Objective:This study aims to explore the prevalence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in patients and the screening value of serological indicators for HEV infection patients.Methods:Retrospective analysis was conducted on 97 440 cases of anti-HEV IgM and IgG simultaneously tested in two Beijing hospitals from January 1, 2018 to August 31, 2023. Among them, there were 61 005 males and 36 435 females, with an average age of 51.65±13.05 years old. According to the positivity of anti HEV specific antibodies, they were divided into anti-HEV IgM positive group (3 588 cases), anti-HEV IgG positive group (18 083 cases), and anti-HEV antibody negative group (78 892 cases). Results of HEV RNA, liver function, AFP, PIVKA-Ⅱ and PT were collected, and their basic clinical information were recorded. The prevalence of HEV infection in patients, as well as the relationship between the positivity of anti-HEV specific antibodies and the patient′s age group, HEV RNA, and clinical characteristics were analyzed.Results:Among 97 440 patients who tested anti-HEV IgM and IgG simultaneously, the positivity rate of anti-HEV IgM was 3.68% (3 588/97 440), and was 18.56% for anti-HEV IgG (18 083/97 440). The overall positivity rates of anti-HEV IgM in two Beijing hospitals from 2018 to 2023 were 2.51%, 2.53%, 3.02%, 4.59%, 5.72%, and 4.26% ( χ2=1 401.73, P<0.001), while the positivity rates of anti-HEV IgG were 12.56%, 12.32%, 12.85%, 22.65%, 27.42%, and 26.66% ( χ2=1 058.29, P<0.001). These rates showed a gradual increase until 2023 when a decline was observed. The positivity rates of anti-HEV IgM (2.28%, 3.60%, 4.47%) ( χ2=89.62, P<0.001) and IgG (4.71%, 17.86%, 25.94%) ( χ2=2 017.32, P<0.001) increased with age in patients who aged 1-30, >30-60, and over 60 years old. The age and ALB values of patients in the anti-HEV IgM positive group were lower than the IgG-positive group, while the proportion of males, TBIL, ALT, AFP and PT values were higher than the IgG-positive group, and the differences were statistically significance ( P<0.05). Furthermore, patients in both the anti-HEV IgM and IgG positive groups had higher age, male proportion, TBIL, ALT, AFP, PIVKA-Ⅱ, and PT values than the anti-HEV negative group. Additionally, both groups had lower ALB values than the anti-HEV negative group, all of which were statistically significant ( P<0.05). 2 162 HEV infected patients were grouped based on HEV RNA positivity. The proportion of anti-HEV IgM single positive, IgG single positive, IgM+IgG double positive, and antibody negative patients in the HEV RNA positive group were 5.42% (18/332), 3.62% (12/332), 90.36% (300/332), and 0.60% (2/332), respectively. Among them, the proportion of anti-HEV IgM+IgG double positive patients in the HEV RNA positive group was higher than that in the HEV RNA negative group ( χ2=302.87, P<0.001), while the proportion of anti-HEV IgG single positive ( χ2=174.36, P<0.001) and anti-HEV antibody negative patients ( χ2=59.28, P<0.001) were lower than that in the HEV RNA negative group, both of which were statistically significant ( P<0.001). In addition, the positive rates of HEV RNA in anti-HEV IgM positive, IgG positive, and antibody negative patients were 29.23% (318/1 088), 17.59% (312/1 774), and 0.65% (2/306), respectively. Conclusion:The HEV infection rate among patients declined in 2023. HEV infection is age-related, with older individuals being more susceptible. Abnormal liver function and jaundice were commonly observed during HEV infection. It is crucial to note that the absence of anti-HEV specific antibodies cannot rule out HEV infection; therefore, additional testing for HEV RNA and/or HEV Ag is necessary for accurate diagnosis.

BACKGROUND: Membrane CD36 is a fatty acid transporter implicated in the pathogenesis of metabolic disease. We aimed to evaluate the association between plasma CD36 levels and diabetes risk and to examine if the association was independent of adiposity among Danish population. METHODS: We conducted a case-cohort study nested within the Danish Diet, Cancer and Health study among participants free of cardiovascular disease, diabetes and cancer and with blood samples and anthropometric measurements (height, weight, waist circumference, and body fat percentage) at baseline (1993 to 1997). CD36 levels were measured in 647 incident diabetes cases that occurred before December 2011 and a total of 3,515 case-cohort participants (236 cases overlap). RESULTS: Higher plasma CD36 levels were associated with higher diabetes risk after adjusting for age, sex and other lifestyle factors. The hazard ratio (HR) comparing high versus low tertile of plasma CD36 levels was 1.36 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.00 to 1.86). However, the association lost its significance after further adjustment for different adiposity indices such as body mass index (HR, 1.23; 95% CI, 0.87 to 1.73), waist circumference (HR, 1.21; 95% CI, 0.88 to 1.68) or body fat percentage (HR, 1.20; 95% CI, 0.86 to 1.66). Moreover, raised plasma CD36 levels were moderately associated with diabetes risk among lean participants, but the association was not present among overweight/obese individuals. CONCLUSION Higher plasma CD36 levels were associated with higher diabetes risk, but the association was not independent of adiposity. In this Danish population, the association of CD36 with diabetes risk could be either mediated or confounded by adiposity.

Objective:To investigate the epidemiological characteristics and transmission chain of COVID-19 in two families, and to provide scientific evidence for effective prevention and control measures.Methods:Field epidemiological investigation was conducted for the COVID-19 cases occurred in two families and the close contacts in a county of Baotou city in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Descriptive statistical analysis on epidemiological data was conducted.Results:The infection source of the COVID-19 cases in the two families was a man who had living history in Wuhan. After his return, his parents were infected by him. A few days later, the members of a neighbor family were found to be infected, and relatives of this family were also infected after dining together repeatedly. Finally, ten confirmed cases and three suspected cases of COVID-19 were detected in the two families.Conclusions:Human-to-human transmission of COVID-19 can occur not only in a family but also in neighborhoods. The cases in two families had close relationship, indicating the necessity to strengthen the health education about COVID-19 prevention and control and the management of groups at high risk to reduce the incidence of COVID-19 in families and neighborhoods.

OBJECTIVE： To systematically evaluate the mode of personnel training in pharmacy intravenous admixture services （PIVAS） in China， and to provide reference for the comprehensive training of pharmacist in PIVAS in China. METHODS： PubMed， Embase， Cochrane Library， CBM， CJFD， VIP and Wanfang database were searched from the establishment of database to Sept. 2018. Studies which evaluated the training mode of PIVAS in China were included， and the results were presented by descriptive analysis in respects of training objects， training objectives， contents and evaluation indicators. RESULTS： A total of 5 literatures were included. The research types were 2 before-after control studies， 2 experience sharing studies and 1 review. 3 subjects were pharmacists， 1 subject was clinical pharmacists， and 1 subject was nurses. The training objectives were comprehensive quality training， clinical rational drug use level， pharmacy personnel training path and professional service ability. The specific training content of the training mode varied greatly， including professional theoretical knowledge， practical operation ability， pre-job training， professional psychological quality， professional ethics and laws and regulations， continuing education learning ability， career development planning and teaching ability. There were great differences in the evaluation indicators of training effectiveness， which were mainly reflected in team execution motivation and creativity， discoveny rate of unreasonable doctor’s advice， work efficiency， service quality， drug treatment level and satisfaction of PIVAS， etc. CONCLUSIONS： There are certain differences in the training objectives， training targets， specific contents and evaluation indicators of the PIVAS pharmacist training model in China. It is necessary to use the evidence- based method to construct the training mode for PIVAS pharmacist to provide support for clinical intravenous drug use.

OBJECTIVE： To systematically evaluate current status of charges in pharmacy intravenous admixture services （PIVAS）， and to provide reference for the formulation of China’s pharmacy intravenous admixture services （PIVAS） charging standards. METHODS： Retrieved from PubMed， Embase， Cochrane library， CBM， CNKI， VIP， Wanfang database and related goverment websets， the literatures about current status evaluation of charges in PIVAS of China were collected during the establishment of database to Jan. 2019. Cost estimation， charge standard， influential factors and other indicators were collected， and the results were presented by descriptive analysis. RESULTS： A total of 5 literatures were included， all of which were reviewed. According to the existing literatures， except for Shandong， Guangdong and Yunnan provinces， there were no regional charge standards in other provinces （districts and cities）. The cost estimation methods of PIVAS in these three provinces were basically the same. The cost could be obtained by adding up the business fees， labor fees， fees of medical instruments purchase and use， indirect fees etc. Dispensing charges in PIVAS were 3-5 yuan per piece for general drug， 5 yuan per piece for antibiotics and 8-12 yuan per piece for cancer chemotherapeutics， 20-35 yuan per piece for TPN. The charging level was mainly affected by local prices， PIVAS scale， hardware investment， management and other factors. CONCLUSIONS： There is no unified charging standard for PIVAS in most provinces （districts， cities） of China. The cost estimation methods of the hospitals from the included literatures are basically the same. It is necessary to construct national PIVAS charging standard and cost estimation method， which could provide a basis for formulating the price of medical and health services.

OBJECTIVE： To systematically evaluate the status quo of cost estimation in pharmacy intravenous admixture services （PIVAS）， and to provide cost basis for the construction of PIVAS in China. METHODS： Retrieved from PubMed， Embase， Cochrane library， CBM， CNKI， CSJD and Wanfang database from database establishment to Jan. 2019， the studies about the status quo of cost estimation in PIVAS of China were included. The descriptive analysis was conducted for content and method of cost estimation， infection to hospital. RESULTS： A total of 17 literatures were included， involving 8 before and after control studies， 6 experience sharing studies and 3 reviews. Existing reports showed that the estimation contents and methods of PIVAS cost were roughly the same. The cost included manpower， medical and health materials， fixed asset purchase， depreciation， repair costs， medicine cost and indirect costs. At the same time， the infection to hospital were reported， such as in manpower adopting， formulating detailed management measures and systems， concurrent allocation of the same kind of drugs， shortening infusion preparation and replacement time， in order to save manpower cost. CONCLUSIONS： PIVAS cost calculation method is roughly the same in some hospitals， but there is no uniform standard. It is necessary to further improve the PIVAS cost measurement standard and provide a basis for the construction and development of PIVAS in China.

OBJECTIVE:To observe the effect of pathological lesion of renal tissue in rats with spontaneous hypertension (SHR),and study its mechanisms based on nuclear factorκB(NF-κB)signaling pathway. METHODS:21 SHR were randomly di-vided into model group and ICA low-dose,high-dose groups(20,40 mg/kg,denoted by ICA-L,ICA-H groups);other 7 homolo-gous Kyoto rats (WKY) were regarded as control group. All rats were intragastrically administrated,twice a day,for 11 weeks, rats in control group and model group received equal volume of double distilled water,ig. Pathological changes in renal tissue in each group were observed;Western blot method was used to detect protein expressions of p-NF-κB-p65,IκB and TNF-α in renal tissue. RESULTS:Compared with control group,model group showed disorder renal structure,narrow and irregular glomerular cysts;the protein expression of IκB was significantly down-regulated,protein expressions of p-NF-κB-p65 and TNF-α were signifi-cantly up-regulated(P<0.01). Compared with model group,the above-mentioned changes of rats showed improvement in ICA-L, ICA-H groups;the protein expression of IκB was significantly up-regulated in ICA-L,ICA-H groups (P<0.05 or P<0.01);the protein expressions of p-NF-κB-p65 and TNF-α were significantly down-regulated(P<0.01)in ICA-H groups;p-NF-κB-p65 pro-tein expression was significantly down-regulated in ICA-L group(P<0.05);while there was no significant difference in TNF-αpro-tein expression in ICA-L group(P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS:ICA plays a role in improving renal pathological lesion in SHR,and the mechanism may be related to inhibiting NF-κB signaling pathway.

Objective To observe the effect of the long-term low-dose mifepristone on the treatment of hysteromyoma.Methods From March 2016 to December 2016 in Haiyan maternal and child health-care center,120 cases with hysteromyoma were selected as the object study and were given long term oral low-dose mifepristone.The uterus size, follicle stimulating hormone, myoma size, luteinizing hormone, estrogen and endometrium were observed Resultsafter treatment, the patients with uterine fibroids situation improved markedly, and appeared amenorrhea.At the same time, in patients with clinical symptoms were improved to a certain extent, six months after a drug follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone and estrogen levels significantly decreased, and there is no other significant side effects.In addition, on the analysis of the effectiveness of the treatment,86 cases were markedly improved,28 cases effective,6 cases ineffective, the total effective rate was 95%.Conclusion Long-term low-dose mifepristone has worked well in the treatment of uterine fibroids, can effectively reduce uterine fibroids, high security, in the process of follow-up of patients, no recurrence no satisfaction related data, the result can't reach this Conclusion , the authors modify please.Is the ideal way of conservative treatment of uterine fibroids, and is worth popularizing in the process of clinical application.

Aims To observe the effect of Icariin( Ica) on apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cell in spontane-ously hypertensive rats( SHR) , and to explore its pos-sible mechanism. Methods 21 male SHR of 14 weeks were randomly divided into model groups, the Ica low and high dose groups (20 or 40 mg·kg-1 ,ig, bid, to 26 weeks ) , 14 week-old male homologous Kyoto rats ( WKY ) as control group, and the number of each group was 7 . WKY group and model group were ad-ministered by gavage with the same volume of double distilled water. The pathological changes were observed by using the HE staining and the apoptosis was detec-ted by TUNEL method in renal tubular epithelial cell, respectively. The mRNA levels of Bok, Bax, Bcl-2 were detected by the real time RT-PCR and the protein expressions of Bcl-2 , Bax and Active caspase-3 were detected by Western blot method in the renal tissue. Results Compared with WKY, renal capsule was nar-row and irregular, and glomerular mesangial matrix was increased with the cell arrangement disorder and the capillary dilation and congestion. Several glomeruli shrank and renal tubular epithelial cell was edema with luminal stenosis in model group. The apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cell was evident and the mRNA levels of Bok and Bax, as well as the protein expressions of Bax and Active caspase-3 were significantly up-regula-ted in model group, while the mRNA Level and protein expression of Bcl-2 significantly down-regulated ( P <0. 05 or P<0. 01). Compared with model group, renal glomerular capsule widened, proliferation of glomerular mesangial matrix was reduced, and cell arrangement disorder and capillary dilation and renal tubular lumen stenosis were improved in Ica group. Renal tubular ep-ithelial cell apoptosis was decreased evidently, and the mRNA level of Bax, Bok and protein expression of Bax were significantly down-regulated in Ica group, and the mRNA level and protein expression of Bcl-2 in Ica-H group were significantly up-regulated while the protein expression of Active caspase-3 significantly down-regu-lated( P <0. 05 or P <0. 01 ) . Conclusion Ica can inhibit the apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cell in spontaneously hypertensive rats and its mechanism may be related to the down-regulation of Bok, Bax, and Active caspase-3 , accompanied with the up-regulation of Bcl-2 .

Aim To investigate the effect of Icariin ( Ica) on remodeling of left ventricular in SHR and ex-plore the mechanism. Methods Twenty-one male SHR aged 14 weekswere randomly divided into model group(n=7), low-dose of Ica-treated group(20 mg· kg-1 . bid, n =7 ) , high-dose of Ica-treated group ( 40 mg·kg-1. bid,n=7), and WKY as control group(n=7 ) . Low- and high-dose of Ica-treated groups were given Ica from the age of 14 weeks to 26 weeks. The other rats in the model group and control group were given the same amount of double distilled water. Then, the content of hydroxyproline ( Hyp) was measured by ELISA. The morphological changes of the left ventricu-lar were observed by Masson staining. The mRNA and the protein expression of PPARα and PPARγ were ex-amined by real time RT-PCR and Western blot tech-nique respectively. Results Compared with the nor-mal control group, interstitium fibrosis and myofibrilla were lined up in disorder; the content of Hyp was in-creased and the mRNA and protein expression of PPARα and PPARγ were down-regulated in model group(P<0. 01). Compared with the model group,the myocardial cells were arranged less disorderly and the myocardial fibrosis was reduced; the content of Hyp was decreased in low-and high-dose of Ica-treated groups(P<0. 01 or P<0. 05);the mRNA and protein expression of PPARα and PPARγwere up-regulated in low- and high-dose of Ica-treated groups ( P <0. 01 or P<0. 05 ) . Conclusion Ica may attenuate left ven-tricular remodeling in SHR by up-regulating PPARαand PPARγ.