The risk of plague epidemics and relapse of various types of plague foci persists in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. For Marmota sibirica plague foci, the animal plague has not been found but antibody has been detected positive. Nowadays, Marmota sibirica has been increasing in population and distribution in China. In bordering countries Mongolia and Russia, the animal plague has been continuously prevalent. For Spermophilus dauricus plague foci, the animal plague has been taken place now and then. Compared to the above foci, the animal plague is most prevalent in Meriones unguiculatus plague foci and frequently spread to humans. Due to higher strain virulence and historical disaster in Marmota sibirica plague foci and Spermophilus dauricus plague foci, plague prevention and control should be strengthened on these foci. In addition to routine surveillance, epidemic dynamics need to be further monitored in these two foci, in order to prevent their relapse and spread to humans.
Animals ; China/epidemiology* ; Epidemics ; Humans ; Plague/prevention & control* ; Prevalence ; Sciuridae ; Yersinia pestis

Objective: To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of Yersinia enterocolitica in patients with diarrhea in Pudong New Area, Shanghai. Methods: Active surveillance of diarrhea was conducted in 14 sentinel hospitals (three tertiary-level hospitals, nine secondary-level hospitals, and two primary-level hospitals) from January 2013 to December 2019 in Pudong New Area of Shanghai, China base on their location, catchment area, and patient volume. Cold enrichment method was used to isolate Y. enterocolitica and further detection of bioserotype, virulence genes and antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates were conducted. The difference of rates was determined using chi-square test or Fisher's exact test. Results: A total of 12 941 diarrhea cases were included, and 0.7% (88/12 941) cases were confirmed with Yersinia enterocolitica infection. 67.0% (59/88) cases were single infection, 33.0% (29/88) cases were mixed infections. Detection rates of Y. enterocolitica increased annually (0.3%-1.2%) and were highest in children<5 years of age (1.1%, 37/3 218) and in spring (1.1%, 32/2 998) (χ² were 18.64 and 9.76, respectively, P<0.05). 58.0% (51/88) cases had watery diarrhea, 15.9% (14/88) had fever and 14.8% (13/88) had vomiting. The predominant bioserotypes were 3/O:3 (53.4%, 47/88), followed by 1A/O:8 (15.9%, 14/88) and 1A/O:5(6.8%, 6/88), respectively. Bioserotype 3/O:3 counted for the highest proportions (89.2%, 33/37) in children <5 years of age. All the strains of bioserotype 3/O:3 harbored ail, ystA, yadA and virF genes, which encoded pathogenic Y. enterocolitica. 11/14 strain of 1A/O:8 and 4/6 strains of 1A/O:5 harbored ystB gene. Most strains were resistant to ampicillin (80.7%,71/88) and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (71.6%,63/88), and 63.8% (56/88) strains were multidrug resistance (MDR). The difference of antimicrobial resistance rates between 3/O:3 and non 3/O:3 was statistically significant in ampicillin, cefoxitin, nalidixic acid, tetracycline and ampicillin/sulbactam (χ² was 14.68, 43.80, 41.86, 30.54 and 5.07, respectively, P<0.05). Conclusion: The detection rate of Yersinia enterocolitica was higher in children than in adults in Pudong New Area , Shanghai. The predominant bioserotype was pathogenic 3/O:3 with multidrug resistance.
Ampicillin ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology* ; Child ; China/epidemiology* ; Diarrhea/epidemiology* ; Humans ; Yersinia enterocolitica

Animals ; Bacterial Proteins/metabolism* ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Plague ; Transcription Factors/genetics* ; Yersinia pestis/genetics*

Objective: To investigate reciprocal regulation between Fur and two RyhB homologs in Methods: Regulatory relationships were assessed by a combination of colony morphology assay, primer extension, electrophoretic mobility shift assay and DNase I footprinting. Results: Fur bound to the promoter-proximal DNA regions of Conclusion Fur and the two RyhB homologs exert negative reciprocal regulation, and RyhB homologs have a positive regulatory effect on biofilm formation in
Bacterial Proteins/metabolism* ; Biofilms ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/physiology* ; Yersinia pestis/physiology*

The major immunogenic protein capsid (Cap) of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is critical to induce neutralizing antibodies and protective immune response against PCV2 infection. This study was conducted to investigate the immune response of recombinant adenovirus expressing PCV2b Cap and C-terminal domain of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis invasin (Cap-InvC) fusion protein in pigs. The recombinant adenovirus rAd-Cap-InvC, rAd-Cap and rAd were generated and used to immunize pigs. The phosphate-buffered saline was used as negative control. The specific antibodies levels in rAd-Cap-InvC and ZJ/C-strain vaccine groups were higher than that of rAd-Cap group (p < 0.05), and the neutralization antibody titer in rAd-Cap-InvC group was significantly higher than those of other groups during 21–42 days post-immunization (DPI). Moreover, lymphocyte proliferative level, interferon-γ and interleukin-13 levels in rAd-Cap-InvC group were increased compared to rAd-Cap group (p < 0.05). After virulent challenge, viruses were not detected from the blood samples in rAd-Cap-InvC and ZJ/C-strain vaccine groups after 49 DPI. And the respiratory symptom, rectal temperature, lung lesion and lymph node lesion were minimal and similar in the ZJ/C-strain and rAd-Cap-InVC groups. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that rAd-Cap-InvC was more efficiently to stimulate the production of antibody and protect pigs from PCV2 infection. We inferred that InvC is a good candidate gene for further development and application of PCV2 genetic engineering vaccine.
Adenoviridae ; Adenovirus Vaccines ; Antibodies ; Antibodies, Neutralizing ; Capsid ; Capsid Proteins ; Circovirus ; Genetic Engineering ; Immunization ; Interleukin-13 ; Lung ; Lymph Nodes ; Lymphocytes ; Swine ; Yersinia pseudotuberculosis

BACKGROUND: Yersinia pseudotuberculosis is known to cause fever, gastroenteritis, or acute kidney injury (AKI). There have been several Y. pseudotuberculosis infection outbreaks to date associated with ingestion of contaminated food or unsterile water. While this disease was considered to have practically been eradicated with the improvement in public health, we encountered several cases of AKI associated with Yersinia infection. METHODS: We retrospectively collected data from medical records of patients with suspected Y. pseudotuberculosis infection who visited Seoul National University Children’s Hospital in 2017. RESULTS: There were nine suspected cases of Yersinia infection (six males and three females; age range 2.99–12.18 years). Among them, five cases occurred in May, and seven patients were residing in the metropolitan Seoul area. Three patients had history of drinking mountain water. Every patient first presented with fever for a median of 13 days, followed by gastrointestinal symptoms and oliguria. Imaging studies revealed mesenteric lymphadenitis, terminal ileum wall thickening, and increased renal parenchymal echogenicity. Creatinine levels increased to 5.72 ± 2.18 mg/dL. Urinalysis revealed sterile pyuria, proteinuria, and glycosuria. Oliguria continued for 4 to 17 days, and two patients required dialysis; however, all of them recovered from AKI. Mucocutaneous manifestations developed later. In the diagnostic work-up, Yersinia was isolated from the stool culture in one patient. Anti-Yersinia immunoglobulin (Ig) A and IgG were positive in 6 patients. CONCLUSION: Y. pseudotuberculosis infection is an infrequent cause of interstitial nephritis presenting with AKI. When a patient presents with fever, gastroenteritis, and AKI not resolving despite hydration, the clinician should suspect Y. pseudotuberculosis infection.
Acute Kidney Injury ; Creatinine ; Dialysis ; Disease Outbreaks ; Drinking ; Eating ; Female ; Fever ; Gastroenteritis ; Glycosuria ; Humans ; Ileum ; Immunoglobulin G ; Immunoglobulins ; Male ; Medical Records ; Mesenteric Lymphadenitis ; Nephritis, Interstitial ; Oliguria ; Proteinuria ; Public Health ; Pyuria ; Retrospective Studies ; Seoul ; Urinalysis ; Water ; Yersinia Infections ; Yersinia pseudotuberculosis ; Yersinia

Humans ; Yersinia Infections/diagnosis* ; Yersinia enterocolitica

BACKGROUND: We attempted to determine the characteristics of diarrheal pathogens according to species, seasonal variations, and patient age using multiplex PCR for the epidemiologic study of diarrheal disease in Jeju Island. METHODS: From March 2015 to Feb 2017, stool specimens were collected from 537 diarrheal patients older than 16 years. Multiplex PCR was used to identify pathogens and found Group A Rotavirus, enteric Adenovirus, Norovirus GI/GII, Astrovirus, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Vibrio spp., Campylobacter spp., Clostridium difficile toxin B (CDB), Clostridium perfringens, Yersinia enterocolitica, Aeromonas spp., Escherichia coli O157:H7, and verocytotoxin-producing E. coli (VTEC). RESULTS: Pathogens were isolated from 221 of 537 samples (41.2%); 9.3% were positive only for viral pathogens; 30.2%, only for bacterial pathogens; and 1.7%, for both viral and bacterial pathogens. Bacteria were more prevalent in spring, summer, and autumn, but viral pathogens were more prevalent in winter. Overall prevalence were Campylobacter spp. (26.7%), Clostridium perfringens (23.9%); Norovirus GII (11.4%), CDB (8.2%), Aeromonas spp. (6.3%), Group A Rotavirus (5.1%), Salmonella spp. (3.9%), Astrovirus (3.9%), Norovirus GI (3.1%), Vibrio spp (2.7%), enteric Adenovirus (1.6%), Shigella spp. (1.2%), VTEC (1.2%), and Yersinia enterocolitica (0.4%). Group A Rotavirus and Norovirus GII were more prevalent in winter and early spring. Campylobacter spp., CDB, and C. perfringens were detected frequently, without seasonal variation. CONCLUSION: Bacterial pathogens are more prevalent than viruses in acute diarrhea in adults living in Jeju Island, especially in spring, summer, and autumn. Viral pathogens are prevalent in winter. Campylobacter spp., CDB, and Clostridium perfringens are the major pathogens occurring without seasonal variations. These data will be helpful in identifying diarrheal pathogens and for treatments and prevention strategies.
Adenoviridae ; Adult* ; Aeromonas ; Bacteria ; Campylobacter ; Clostridium difficile ; Clostridium perfringens ; Diarrhea ; Epidemiologic Studies* ; Epidemiology ; Escherichia coli ; Humans ; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction* ; Norovirus ; Prevalence ; Rotavirus ; Salmonella ; Seasons ; Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli ; Shigella ; Vibrio ; Yersinia enterocolitica

Chinese tongue diagnosis was initially developed to quickly and efficiently diagnose and prescribe medicine, while at the same time allowing the doctor to have minimal contact with the patient. At the time of its compiling, the spread of Yersinia pestis, often causing septicaemia and gangrene of the extremities, may have discouraged doctors to come in direct contact with their patients and take the pulse. However, in recent decades, modern developments in the field of traditional Chinese medicine, as well as the spread of antibiotics in conjunction with the advancements of microbiology, have overshadowed the original purpose of this methodology. Nevertheless, the fast approaching post-antibiotic era and the development of artificial intelligence may hold new applications for tongue diagnosis. This article focuses on the historical development of what is the world's earliest tongue diagnosis monograph, and discusses the directions that such knowledge may be used in future clinical research.
China ; Diagnosis, Differential ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; Medicine in Literature ; history ; Plague ; diagnosis ; history ; microbiology ; therapy ; Tongue ; chemistry ; Yersinia pestis ; physiology

Objective: To understand the genotype of the Yersinia (Y.) pestis strains isolated from Heqing county, Yunnan province in 2017 and provide evidence for the prevention and control of plague in this area. Methods: Ten Y. pestis strains isolated from Heqing were typed by the detections of different region (DFR) and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs) as well as multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA). And the results were compared with those of the 93 Y. pestis strains from the adjacent plague foci of Heqing obtained from the established database for clustering analysis. Results: The results showed that Heqing strains had the same type of DFR (Genomovar 05) and CRISPRs (Cluster Ca7, Type 22) with isolates from the plague focus in Lijiang. Heqing strains and Lijiang strains were in the same cluster in MST and only VNTR loci N2117 and M23 of Heqing strains were different from that of Lijiang strains. Conclusion: The Y. pestis strains isolated from Heqing in 2017 were highly homogenous with the strains isolated from wild rodents in plague focus in Lijiang, and Heqing plague might be the result of further southward spread of Lijiang plague.
Animals ; China/epidemiology* ; Epidemiological Monitoring ; Genotype ; Minisatellite Repeats ; Molecular Typing ; Plague/microbiology* ; Rodentia/microbiology* ; Yersinia pestis/pathogenicity*