Objective To understand the genotyping of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infected hepatitis C virus (HCV) patients in Yunnan Province, and to analyze the differences in viral load, biochemical indicators, and blood routine indicators among different genotypes, in order to provide a laboratory basis for the diagnosis and clinical treatment of HIV/HCV co-infected patients. Methods From November 2022 to June 2023, the serum samples and basic information of patients diagnosed with HIV/HCV co-infection were collected in the antiviral outpatient clinic of Yunnan Provincial Hospital of Infectious Diseases. The HCV viral load was detected by one-step qRT-PCR amplification, the positive samples were sequenced, and genotyping was determined based on NS5 gene sequence. The differences in biochemical and blood routine indexes between HIV patients co-infected with different HCV genotypes and low/high viral loads were analyzed. Results A total of 126 HIV/HCV co-infected patients were collected, including 20 HCV genotype 1 (15.9%), 91 HCV genotype 3 (72.2%), and 15 HCV genotype 6 (11.9%). The maximum and minimum viral load of the three HCV genotypes were as follows: HCV type 1 (1.0×108, 4.8×104 IU/mL), HCV type 3 (2.2×108, 2.9×102 IU/mL), and HCV type 6 (8.1×107, 6.8×104 IU/mL). The results showed that there was no significant difference between HIV co-infection with different genotypes of HCV and three HIV treatment schemes, including nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors+integrase strand transfer inhibitors (NRTIs+INSTIs), nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors+non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs+NNRTIs) and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors+protease inhibitor (NRTIs+PLs), and the viral load of patients (P>0.05). The analysis of biochemical indexes such as total bilirubin (TBIL), direct bilirubin (DBIL), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatinine (CREA), and blood routine indexes such as white blood cell (WBC), red blood cell (RBC), hemoglobin (HGB), platelet (PLT), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) among different HCV genotypes and low/high viral loads showed that there was no significant difference in biochemical indexes and blood routine indexes between low/high viral loads of HIV co-infected HCV patients (P>0.05); however, the biochemical indicators TBIL, IBIL and MCHC were significantly different statistically between patients with genotype 3 HCV infection and those with genotype 1 HCV infection (P<0.05), while other biochemical and blood routine indexes were not statistically different among different HCV genotypes (P>0.05). Conclusions There are six subtypes of HCV co-infection in HIV patients in Kunming, Yunnan Province, including three genes of genotype 1, 3, and 6. Among them, genotype 3 HCV is the main prevalent genetic virus among HIV co-infected populations. The TBIL, IBIL and MCHC values of HIV patients co-infected with HCV type 3 are different from those infected with HCV type 1.

Background Chronic intermittent hypobaric hypoxia (CIHH) can effectively alleviate type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In this process, the underlying mechanism in its association with the epigenetic regulation of DNA methylation in the promoter regions of glucose metabolism key enzyme genes remains unclear yet. Objective To investigate the effects of CIHH on expression and promoter region methylation of key enzyme genes related to glucose metabolism in diabetes mice, and to explore the underlying mechanism by which CIHH regulates glucose metabolism. Methods Forty C57BL/6J male mice were divided randomly into a normobaric normoxic control (NN/CON) group, a chronic intermittent hypobaric hypoxia intervention control (CIHH/CON) group, a normobaric normoxic diabetic model (NN/DM) group, and a chronic intermittent hypobaric hypoxia intervention diabetic model (CIHH/DM) group. The mice in the NN/DM and the CIHH/DM groups were fed for 7 weeks with high-fat and high-sugar diet. Subsequently, these mice were intraperitoneally injected consecutively with 50 mmol·L⁻¹ streptozotocin (STZ) for 5 d at a dose of 40 mg·kg⁻¹ (body weight) per day to create T2DM model mice. The mice in the CIHH/DM and the CIHH/CON groups were intervened by simulating hypobaric hypoxia at 5000 m altitude for 6 h per day, while the mice in the NN/DM and the NN/CON groups were always placed in a normobaric normoxic environment. All mice were continuously treated for 4 weeks, and blood glucose were monitored during this period. After the CIHH intervention experiment, the glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity of mice were evaluated. A set of indicators involved in key glycolytic enzymes glucokinase (GK) and pyruvate kinase (PK), as well as key gluconeogenic enzymes phosphoenolpyruvate carboxyl kinase (PEPCK) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6P) were measured in the liver of mice, including enzyme activity, relative mRNA expression level, and DNA methylation level in the gene promoter regions. Results Compared with the mice in the NN/DM group, the blood glucose levels of the mice in the CIHH/DM group decreased after the 25^th day of the CIHH intervention (P<0.05). Regarding the diabetic glucose tolerance curves, the area under the curve (AUC) of the mice in the CIHH/DM group was lower than that of the NN/DM group (P<0.05). Compared with the mice in the NN/DM group, the mice in the CIHH/DM group showed that the serum insulin content and HOMA of insulin resistance index (HOMA-IRI) decreased (P<0.05), the enzyme activities of GK and PK increased and the relative mRNA expression levels of their genes were up-regulated (P<0.05), while the enzyme activities of PEPCK and G6P decreased and the relative mRNA expression levels of their genes were down-regulated (P<0.05) in liver. The average DNA methylation levels in the promoter regions of GK, PK, PEPCK, and G6P genes in liver of mice in each group were not significantly different (P>0.05), and their correlations with mRNA expression levels were also not statistically significant (P>0.05). Conclusion CIHH intervention may reduce blood glucose level, improve glucose tolerance, alleviate insulin resistance, and regulate the key enzyme activities of glucose metabolism and the relative mRNA expression of their corresponding genes in T2DM mice, but the above phenomena are not related to the DNA methylation levels in the promoter regions of these key enzymes.

Objective To isolate the Japanese encephalitis virus carried by Culex tritaeniorhynchus in Dongchuan District of Yunnan Province and analyze its molecular characteristics, so as to provide insights into the prevention and control of Japanese encephalitis in Yunnan Province. Methods Mosquito specimens were collected using mosquito-trapping lamps from pig farms in Batang Village and Xiaoxin Village, Dongchuan District, Kunming City, Yunnan Province in July 2016, and the mosquito species was identified according to the mosquito morphology. Then, 60 to 100 mosquitoes of each species served as a group and were ground. Baby hamster kidney-21 (BHK-21) cells and Aedes albopictus clone C6/36 cells were used for virus isolation, and positive isolates were identified using flavivirus primers. The positive isolates were amplified using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay with 15 pairs of specific primers covering the full length of the genotype I Japanese encephalitis virus, and DNA sequence assembly was performed using the software SeqMan in the DNASTAR package. The obtained sequences were aligned with the complete sequences of 38 Japanese encephalitis virus downloaded from the GenBank with the software MegAlign, and the nucleotide and amino acid homology analyses of the obtained sequences were performed. The difference in amino acid sites was analyzed with the software GeneDoc, and phylogenetic trees were created based on the sequences of the coding region and E protein of the isolated Japanese encephalitis virus with the software Mega X. In addition, the secondary and tertiary structures of the E protein of the Japanese encephalitis virus were predicted using the online tool SOPMA and the software Swiss-Model. Results A total of 5 820 mosquitoes were collected and 3 843 Cx. tritaeniorhynchus (66.03%) were identified according to the mosquito morphology. A positive virus isolate, termed YNDC55-33, was isolated from Cx. tritaeniorhynchoides following batches of virus isolation from mosquito specimens, and cytopathic effect was observed following inoculation into BHK-21 and C6/36 cells. The YNDC55-33 virus isolate was successfully amplified with the flavivirus primes, and a long sequence containing 300 nucleotides was obtained. Following sequence alignment using the BLAST tool, the sequence of the YNDC55-33 virus isolate had high homology with that of the genotype I Japanese encephalitis virus. A long sequence with 10 845 nucleotides in length, which encoded 3 432 amino acids, was obtained by splicing the full sequence of the YNDC55-33 virus isolate. Phylogenetic analysis based on the whole-genome sequence and E gene sequence of the YNDC55-33 virus isolate showed that the new YNDC55-33 virus isolate was most closely related to the genotype I Guizhou isolate (GenBank accession number: HM366552), with nucleotide homology of 98.5% and amino acid homology of 99.4%, and the YNDC55-33 virus isolate shared 97.96% ± 0.33% nucleotide homology and 99.35% ± 0.08% amino acid homology with other genotype I Japanese encephalitis virus isolates, and < 90% nucleotide homology and < 98% amino acid homology with other genotypes of Japanese encephalitis virus. The YNDC55-33 virus isolate and the live attenuated virus vaccine candidate SA14-14-2 isolate differed at 16 amino acid sites on E gene, and 7 out of 8 key amino acid sites related to neurovirulence. The secondary and tertiary structures of the E protein of the YNDC55-33 virus isolate were predicted to be characterized by random coils. Conclusions A genotype I Japanese encephalitis virus was isolated from Cx. tritaeniorhynchus in Dongchuan District, Kunming City. This virus isolate and the live attenuated virus vaccine candidate SA14-14-2 isolate does not differ at antigenic epitopes-related key amino acid sites, and the major protein structure of the virus isolate is random coils. This study adds new data for the epidemiological distribution of Japanese encephalitis virus in Yunnan Province, which may provide insights into the prevention and control of Japanese encephalitis in the province.

Objective:To investigate the effect of 980 nm semiconductor laser preablation of urethra mucosa at the prostatic tip in small volume benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).Methods:The case data of 120 patients diagnosed with small volume BPH in the Yan′an University Affiliated Hospital from June 2020 to June 2022 were retrospectively analyzed, and they were divided into improved group and conventional group according to different treatment methods, with 60 cases in each group. Patients in the improved group were treated with 980 nm semiconductor laser preablation of urethra mucosa at the prostatic tip, and patients in the conventional group were treated with 980 nm semiconductor laser vaporization of prostate. The sexual function of the patients was evaluated by the international erectile function index-5(IIEF-5) score, erectile hardness score (EHS) and retrograde ejaculation before surgery and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery. International prostate symptom scale (IPSS), quality of life (QOL) score, the maximum urine flow rate (Qmax) and postvoid residual urine (PVR) were used to evaluate urinary control function. The incidence of urinary incontinence, bladder neck contracture and other complications were compared between the two groups. Measurement data were expressed as mean±standard deviation ( ± s), and t-test was used for comparison between groups. The count data were expressed as cases and percentage, and Chi-square test was used for comparison between groups. Results:There was no significant difference in PVR, Qmax, IPSS score, QOL score, IIEF-5 score and EHS score between two groups ( P>0.05). In terms of PVR, Qmax, IPSS score, QOL score, IIEF-5 score and EHS score at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months after surgery, all these parameters were significantly improved compared with the preoperative, the differences were statistically significant ( P< 0.05). However, there was no significant difference between the two groups ( P> 0.05). There was no significant difference in IIEF-5 score and EHS score between the two groups during postoperative follow-up and before and after operation ( P> 0.05). The incidence of retrograde ejaculation rate in the improved group was lower than that in the conventional group during the follow-up 1, 3, 6 months after surgery, and the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.05). In the follow-up 1, 3 months after surgery, the incidence of stress urinary incontinence in the improved group was lower than that in the conventional group, the differences were statistically significant ( P< 0.05). At follow-up 6, 12 months after surgery, the rates of stress urinary incontinence were similar between the two groups, and the difference was not statistically significant ( P> 0.05). In the follow-up 12 months after surgery, there were 2 cases (3.33%) of bladder and neck contracture in the improved group, and 8 cases (13.33%) in the conventional group, the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.05). Conclusions:The effect of 980 nm semiconductor laser preablation of urethra mucosa at the prostatic tip in small volume BPH patients is similar to that of conventional vaporization, and the operation time is short. At the same time, the proximal 1 cm tissue of the verticulae and the integrity of the bladder neck are preserved, and the internal and external sphincter of the urethra are protected, thus improving the immediate postoperative urinary control rate and the incidence of retrograde ejaculation in small volume BPH patients.

Objective:To analyze the long-term therapeutic effect of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) on the treatment of early gastric cancer (EGC).Methods:We retrospectively reviewed EGC patients who underwent ESD at Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), from January 2009 to December 2016. The incidence rates of local recurrence, synchronous cancer and heterogeneous cancer were analyzed. Kaplan-Meier method was used to analyze 5-years recurrence free survival (RFS) and 5-years disease special survival (DSS) of all patients.Results:A total of 255 EGC patients were enrolled in this study, included 175 differentiated early gastric cancer (D-EGC) patients and 80 undifferentiated early gastric cancer (UD-EGC) patients. Among them, 171 patients within the extended indication of ESD while 84 patients beyond the extended indication of ESD. Among the 225 patients, the incidence rates of local recurrence, synchronous cancer and heterogeneous cancer were 2.0%, 2.0% and 2.4%, respectively. The local recurrence rates of D-EGC group and UD-EGC group was 1.7% and 2.5%, respectively, without significant difference ( χ2=0.176, P=0.675). The incidence rates of synchronous and heterogenous cancer in the D-EGC group were 2.3% and 3.4%, higher than 1.2% and 0 of UD-EGC group, although there was no significant difference ( χ2=0.306, P=0.580 vs χ2=2.809, P=0.094). There were no significant differences in 5-years RFS (91.3% vs 95.9%, P=0.236) and 5-years DSS (100% vs 98.6%, P=0.156) between D-EGC group and UD-EGC group. Conclusions:The long-term outcome of ESD in the treatment of EGS is good. More attention should be paid to the occurrence of local recurrence and heterogeneous cancer in EGC patients undergo ESD. These patients still have a good long-tern outcome even undergoing ESD for more than once.

Objective:To analyze the long-term therapeutic effect of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) on the treatment of early gastric cancer (EGC).Methods:We retrospectively reviewed EGC patients who underwent ESD at Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), from January 2009 to December 2016. The incidence rates of local recurrence, synchronous cancer and heterogeneous cancer were analyzed. Kaplan-Meier method was used to analyze 5-years recurrence free survival (RFS) and 5-years disease special survival (DSS) of all patients.Results:A total of 255 EGC patients were enrolled in this study, included 175 differentiated early gastric cancer (D-EGC) patients and 80 undifferentiated early gastric cancer (UD-EGC) patients. Among them, 171 patients within the extended indication of ESD while 84 patients beyond the extended indication of ESD. Among the 225 patients, the incidence rates of local recurrence, synchronous cancer and heterogeneous cancer were 2.0%, 2.0% and 2.4%, respectively. The local recurrence rates of D-EGC group and UD-EGC group was 1.7% and 2.5%, respectively, without significant difference ( χ2=0.176, P=0.675). The incidence rates of synchronous and heterogenous cancer in the D-EGC group were 2.3% and 3.4%, higher than 1.2% and 0 of UD-EGC group, although there was no significant difference ( χ2=0.306, P=0.580 vs χ2=2.809, P=0.094). There were no significant differences in 5-years RFS (91.3% vs 95.9%, P=0.236) and 5-years DSS (100% vs 98.6%, P=0.156) between D-EGC group and UD-EGC group. Conclusions:The long-term outcome of ESD in the treatment of EGS is good. More attention should be paid to the occurrence of local recurrence and heterogeneous cancer in EGC patients undergo ESD. These patients still have a good long-tern outcome even undergoing ESD for more than once.

Objective To investigate the relationship between thyroid nodules and sex and age in Harbin,as well as the clinical characteristics of thyroid nodules.Methods Using a cross-sectional method,census personnel from the Second Surgery Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine from November 2017 to October 2018 were selected for Color Doppler Ultrasonography of thyroid gland to compare the detection rate of thyroid nodules in different age and sex and analyze the location and size of thyroid nodules.Results A total of 6 209 persons with thyroid nodules were detected in 11 465 healthy census personnel,with a detection rate of 54.16％.Among them,1 069 were males with a detection rate of 44.08％ (1 069/2 425) and 5 140 were females with a detection rate of 56.86％ (5 140/9 040),gender difference was statistically significant (x2 =125.71,P ＜ 0.05).Detection of thyroid nodules in different age groups:416 (28.75％) in the group aged 20-29,775 (39.08％) in the group aged 30-39,1 228 (50.27％) in the group aged 40-49,2 059 (65.26％) in the group aged 50-59,1 444 (70.03％) in the group aged 60-69,and 287 (76.53％) in the group aged over 70.The detection rate of thyroid nodules in all age groups of females was higher than that in males,and the difference was statistically significant (x2 =15.50,11.53,28.87,54.91,43.22,7.28,P ＜ 0.05).Detection of thyroid nodules in different location:1 698 (27.35％) in the left lobe,1 795 (28.91％) in the right lobe,and 2 716 (43.74％) in bilateral lobes.Detection of thyroid nodules with different size:3 591 (57.84％) with small nodules (diameter ＜ 1.0 cm),1 907 (30.71％) with medium nodules (1.0 cm≤diameter≤2.0 cm),and 711 (11.45％) with large nodules (diameter ＞ 2.0 cm).Conclusions The detection rate of thyroid nodules in Harbin is higher,women are significantly larger than males,and the age is ≥ 70 years old than other age groups;the nodules appear more in the bilateral leaves,mainly small nodules.

With human placed in the whole nature, by following the biologic evolution path, the property of channel structure for "imprinting template" in meridian andwas explored with supramolecular chemistry. In the history of biologic evolution, each molecule in "molecule society" gradually developed into various highly-ordered supramolecular bodies based on self-identification, self-assembly, self-organization, self-replicating of"imprinting template", and thereby the original biochemical system was established, and finally evolved into human. In the forming process of supramolecular bodies, the channel structure of"imprinting template" in guest supramolecular bodies would be kept by host supramolecular bodies, and communicate with the outside to exchange materials, energy, information, otherwise life phenomenon could not continue, for which it was the chemical nature of biolo-gical supramolecular bodies for body to develop meridian. Therefore, the human was a gigantic and complicated supramolecules body in biological nature, and possessed the supramolecules "imprinting template" at each stage of evolution, for which the meridians were formed. When meridians converged, acupoints appeared; when acupointsconverged,appeared. With the promotion of the blood from heart, according to"imprinting template", the guest supramolecular bodies and host meridian produced-analysis, which was the-phenomenon of guest in meridian. It presented asimage of physiology and pathology as well as action regularities of medication and acupuncture tolerance, by which current various meridian viewpoints could be explained and propose the hypothesis of meridian supramolecular bodies. The meridian and its phenomenon was decide by its "imprinting template" of supramolecular bodies and self-reaction regularities, which abided through the living nature. This was the substance for meridian biology.

Objective To study the pharmacokinetic features of ferulaic acid, senkyunolide A and ligustilide in Buyang Huanwu associated prescriptions (Buyang HuanwuDecoction andNaojianTablets).MethodsHPLC-DAD was applied for simultaneous determination plasma concentration of three ingredients with jugular venous cannula rats after intragastric administration ofBuyang Huanwu associated prescriptions. The pharmacolinetic parameters of each ingredient was calculated by DAS2.0, and then the total quantum statistical moment (TQSM) standard similarity was used to measure the overall pharmacokinetics behaviors.Results There were great differences in the three ingredients after the administration of two prescriptions, while the total quantum statistical parameters were very closely. The TQSM pharmacokinetic parameters of the three components inBuyang HuanwuDecoction andNaojian Tablets showed that AUC, MRT, VRT were 240.6 and 133.0, 3.192 min and 3.259 min, 21.59 min2and 19.75 min2, respectively.The similarity was up to 0.977 8.Conclusion The metabolic processes in vivo ofBuyang Huanwu Decoction andNaojianTablets have similarities. The efficacy of Chinese herbal compounds mostly depends on the multi-components overall contributions.

This study was aimed to analyze characteristics of Chinese Materia Medica ( CMM ) preparations in order to identify the long-term development direction of this discipline and suggest key questions and strategies to solve the problems. According to the development track of CMM preparation, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) basic theories and modern new drug research techniques were combined with the author's experiences on modernization study of TCM. This article discussed key issues of CMM preparation development direction, characteristics and is-sues need to be solved and their countermeasures. The results showed that the development direction for CMM preparation discipline should entirety unify CMM preparation system. The medical resource should be convenient which include animal, plant and mineral products. The single determinacy (effectiveness, stability and controlled) and compatibility (prediction, optimization and lowest toxin) will be applied in the guidance of CMM preparation system. In order to achieve goals mentioned above, key issues need to be solved are efficiency categories for in-gredients, genetical stabilities and one sampling charge, emigration rules of properties among ingredients, the ki-netic and stable rules of ingredient extraction, controlled rules for integral models or for disorder and torrent, e-valuation rules in vivo and in vitro, microscopic and macroscopic qualities, determinacy for single administration and compatibility for combination applications. It was concluded that the CMM preparation is a series of integral unified effective ingredient preparations that behave the determinacy for single administration and compatibility for combination applications.