Objective To investigate the relationship of the expression of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3(NLRP3)and phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10(PTEN)in the serum of male infertility patients with the levels of sex hormones and semen quality.Methods A total of 80 male infertile patients admitted to our hospital from May 2021 to April 2023 were enrolled as the research subjects,who were divided into oligozoospermia group(n = 47)and asthenozoospermia group(n = 33)based on semen quality.Meanwhile,50 male healthy patients who underwent health examinations in our hospital during the same period were recruited as the control group.The level of serum NLRP3 and PTEN were determined by ELISA,and their relations with the sex hormone levels and semen quality were analyzed.Results Compared with the control group,the semen quality as well as the levels of testosterone(T)and serum PTEN in the patients were significantly reduced(P<0.05),while the levels of follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH),luteinizing hormone(LH),estradiol(E2),prolactin(PRL)and serum NLRP3 were significantly increased(P<0.05).Compared with the oligospermia group,the sperm concentration,semen volume,and the levels of FSH,T,serum NLRP3,and PTEN in the asthenospermia group were significantly increased(P<0.05),the sperm motility and forward motility sperm rate(PR)were significantly decreased(P<0.05),and there were no significant differences in the levels of LH,E2,and PRL(P>0.05).Through Pearson correlation analysis,the level of serum NLRP3 was negatively correlated with the semen volume,sperm motility,and the levels of PR and T,and significantly positively correlated with the levels of FSH,LH,E2,and PRL(P<0.05);The PTEN expression was significantly positively correlated with the sperm concentration,semen volume,sperm motility and the levels of PR and T,and negatively correlated with the levels of FSH,LH,E2,and PRL(P<0.05).Conclusion The level of serum NLRP3 is decreased and the PTEN level is increased in male infertile patients.Both of them are correlated with sex hormones and semen quality.