delamanid for ≥1 month increased the treatment success. Conclusion The treatment success rate in MDR-TB patients was higher in the post-PPM period than in the pre-PPM period, particularly because of the low rate of loss to follow-up. To ensure comprehensive patient-centered PPM in South Korea, investment and other support must be adequate.

We used the nationwide claims database to calculate the incidence of thrombotic events and predict their overall 2-week incidence. From 2006 to 2020, the incidence of deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE), and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) tended to increase. Unlike intracranial venous thrombosis (ICVT) and intracranial thrombophlebitis (ICTP), which showed no age difference, other venous embolism, and thrombosis (OVET), DIC, DVT, and PE were significantly more common in over 65 years.The overall 2-week incidence of ICVT was 0.21/1,000,000 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.11–0.32). ICTP, OVET, DIC, DVT and PE were expected to occur in 0.08 (95% CI, 0.02– 0.14), 7.66 (95% CI, 6.08–9.23), 5.95 (95% CI, 4.88–7.03), 13.28 (95% CI, 11.92–14.64), 14.09 (95% CI, 12.80–15.37) per 1,000,000, respectively. To date, of 8,548,231 patients vaccinated with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 in Korea, two had confirmed thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome within 2 weeks. The observed incidence of ICVT after vaccination was 0.23/1,000,000.

We used the nationwide claims database to calculate the incidence of thrombotic events and predict their overall 2-week incidence. From 2006 to 2020, the incidence of deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE), and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) tended to increase. Unlike intracranial venous thrombosis (ICVT) and intracranial thrombophlebitis (ICTP), which showed no age difference, other venous embolism, and thrombosis (OVET), DIC, DVT, and PE were significantly more common in over 65 years.The overall 2-week incidence of ICVT was 0.21/1,000,000 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.11–0.32). ICTP, OVET, DIC, DVT and PE were expected to occur in 0.08 (95% CI, 0.02– 0.14), 7.66 (95% CI, 6.08–9.23), 5.95 (95% CI, 4.88–7.03), 13.28 (95% CI, 11.92–14.64), 14.09 (95% CI, 12.80–15.37) per 1,000,000, respectively. To date, of 8,548,231 patients vaccinated with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 in Korea, two had confirmed thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome within 2 weeks. The observed incidence of ICVT after vaccination was 0.23/1,000,000.