ObjectiveTo reveal the mechanism of Zuogui Jiangtang Jieyu prescription against damage to hippocampal synaptic microenvironment via suppressing glutamate receptor 2 （GluR2）/Parkin signal-mediated mitophagy in rats with diabetes-related depression （DD）. MethodsEighty male SD rats underwent adaptive feeding for 5 days before the study. Ten rats were randomly assigned to the normal group. The model of DD rats was established with the rest by 2-week high-fat diet + streptozotocin （STZ） tail intravenous injection + 28 days of chronic unpredictable mild stress （CUMS） combined with isolation. The rats were randomly divided into a normal group， a model group， a GluR2 blocker group （5 μg·kg^-1）， a GluR2 agonist group （10 μg·kg^-1）， a metformin + fluoxetine group （0.18 g·kg^-1 metformin + 1.8 mg·kg^-1 fluoxetine）， and high- and low-dose Zuogui Jiangtang Jieyu prescription groups （20.52 and 10.26 g·kg^-1， respectively）. The rats in the GluR2 blocker group and the GluR2 agonist group were continuously injected with CNQX and Cl-HIBO in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus once a week starting from stress modeling， respectively， while the metformin + fluoxetine group and the high- and low-dose Zuogui Jiangtang Jieyu prescription groups were continuously given intragastric administration for 28 d at the same time of stress modeling. Depression-like behavior was evaluated by open field and forced swimming experiments. The levels of serum insulin and adenosine triphosphate （ATP） in hippocampus were detected by biochemical analysis. The levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine （5-HT） and dopamine （DA） in hippocampus were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. The autophagosomes of hippocampal neurons were observed by transmission electron microscopy. The morphology and structure of dendrites and spines of hippocampal neurons were evaluated by Golgi staining. Western blot detected the expression levels of GluR2 and Parkin proteins in hippocampus. The expression levels of GluR2， Parkin， regulating synaptic membrane exocytosis protein 3 （RIMS3）， and postsynaptic density protein 95 （PSD95） in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus were detected by immunofluorescence. ResultsCompared with the normal group， the model group exhibited reduced total activity distance in the open field and increased immobility time in forced swimming （P<0.01）， lowered levels of serum insulin and ATP， 5-HT， and DA in hippocampus （P<0.01）， increased autophagosomes of hippocampal neurons， significantly damaged morphology and structure of dendrites and spines of hippocampal neurons， decreased expression levels of GluR2， RIMS3， and PSD95 in hippocampus， and an increased Parkin expression level （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the GluR2 blocker group and the GluR2 agonist group showed aggravation and alleviation of the above abnormal changes， respectively （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The above depression-like behavior was significantly improved in the high- and low-dose Zuogui Jiangtang Jieyu prescription groups to different degrees. Specifically， the two groups saw elevated levels of serum insulin and ATP， 5-HT， and DA in hippocampus （P<0.05， P<0.01）， restrained increase in autophagosomes and damage to morphology and structure of dendrites and spines of hippocampal neurons， up-regulated protein expression levels of GluR2， RIMS3， and PSD95， and down-regulated Parkin expression level （P<0.05， P<0.01）. ConclusionZuogui Jiangtong Jieyu prescription can ameliorate the mitophagy-mediated damage to hippocampal synaptic microenvironment in DD rats， the mechanism of which might be related to the regulation of GluR2/Parkin signaling pathway.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a central neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive cognitive decline and memory impairment in clinical. Currently, there are no effective treatments for AD. In recent years, a variety of therapeutic approaches from different perspectives have been explored to treat AD. Although the drug therapies targeted at the clearance of amyloid β-protein (Aβ) had made a breakthrough in clinical trials, there were associated with adverse events. Neuroinflammation plays a crucial role in the onset and progression of AD. Continuous neuroinflammatory was considered to be the third major pathological feature of AD, which could promote the formation of extracellular amyloid plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles. At the same time, these toxic substances could accelerate the development of neuroinflammation, form a vicious cycle, and exacerbate disease progression. Reducing neuroinflammation could break the feedback loop pattern between neuroinflammation, Aβ plaque deposition and Tau tangles, which might be an effective therapeutic strategy for treating AD. Traditional Chinese herbs such as Polygonum multiflorum and Curcuma were utilized in the treatment of AD due to their ability to mitigate neuroinflammation. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen and indomethacin had been shown to reduce the level of inflammasomes in the body, and taking these drugs was associated with a low incidence of AD. Biosynthetic nanomaterials loaded with oxytocin were demonstrated to have the capability to anti-inflammatory and penetrate the blood-brain barrier effectively, and they played an anti-inflammatory role via sustained-releasing oxytocin in the brain. Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells could reduce neuroinflammation and inhibit the activation of microglia. The secretion of mesenchymal stem cells could not only improve neuroinflammation, but also exert a multi-target comprehensive therapeutic effect, making it potentially more suitable for the treatment of AD. Enhancing the level of TREM2 in microglial cells using gene editing technologies, or application of TREM2 antibodies such as Ab-T1, hT2AB could improve microglial cell function and reduce the level of neuroinflammation, which might be a potential treatment for AD. Probiotic therapy, fecal flora transplantation, antibiotic therapy, and dietary intervention could reshape the composition of the gut microbiota and alleviate neuroinflammation through the gut-brain axis. However, the drugs of sodium oligomannose remain controversial. Both exercise intervention and electromagnetic intervention had the potential to attenuate neuroinflammation, thereby delaying AD process. This article focuses on the role of drug therapy, gene therapy, stem cell therapy, gut microbiota therapy, exercise intervention, and brain stimulation in improving neuroinflammation in recent years, aiming to provide a novel insight for the treatment of AD by intervening neuroinflammation in the future.

This article systematically reviews and verifies the medicinal materials of Dioscoreae Hypoglaucae Rhizoma（DHR）， Dioscoreae Spongiosae Rhizoma（DSR）， Smilacis Chinae Rhizoma（SCR） and Smilacis Glabrae Rhizoma（SGR） from the aspects of name， origin， producing area， quality， harvesting， processing and efficacy by consulting historical literature， in order to provide reference for the development and utilization of famous classical formulas containing the four medicinal materials. DHR， DSR， SCR and SGR have a long history of application as medicinal materials. However， due to their similar growth environment and medicinal properties， as well as their functions of promoting dampness， dispelling wind and removing numbness， there have been instances of homonymous foreign objects and homonymous synonyms throughout history， resulting in confusion of the origin. Therefore， it is necessary to conduct comparative analysis and systematic research for clarifying the historical development and changes of the four， in order to provide a basis for safe and effective medication. According to research， Bixie was first recorded in Shennong Bencaojing and has been historically known as Baizhi， Chijie， Zhumu， and other aliases. From ancient times to the mid-20th century， there has always been a situation where the rhizomes of Dioscorea plants and Smilax plants， and even the rhizomes of Heterosmilax plants， were mixed together to be used as medicinal herbs for Bixie. However， since the Tang dynasty， it has been clearly advocated that the rhizomes of Dioscorea plants have excellent quality and have been the mainstream throughout history. The 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia categorized it into two types of medicinal herbs（DHR and DSR）. Among them， the origin of DHR is the dry rhizomes of Dioscorea hypoglauca， and the origins of DSR are the dry rhizomes of D. spongiosa and D. futschauensis. In ancient times， due to different types， the corresponding production areas of DHR and DSR were also different. Nowadays， They are mainly produced in the southern region of the Yangtze River. Since the Tang dynasty， the quality of Bixie has been characterized by its white color and soft nature. In modern times， it has been summarized that those with white color， large and thin pieces， powdery texture， tough and elastic texture， and neat and unbreakable are the best. The harvesting times of DHR and DSR are in spring or autumn， with the best quality harvested in autumn. The mainstream processing methods of them are slicing and then using the raw products or wine-processed products. SCR was first recorded in Mingyi Bielu and has been known as Jinganggen， Tielingjiao， Tieshuazi， and other aliases in history. The mainstream source is the dry rhizomes of Smilax china in the past dynasties， with the best quality being those that are tough and rich in powder. The harvesting time is from the late autumn to the following spring， and the main processing method throughout history has been slicing for raw use. SGR was first recorded under the item of Yuyuliang in Variorum of Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica. It was listed as an independent medicinal material from Bencao Gangmu. In history， there were such aliases as Cao Yuyuliang， Lengfantuan， Xianyiliang， Tubixie， etc. The main source of the past dynasties was dry rhizomes of S. glabra. In history， there have also been instances of multiple plants belonging to the same genus， and even cases of mixing the rhizomes of plants in the genus Heterosmilax. It is mainly produced in Guangdong， Hunan， Hubei， Zhejiang， Sichuan， Anhui and other regions， its quality has been summarized as large in size， powdery in texture， with few veins， and light brown in cross-section since modern times. The harvesting time is in spring or autumn， and the main processing method throughout history has been slicing for raw use. DHR， DSR， SCR and SGR all have the effects of promoting dampness， dispelling wind， relieving rheumatism and detoxifying. However， their detoxification abilities are ranked as follows：SGR>SCR>Bixie（DHR and DSR）. Especially for the treatment of limb spasms， arthralgia and myalgia， scrofula， and scabies caused by syphilis and mercury poisoning， SGR has a unique effect. Based on the research results， DHR is recommended to develop the famous classical formulas containing Bixie as the first choice for medicinal herbs. It should be harvested in autumn， sliced thinly while fresh， and processed according to the requirements of the famous classical formulas， without any requirements for raw use. Selecting the rhizomes of S. china， harvested in late autumn， and thinly sliced while fresh. If there are no special processing requirements in the formulas， use it raw. Selecting the rhizomes of S. glabra， it is harvested in autumn and thinly sliced while fresh. If there are no special processing requirements in the formulas， raw products can be used.

OBJECTIVE To provide a reference for the pharmaceutical care of a patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus （T2DM） and limb-girdle muscular dystrophy （LGMD） who developed euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis （euDKA） after taking empagliflozin. METHODS Clinical pharmacists provided pharmaceutical care for a patient with T2DM and LGMD who developed euDKA after taking empagliflozin. According to the patient’s recent use of medications and his conditions， clinical pharmacists assessed the correlation between euDKA and empagliflozin as “very likely”. As to euDKA， clinical pharmacists suggested discontinuing empagliflozin and metformin， and giving intravenous infusion of 10% Glucose injection instead of 5% Glucose injection for fluid resuscitation. Clinical pharmacists monitored the patient’s laboratory indicators such as arterial blood gas analysis， blood/urine ketones and electrolytes. They assisted physicians to decide when to stop intravenous supplements of liquid and insulin. Clinical pharmacists also assisted physicians to adjust the antidiabetic drugs and educated the patient to avoid empagliflozin or other sodium- glucose linked transporter 2 inhibitors （SGLT2i）. RESULTS Physicians adopted the suggestions of clinical pharmacists. After treatment， the patient’s condition improved， and he was allowed to be discharged with medication. CONCLUSIONS euDKA is a relatively rare and serious adverse reaction associated with SGLT2i， and the patients with LGMD are susceptible to euDKA. Clinical pharmacists assist physicians in developing personalized medication plans by evaluating the association between euDKA and empagliflozin， adjusting medication regimens，conducting pharmaceutical monitoring，and other pharmaceutical services. Meanwhile， they provide medication education to patients to ensure their medication safety.

OBJECTIVE To provide a reference for the pharmaceutical care of a patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus （T2DM） and limb-girdle muscular dystrophy （LGMD） who developed euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis （euDKA） after taking empagliflozin. METHODS Clinical pharmacists provided pharmaceutical care for a patient with T2DM and LGMD who developed euDKA after taking empagliflozin. According to the patient’s recent use of medications and his conditions， clinical pharmacists assessed the correlation between euDKA and empagliflozin as “very likely”. As to euDKA， clinical pharmacists suggested discontinuing empagliflozin and metformin， and giving intravenous infusion of 10% Glucose injection instead of 5% Glucose injection for fluid resuscitation. Clinical pharmacists monitored the patient’s laboratory indicators such as arterial blood gas analysis， blood/urine ketones and electrolytes. They assisted physicians to decide when to stop intravenous supplements of liquid and insulin. Clinical pharmacists also assisted physicians to adjust the antidiabetic drugs and educated the patient to avoid empagliflozin or other sodium- glucose linked transporter 2 inhibitors （SGLT2i）. RESULTS Physicians adopted the suggestions of clinical pharmacists. After treatment， the patient’s condition improved， and he was allowed to be discharged with medication. CONCLUSIONS euDKA is a relatively rare and serious adverse reaction associated with SGLT2i， and the patients with LGMD are susceptible to euDKA. Clinical pharmacists assist physicians in developing personalized medication plans by evaluating the association between euDKA and empagliflozin， adjusting medication regimens，conducting pharmaceutical monitoring，and other pharmaceutical services. Meanwhile， they provide medication education to patients to ensure their medication safety.

Objective: Accurate evaluation of inflammation severity in ulcerative colitis (UC) can guide treatment strategy selection. The potential value of the pericolic fat attenuation index (FAI) on CT as an indicator of disease severity remains unknown.This study aimed to assess the diagnostic accuracy of pericolic FAI in predicting UC severity. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study enrolled 148 patients (mean age 48 years; 87 males). The fat attenuation on CT was measured in four different locations: the mesocolic vascular side (MS) and opposite side of MS (OMS) around the most severe bowel lesion, the retroperitoneal space (RS), and the subcutaneous area. The fat attenuation indices (FAI MS, FAI OMS, and FAI RS) were calculated as the fat attenuation measured in MS, OMS, and RS, respectively, minus that of the subcutaneous area, and were obtained in the non-enhanced, arterial, and delayed phases. Correlations between the FAI and UC Endoscopic Index of Severity (UCEIS) were assessed using Spearman’s correlation. Predictors of severe UC (UCEIS ≥7) were selected by univariable analysis. The performance of FAI in predicting severe UC was evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Results: The FAIMS and FAI OMS scores were significantly higher than FAI RS in three phases (all P < 0.001). The FAIMS and FAI OMS scores moderately correlated with the UCEIS score (r = 0.474–0.649 among the three phases). Additionally, FAI MS and FAI OMS identified severe UC, with AUC varying from 0.77 to 0.85. Conclusion Increased CT attenuation of pericolic adipose tissue could serve as a noninvasive marker for evaluating UC severity. FAI MS and FAI OMS of three phases showed similar prediction accuracies for severe UC identification.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of an intelligent handheld ultrasound (US) device for assisting non-expert general practitioners (GPs) in detecting carotid plaques (CPs) in community populations. Methods: This prospective parallel controlled trial recruited 111 consecutive community residents. All of them underwent examinations by non-expert GPs and specialist doctors using handheld US devices (setting A, setting B, and setting C). The results of setting C with specialist doctors were considered the gold standard. Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) and the features of CPs were measured and recorded. The diagnostic performance of GPs in distinguishing CPs was evaluated using a receiver operating characteristic curve. Inter-observer agreement was compared using the intragroup correlation coefficient (ICC). Questionnaires were completed to evaluate clinical benefits. Results: Among the 111 community residents, 80, 96, and 112 CPs were detected in settings A, B, and C, respectively. Setting B exhibited better diagnostic performance than setting A for detecting CPs (area under the curve, 0.856 vs. 0.749; P<0.01). Setting B had better consistency with setting C than setting A in CIMT measurement and the assessment of CPs (ICC, 0.731 to 0.923). Moreover, measurements in setting B required less time than the other two settings (44.59 seconds vs. 108.87 seconds vs. 126.13 seconds, both P<0.01). Conclusion Using an intelligent handheld US device, GPs can perform CP screening and achieve a diagnostic capability comparable to that of specialist doctors.

Patients with sudden deafness encounter greater psychological challenges and communication barriers after experiencing sudden hearing loss， and traditional medical models often fail to adequately address their unique needs. This paper analyzed the current situation of emotional and behavioral changes in patients with sudden deafness， and the gap between their expectations and the reality of medical care. From the perspective of narrative medicine， the theory and characteristics of the reconstruction of the doctor-patient relationships in patients with sudden deafness were explored. The results showed that narrative medicine can enhance patients’ emotional resonance and understanding， improve the efficiency and quality of doctor-patient communication， promote the formulation of personalized treatment plans， and enhance treatment adherence and satisfaction. Based on these results， strategies and pathways for the reconstruction of doctor-patient relationships for patients with sudden deafness were proposed， including building empathetic bridges and tapping into mechanisms of emotional resonance within narrative medicine； optimizing communication strategies and promoting the application of narrative techniques in doctor-patient dialogues； connecting narrative pathways and advocating the exploration of stories and strategies in personalized treatments； as well as facilitating treatment adherence and making full use of the psychodynamic effects of narrative medicine. Narrative medicine， as a patient-centered medical practice， can effectively promote the reconstruction of doctor-patient relationships， enhance treatment effectiveness， and offer a more humane treatment experience for patients.

ObjectiveThis study aims to identify potential risk factors， establish a nomogram prediction model and propose intervention strategies for iron deficiency anemia （IDA） in late pregnancy. MethodsQuestionnaire surveys and routine blood tests were performed on pregnant women who received regular antenatal check-ups at Yangzhou Maternal and Child Health Hospital from July 2022 to December 2023. Of the 500 cases enrolled， 482 completed the trial and were divided into IDA and non-IDA groups based on the presence of IDA in the third trimester. Univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression were employed to identify risk factors for IDA， while R software was used to construct a nomogram prediction model. ResultsThe incidence of IDA in late pregnancy was 19.92% （96/482）. Univariate analysis revealed significant associations between IDA in late pregnancy and factors such as economic independence， preconception body mass index （BMI）， number of pregnancies， and regular iron supplementation during pregnancy （P<0.05）. Multivariate logistic regression showed that economic independence （P=0.031， OR=0.583） and regular iron supplementation during pregnancy （P<0.001， OR=5.337） were protective factors against IDA. Conversely， a low preconception BMI （P=0.021， OR=2.375） and three or more pregnancies （P=0.015， OR=2.253） emerged as significant risk factors. The receiver operating characteristic （ROC） curve analysis demonstrated that the area under the curve （AUC） for the nomogram predicting IDA was 0.84， with an optimal cutoff value of -1.481， a sensitivity of 81.2% and a specificity of 75.1%. ConclusionsThe incidence of IDA in late pregnancy is quite high. A low preconception BMI and three or more pregnancies are risk factors， while economic independence and regular iron supplementation are protective factors. These insights have enabled the construction of a prediction model， which， in turn， could provide guidance for prediction and treatment of IDA in late pregnancy.

Objective: To understand the prevalence and related factors of depressive symptoms among primary and secondary school students in the in depth monitoring counties of China s Rural Compulsory Education Nutrition Improvement Program, so as to provide a basis for prevention and psychological intervention of depressive symptoms among children and adolescents in rural areas. Methods: In November 2022, a stratified random sampling method was adopted to collect height and weight data, basic personal and family information of 7 949 primary and secondary school students from grade three to grade nine through physical measurements and questionnaires in 56 key monitoring schools implementing the Student Nutrition Improvement Program in 7 in depth monitoring counties (Jalaid Banner in Inner Mongolia, Jinzhai County in Anhui, Mao Xian in Sichuan, Tiandeng County in Guangxi, Mian County in Shaanxi, Zhaozhou County in Heilongjiang and Youxi County in Fujian), and to obtain the information related to their depressive symptoms through the self assessment questionnaire on depression. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis was conducted to analyze the prevalence of depressive symptoms among primary and secondary school students, as well as their related factors. Results: The detection rate of depressive symptoms among primary and secondary school students in the in depth monitored counties was 23.5%. Logistic regression analysis showed that the probability of detecting depressive symptoms was higher among female students, middle school students, students whose video screen duration per day was >2 h, and students whose parents marital status was divorced or widowed ( OR =1.40, 1.64, 1.60, 1.24), and students whose sleep duration reached the recommended standard, whose parents usually accompanied them daily for time was 60-<120 min and ≥120 min, and students whose mothers literacy level was middle school graduation had lower probability of detecting depressive symptoms ( OR =0.85, 0.84, 0.71, 0.76) ( P < 0.05 ). Conclusion The detection rate of depressive symptoms among students in the in depth monitoring area is high, and targeted interventions need to be developed for students to reduce the risk of mental health problems.