Gold nanoparticles(AuNPs)present unique physicochemical characteristics,excellent biocom-patibility and ease of surface functionalization,which have become the research hotspots in the field of biosens-ing.This article reviews the synthesis methods,main properties and surface functionalization of AuNPs,as well as the research progress of application in various sensing platforms.

【Objective】 To analyze the hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection data of blood donors from 18 domestic blood stations, so as to investigate the HBV infection situation of blood donors. 【Methods】 The positive rate of HBV and its distribution characteristics of regions, the percentage of HBsAg+ ELISA in first-time vs repeated blood donors, and the percentage of HBsAg-/HBV DNA+ blood donors of 18 domestic blood stations during 2017 to 2020 were collected from the Working Platform for Practice Comparison of Blood Centers, and the HBV infection among blood donors were statistically analyzed. 【Results】 From 2017 to 2020, the positive rate of HBV in blood donors among 18 domestic blood stations was 13.48/10 000-144.02/10 000, with the average HBV positive rate in eastern, central and western region at 26.14/10 000, 51.98/10 000 and 41.00/10 000, respectively. The HBsAg+ rate by ELISA among first-time and repeated blood donors was 14.55/10 000-305.39/10 000 vs 1.04/10 000-87.43/10 000 The HBsAg-/HBV DNA+ yield was 1.80/10 000-35.31/10 000. 【Conclusion】 The distribution of HBV infection in blood donors has regional characteristics, and HBV prevalence was low in repeated blood donors. HBsAg ELISA combined with HBV DNA detection can better ensure blood safety.

Objective:To evaluate the residual risk (RR) of transfusion transmitted HIV (TT-HIV) after the implementation of nucleic acid amplification test (NAT) in blood screening test among blood centers in China.Methods:The data of blood donors and HIV infection markers from 2017 to 2020 were collected from 28 blood centers via the Platform of Comparison of blood establishments Practice in Chinese Mainland. The new infection rate/window period mathematical model was used for two types of blood screening strategies, namely, two rounds ELISA plus individual NAT take turn with pooling NAT (2ELISA+ ID-NAT/MP-NAT) and two ELISA plus one round pooling NAT (2ELISA+ MP-NAT), and the RR of HIV infection was estimated also based on first donors (FDs) and repeated donors (RDs) in different blood donation years. T-test analyses were conducted for comparing TT HIV RR among FDs and RDs in different blood donation years with two blood screening strategies, and the variation trend of RR in HIV test was observed.Results:From 2017 to 2020, the RR of FDs in 2ELISA+ ID-NAT/MP-NAT blood screening strategy was 2.869/10 6 person-year, 3.795/10 6 persons-year, 3.879/10 6 person-year, and 2.890/10 6 person-year respectively. The RR of RDs was 1.797/10 6 person-year, 1.502/10 6 person-year, 1.857/10 6 person-year, and 1.483/10 6 person-year respectively. Significant difference exists between RR of FDs and RDs, with F=9.898 and p<0.05. In 2ELISA+ MP-NAT strategy, the RR of FDs was 3.508/10 6 person-year, 1.868/10 6 person-year, 2.204/10 6 person-year, and 1.765/10 6 person-year respectively. The RR of RDs was 0.948/10 6 person-year, 0.926/10 6 person-year, 0.748/10 6 person-year, and 0.682/10 6 person-year respectively. Statistical difference existed between RR of FDs and RDs, with F=17.126 and P<0.05. There was no significant difference between the RR of FDs in these two strategies with F=3.493 and P>0.05, while there was a difference between the RR of RDs in these two strategies with F=24.516 and P<0.05, and a difference between the RR of total donors (TDs) in these two strategies F=20.216 and P<0.05. Conclusions:The RR of TT HIV significantly decreased after the introduction of NAT into blood test among blood centers in China. There were some differences in the RR of HIV testing among different blood screening strategies. There could be significant differences in the RR of HIV testing among different groups of blood donors. Compared with FDs, RDs is the low risk group for HIV.

Objective:To investigate the unqualified hepatitis C virus (HCV) detection result of blood donors from the served area of blood institutions.Methods:The data related to HCV markers detected of the first and repeat blood donors were collected from the system of practice comparison for the Chinese mainland blood institutions from 2017 to 2021. The anti-HCV reactive rate and the rates of anti-HCV negative but HCV-RNA reaction and all the relationship between rates and the annual, regional and different blood donors were statistically analyzed.Results:During 2017-2021, the number of anti-HCV reactive per 100 000 blood donors decreased from 444.3 to 250.44 in the served area of 22 blood institutions ( χ2=49.677, P<0.05). The number of HCV RNA detected positive per 100 000 anti-HCV negative increased from 0.69 to 2.05 year by year, but there was no statistical significance ( χ2=0.643, P>0.05). The anti-HCV unqualified rate was significantly different among regions ( χ2=3 260.283, P<0.05). The anti-HCV unqualified rate of the first blood donors was significantly higher than that of the repeated blood donors ( F=130.993, P < 0.05). The annual number of HCV RNA detected positive per 100 000 anti-HCV negative blood samples from donors ranged from 0 to 17.28. Conclusions:The anti-HCV unqualified rate of blood donors in the served area of 22 blood institutions decreased year by year. Compared with repeated blood donors, HCV infection should be emphasized in first-time blood donors. The implementation of HCV RNA test can detect out much more HCV infections and reduce the risk of transfusion transmitted infectious HCV.

Objective:To construct endocrinology nursing subspecialty model and explore its clinical effect.Methods:In December 2018, the organization structure of endocrinology nursing subspecialty was constructed in the Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated of Nanjing University Medical School and applied in clinic. In this model, the data of 2018 were taken as the data before application and the data of 2020 were taken as the data after application. The comprehensive ability of nurses, nurse satisfaction, related nursing workload and scientific research ability of nurses were compared before and after the application of the model.Results:After the application of subspecialty nursing mode, nurses′ comprehensive ability score was (92.00 ± 2.36) points. Compared with (84.25 ± 3.24) points before implementation, the difference was statistically significant ( t=-9.46, P<0.01); nurses′ satisfaction evaluations including specialty development (7.92 ± 1.41), self-quality improvement (8.00 ± 1.69), work pressure (6.42 ± 2.67), salary and welfare (3.96 ± 0.85), compared with (5.79 ± 2.31), (6.17 ± 2.82), (8.33 ± 1.50), (2.88 ± 1.59) before implementation, the difference was statistically significant ( t values were -3.86--2.73, all P<0.05). The annual workload of related nursing increased and the scientific research ability of nurses was improved. Conclusions:The application of endocrinology nursing subspecialty mode is beneficial to improve nurses′ comprehensive ability of clinical work, improve the level of specialized nursing, improve the quality of nursing service and promote the improvement of economic benefits, which is worthy of clinical promotion.

Objective:To investigate the association between relative mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNA-CN) and coal-burning-borne endemic fluorosis (abbreviated as coal-burning-borne fluorosis).Methods:From June 2018 to March 2019, using cross-sectional study, 482 patients with coal-burning-borne fluorosis were selected as the case group in Bijie City, a typical coal-burning-borne fluorosis area of Guizhou Province; meanwhile, 212 healthy individuals from Changshun County, a non-coal-burning-borne fluorosis area in Guizhou Province, were selected as the control group. Questionnaire survey and physical examination were used to collect general condition such as basic information and living habits of the two groups, peripheral venous blood samples were collected, and real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR was used to detect the relative mtDNA-CN in peripheral blood. The correlation between relative mtDNA-CN and coal-burning-borne fluorosis was analyzed by binary and unordered multi-class logistic regression.Results:There were significant differences in the body mass index (BMI), and the distribution of gender rario, marital status and education level between the control group and the case group ( t = 7.91, χ 2 = 5.11, 13.33, 34.32, P < 0.05). The relative mtDNA-CN in the control group was higher than that in the case group [median (quartile): 202 (138, 292) vs 131 (96, 217), Z = - 7.80, P < 0.001]. The results of binary logistic regression analysis [odds ratio (95% confidence interval)] showed that educational level [primary school: 0.572 (0.377 - 0.868), junior high school and above: 0.292 (0.174 - 0.493)], relative mtDNA-CN [131 - < 217: 0.265 (0.144 - 0.488), ≥217: 0.183 (0.100 - 0.335)] and BMI [1.222 (1.142 - 1.307)] were the influencing factors for the risk of coal-burning-borne fluorosis( P < 0.05). In subgroups with different BMI and educational levels, the relative mtDNA-CN was significantly negatively correlated with the risk of coal-burning-borne fluorosis( Ptrend < 0.05), and there was no interaction between mtDNA-CN and BMI and educational levels ( Pinteraction > 0.05). The results of unordered multi-class logistic regression analysis showed that the relative mtDNA-CN were significantly negatively correlated with the risk of dental fluorosis and skeletal fluorosis ( Ptrend < 0.05). Conclusion:The higher the relative mtDNA-CN, the lower the risk of coal-burning-borne fluorosis, suggesting that mtDNA-CN may be a potential biomarker of coal-burning fluorosis.

Objective:To explore the relationship between children's intelligence and urinary fluoride in Suojia Township of Miao, Yi and Hui Nationalities (referred to as Suojia Township), a coal-burning-borne endemic fluorosis area in Guizhou Province.Methods:In April 2019, 173 children aged 10 to 13 years old were selected from three schools in Suojia Township. According to whether they had dental fluorosis, the children were divided into case group ( n = 104) and control group ( n = 69). Middle segment urine samples of the children were collected and urinary fluoride level was determined by the method of ion-selective electrode. Combined Raven's Test-the Rural in China (CRT-RC2) was used for children's intelligence quotient (IQ) test. Linear regression analysis was used to observe the association between urinary fluoride and IQ, and the results were expressed by regression coefficient ( β) and 95% confidence interval ( CI). Results:Urinary fluoride level of case group was higher than that of control group [(2.14 ± 1.78) vs (1.53 ± 0.98) mg/L], and IQ was lower than that of control group [(92.33 ± 11.68) vs (100.38 ± 11.87) points], and the differences were statistically significant ( t = 2.58, 4.41, P < 0.05). The linear regression equation of urinary fluoride ( X) and IQ ( Y) of case group was Y = 96.99 - 2.86 X. For every 1 mg/L increase in urinary fluoride level, IQ decreased by 2.86 points ( β = - 2.86, 95% CI: - 5.48 - - 0.24). Conclusion:Long-term exposure to fluoride pollution from coal burning may damage children's intelligence, and children's IQ decreases with increase of fluoride level in urine.

The massive accumulation of β-amyloid （Aβ） in the brain is believed to be the first pathological mechanism of Alzheimer's disease （AD）， and the accumulation is mainly resulted from the overproduction and dysfunction in the clearance. Extensive and in-depth research has been carried out on AD. In addition to the drugs which are commonly used in clinical settings to improve cognitive function， Aβ monoclonal antibody aducanumab （Aduhelm） has been successfully marketed in the US， which may delay the progress of AD. Thus， it is a potential method for the treatment of AD to target Aβ， but it is expensive， with many adverse reactions and contraindications， which hinders the clinical promotion. Traditional Chinese medicine， featuring multiple components， multiple targets， multiple pathways， and high safety， can regulate the level of Aβ deposition in the brain， alleviate neurotoxicity， and prevent and treat AD by inhibiting the production and aggregation of Aβ and promoting the clearance in the brain. Berberine， gallic acid， osthole， scutellaria barbata flavonoids， Huannao Yicong decoction and Ditantang can promote α-secretase and inhibit the activity and expression of β- and γ-secretase， thus reducing production of Aβ. Baicalein， aloe-emodin， gallic acid， and curcumin can suppress the aggregation of Aβ， promote its depolymerization， and reduce the toxic effect of Aβ on nerve cells by interacting with the hydrophobic structure of Aβ and the H bond， salt bridge， and β-sheet that mediate the aggregation of Aβ. Curcumin and resveratrol can promote the expression of triggering receptor 2 in bone marrow cells of microglia and the migration and phagocytosis of Aβ in microglia. Bilobalide， Kaixinsan and curcumin can up-regulate the expression of encephalin-degrading enzyme and insulin degrading enzyme to promote Aβ degradation， and geniposide， dihydrotanshinone， dihydroartemisinin， and curcumin can degrade Aβ in cells by activating normal autophagy or inhibiting abnormal autophagy. Cycloastragenol， Danggui Shaoyaosan， Yizhi Fangdai formula and Linggui Zhugan decoction can promote the outflow of Aβ and inhibit the inflow of Aβ by improving the integrity and permeability of the blood-brain barrier （BBB）. Yizhi Fangdai formula and Xueshuantong can promote the polarization of aquaporin 4（AQP4）， allow Aβ to be cleared through the lymphatic system， and reduce the aggregation of Aβ in the brain， thereby relieving or preventing nerve cell damage and improving cognitive function. The above summary aims to provide more sufficient evidence and ideas for the clinical treatment of AD with traditional Chinese medicine.

Objective:To study the different effects of pre-pregnancy obesity (PO), excessive gestational weight gain (EGWG), pre-pregnancy obesity combined with excessive gestational weight gain (PO+EGWG) of maternal rats on glucose and lipid metabolism in neonatal offspring, and to explore the possible mechanisms.Methods:Animal models of PO, EGWG and PO+EGWG were established by feeding SD rats with high-fat diets at different periods. Thirty-six SD rats were randomly divided into four groups, with nine rats in each group. The control group had a normal diet before and during pregnancy. The PO group had a high-fat diet before pregnancy and a normal diet during pregnancy. The EGWG group had a normal diet before pregnancy and a high-fat diet during pregnancy. And the PO+EGWG group had a high-fat diet before and during pregnancy. The body weight of maternal rats before and during pregnancy and the birth weight of neonatal rats were recorded. Nine male neonatal rats in each group were selected, fasting blood glucose levels were detected by glucometer, fasting insulin levels were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit, hepatic triglyceride and cholesterol levels were detected by glycerol phosphate oxidase-peroxidase method, hepatic lipid deposition were observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining and oil red O staining. The mRNA levels of hepatic key genes in glucose metabolism pathway IR, IRS, AKT and lipid metabolism FASN, SREBP1c, PPARα were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analyses.Results:The pre-pregnancy weight of maternal rats in high-fat diet group before pregnancy (PO group and PO+EGWG group) was significantly higher than those in normal diet group (control group and EGWG group). The percentage of weight gain of maternal rats in high-fat diet group during pregnancy (EGWG group and PO+EGWG group) was significantly higher than those in normal diet group (control group and PO group) ( P<0.05). The birth weight of neonatal rats in PO group, EGWG group and PO+EGWG group were significantly higher than that in control group ( P<0.05), and the birth weight of neonatal rats in PO+EGWG group was the largest. The fasting glucose, insulin level and insulin resistance index of newborn rats in PO, EGWG and PO+EGWG groups were higher than those in the control group, and the mRNA levels of IR, IRS and AKT were lower than those in the control group, but the differences were not statistically significant ( P>0.05). The hepatic triglyceride and cholesterol contents and mRNA levels of FASN and SREBP1c were higher in the EGWG and PO+EGWG groups than those in the control group, and the mRNA level of PPARα was higher in the PO+EGWG group than in the control and PO groups, with statistically significant differences ( P<0.05). Conclusions:Animal models of PO, EGWG and PO+EGWG were successfully constructed by feeding SD rats with high-fat diets before pregnancy, during pregnancy, before and during pregnancy. PO+EGWG had the most significant effects on the birth weight and glucose and lipid metabolism in neonatal offspring. Compared with EGWG, PO had a relatively significant effect on glucose metabolism in neonatal offspring. And compared with PO, EGWG had a relatively significant effect on lipid metabolism in neonatal offspring. The effects of maternal obesity on glucose and lipid metabolism in neonatal offspring were considered to be related to the expression changes of genes in glucose and lipid metabolism.

Objective:To explore the repair methods and clinical effects of full-thickness burn wounds deep to tendon or even bone in fingers.Methods:A retrospective non-randomized controlled trial was conducted on the 98 patients with full-thickness finger burns deep to tendon or even bone who met the inclusion criteria and were hospitalized in Xiangya Hospital of Central South University from January 2010 to December 2019. Among the 98 patients, there were 81 males and 17 females, aged from 1 to 72 years, with 160 fingers involved. The wound area of each of affected fingers ranged from 2.0 cm×1.5 cm to 12.0 cm×3.5 cm, and the maximum wound area after merging the affected fingers was 12.0 cm×10.0 cm. For adult hands with multiple full-thickness burn wounds deep to tendon or even bone in multiple fingers or children with full-thickness finger burns deep to tendon or even bone, pedicled abdominal flaps were selected. For adults with single or two fingers with full-thickness burns deep to tendon or even bone, the pedicled internal hand flaps and free tissue flaps were selected. The free tissue flap repair requires good vascular conditions in the recipient area with arteries and veins available for anastomosis. For thumb nail burns deep to tendon or even bone or partial absence of the thumb after burns, the thumbs were reconstructed with the first toenail flap or dorsal foot flap with the second toe. In this study, 45 pedicled abdominal flaps were used to repair the wounds in 91 fingers, 37 pedicled internal hand flaps were used to repair the wounds in 37 fingers, 26 free tissue flaps were used to repair the wounds in 28 fingers, 3 first toenail flaps were used to reconstruct 3 patients' thumb nails and to repair hand wounds, and 1 dorsal foot flap with the second toe was used to reconstruct 1 patient's thumb and to repair hand and wrist wounds. The tissue flap area was from 2.0 cm×1.5 cm to 20.0 cm×10.0 cm. The wound in the donor site was repaired by direct suture or full-thickness skin grafting from the medial upper arm of the affected limb or split-thickness skin grafting from the outer thigh. The postoperative survival of the tissue flap, postoperative complications, and appearance and function of the flap donor site were observed. For the patients who were followed up, their finger functions were evaluated at the last follow-up using the trial criteria for replantation function evaluation of the amputated finger issued by the Hand Surgery Society of the Chinese Medical Association, and the satisfaction of the patients was investigated using the Efficacy Satisfaction Scale. Data were statistically analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis H test and Nemenyi test. Results:Of the 112 tissue flaps, 104 tissue flaps survived completely and had good blood circulation; 1 pedicled thumb dorsal ulnar reverse island flap, 1 pedicled finger artery cutaneous branch reverse island flap, and 1 free grafted anterolateral thigh perforator flap were slightly necrotic at the end, which were repaired with outer thigh split-thickness skin graft after dressing change and granulation tissue growth; 2 free grafted tarsal external artery flaps and 1 pedicled thumb dorsal ulnar reverse island flap suffered from postoperative venous return obstruction, which survived after partial suture removal and heparin saline cleansing of the wound; 1 pedicled modified dorsal metacarpal artery retrograde island flap and 1 free grafted peroneal artery perforator flap were necrotic, which were repaired by a pedicled abdominal flap and a lateral upper arm flap free transplantation respectively in stage Ⅱ. After transplantation, the tissue flaps had good shape, soft texture, and good elasticity, without bloating. There was no functional disorder in the flap donor site, and only slight scar remained. A total of 117 fingers of the 72 patients received 3-24 months of outpatient or telephone follow-up. At the last follow-up, the excellent and good rates of function evaluation of fingers repaired with pedicled abdominal flap, pedicled internal hand flap, and free tissue flap were respectively 77.3% (51/66), 96.3% (26/27), and 95.8% (23/24). The function of fingers repaired with free tissue flap and pedicled internal hand flap was significantly better than that with pedicled abdominal flap ( P<0.01). The satisfaction of patients with fingers repaired by free tissue flaps was significantly higher than that by pedicled abdominal flap ( P<0.05). Conclusions:According to the specific situation of full-thickness burn wounds deep to tendon or even bone in fingers, the pedicled abdominal flap is used to repair the multiple full-thickness burn wounds deep to tendon or even bone in multiple fingers of adult or the full-thickness burn wounds deep to tendon or even bone in fingers of children, the pedicled internal hand flap or free tissue flap is used to repair the full-thickness burn wounds deep to tendon or even bone in single or two fingers of adult patients, and the first toenail flap or the dorsal foot flap with the second toe is used to reconstruct the thumbs with full-thickness burn deep to tendon or even bone, with high postoperative tissue flap survival rate and few complications. The functional recovery of the affected finger is better after repair with free tissue flap and pedicled internal hand flap, and the patients' satisfaction is the highest after free tissue flap repair.