PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the patterns of physical restraint experience in mentally ill persons. METHODS: Q-methodology, an approach designed to discover patterns in various subjective experiences, was used. Twenty-two participants classified 36 selected Q-statements on a nine-point scale to create a normal distribution. The collected data were analyzed using the PC Quanl Program. RESULTS: Five types of physical restraint experience in mentally ill persons were identified by the participants. Type I Emotional reaction-explosive anger, Type II Emotional reaction-internalized anger, Type III Rational reaction-rejection, Type IV Rational reaction-acceptance, Type V Rational reaction-trust. CONCLUSION: The results of this study provide an understanding that different types of reactions to physical restraint experience exist and that each type has certain characteristics, which suggest a need to develop interventions specifically designed for each type of physical restraint experience.
Anger ; Humans ; Mentally Ill Persons ; Restraint, Physical

PURPOSE: This study aimed to identify contents and trends of Korean nursing doctoral dissertations in terms of research methodology and theoretical characteristics. METHODS: The design of the study was descriptive study and a total of 1,089 quantitative studies completed between 1982 and 2010 were reviewed using the analytical framework developed by the researchers. RESULTS: The majority of studies utilized the experimental design (51.5%) and the others were survey design (38.8%) and methodological design (5.0%). Study subjects were shown as patients (45%), care givers (11.2%), ordinary persons (40.6%) and others (3.2%). There were growing trends in experimental design and patients as subjects. The prevailing data collection settings were hospitals (45.8%) and community (27.8%). The theoretical frameworks that studies were based on were the existing theories (37%) and a newly developed theoretical framework by a researcher (25.2%). a framework derived from other studies by the researcher (25.2%). Majority of studies (78.5%) employed a single theory as a theoretical framework. However, 31.8% of studies had no theoretical framework based on. CONCLUSION: Findings of this study provided the opportunities to shed new light on the current status of Korean doctoral dissertation and to deliberate on the future direction of nursing studies in Korea.
Caregivers ; Databases, Factual ; Dissertations, Academic as Topic ; *Education, Nursing, Graduate ; Hospitals ; Humans ; Nursing Research/*trends ; Patients ; Republic of Korea ; Research Design/trends ; Residence Characteristics ; Schools

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify perceived stress level, stress symptoms, and ways of coping and to examine the influences of perceived stress level and ways of coping on stress symptoms in Korean college students. METHODS: A cross-sectional descriptive survey study design was used. A sample of 1,056 male and female college students completed the Brief Encounter Psychosocial Instrument, Symptoms of Stress Inventory, and the Ways of Coping Checklist. Data was analyzed by t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis using SPSS/WIN 12.0. RESULTS: The perceived stress level, stress symptoms, and ways of coping were found to be significantly positively correlated with one another. The perceived stress level and stress symptoms had a greater positive correlation with emotion-focused coping than problem-focused coping. Perceived stress, emotion-relieving coping, perceived health status, and wishful thinking coping accounted for 37.7% of the variance in college students' stress symptoms. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that nurses, while developing and providing stress management programs, need to be aware of the perceived stress level, health perception, and the tendency to emotion-focused coping in Korean college students, as these factors all influence their total stress symptoms.
Adaptation, Psychological ; Checklist ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Stress, Psychological ; Thinking ; Young Adult

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify exercise environments and social support associated with exercise behaviors in middle-aged women. METHOD: Subjects were 207 women aged between 41 and 59 yr in an urban community. The research instruments utilized in this study were exercise stages, exercise environments, exercise partners and social support scale. Subjects were given a self-report questionnaire. Data was analyzed using the SPSS Win program. RESULT: The subjects were in the stages of precontemplation (3.4%), contemplation (25.1%), preparation (40.6%), action (5.8%), and maintenance (25.1%). Subjects who engaged in regular exercise were 30.9%. The mean score of the exercise environment was 6.34. The mean score of social support was 21.28, and 65.7% of subjects had exercise partners. The score of the exercise environment was significantly associated with the exercise stage (p=.01). The number of exercise partners of regular exercise groups was significantly greater than that of non-regular exercise groups (p=.00). The score of social support of regular exercise groups was significantly greater than that of non-regular exercise groups (p=.00). The score of social support was significantly associated with the exercise stage (p=.00). CONCLUSION: Exercise environments and social support need to be considered in planning exercise programs to improve exercise behavior among middle-aged women.
Adult ; Attitude to Health ; *Exercise ; Female ; *Health Behavior ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Questionnaires ; *Social Support ; Urban Population ; Women's Health

PURPOSE: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor disabilities and increasing dependence on others for daily life activities with consequent impact on patients' and caregivers' quality of life. The aim of this study was to elucidate the burden on primary caregivers of patients with PD, and identify related factors. METHODS: A cross-sectional descriptive study. Seventy-six primary caregivers of PD patients in a neurology outpatient clinic, Seoul, Korea completed structured questionnaires, of which 68 were analyzed. The structured self-report questionnaire included (1) demographic information on the caregivers, (2) information regarding the disease characteristics of the patients, and (3) the subjective and objective caregiver burdens as assessed on Montgomery, Gonyea, & Hooyman's scale. RESULTS: The mean age of the caregivers was 54.56 years, and spouses represented the largest proportion(47.0%). Caregivers of PD patients experienced high levels of burden (mean scores on the subjective and objective burdens were 45.22 and 34.90, respectively), which were comparable to the caregiver burdens in stroke, and higher than the caregiver burdens in general chronic disease. Older caregivers and spousal caregivers experienced significantly higher burdens (p=.004 and p=.019, respectively). A greater motor disability and higher modified Hoehn and Yahr grade were related to higher caregiver burden (p=.001 and p=.018, respectively). CONCLUSION: Caring for PD patients is associated with a high level of caregiver burden. Therefore, healthcare professionals should identify the burden of caregivers who look after PD patients and develop comprehensive management strategies both for patients and their caregivers.
Adult ; Aged ; *Caregivers/psychology ; *Cost of Illness ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Parkinson Disease ; *Quality of Life

ression and quality of life of family caregivers of patients with Parkinson's disease(PD). METHODS: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in one neurology outpatient clinic in Seoul, Korea from March to June, 2006. Sixty eight family caregivers of PD patients were participated to the study, using CES-D and SF-36. RESULTS: Mean scores of depression were 16.18+/-8.39 (range: 0-48) and it was a little lower than caregiver's who took care of Dementia patients and were higher than primary caregivers of the patients with Stroke. Time for caregiving, perceived severity, duration of PD were significantly related with depression respectively. Higher ADL scores which mean greater motor disabilities were related to higher caregiver depression. Lower income and greater medical expenditure were closely related with the depression of family caregivers respectively. The mean scores of total QOL were 435.5+/-96.5 and the mean scores of PF, SF, RE and MH were lower than general population. Time for caregiving, depression, patients' ADL scores were significantly associated with QOL respectively. People who were older and had lower educational background showed lower QOL scores respectively. CONCLUSION: Healthcare professionals should pay more attention to emotional aspects of caregivers who take care of PD patients, and develop comprehensive management strategies both for patients and their caregivers.
Activities of Daily Living ; Ambulatory Care Facilities ; Caregivers* ; Delivery of Health Care ; Dementia ; Depression* ; Health Expenditures ; Humans ; Korea* ; Neurology ; Parkinson Disease* ; Quality of Life* ; Seoul ; Stroke

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to explore Korean mothers' experiences of caregiving for their adult children with schizophrenia. METHOD: A iterative descriptive qualitative research design was used to understand and explain the caregiving experience from the perspective of mothers. The data were collected by individual in-depth interviews and one focus group interview from 11 mothers. The ages of the participants ranged from 50 to 60 years old and the ages of their sick children ranged from late 20s to early 40s. RESULTS: Three major themes were identified from qualitative thematic analysis: (a) "emotional debris from the disease," (b) "the disease that makes mothers dumb" (c) "space of rational reason." CONCLUSIONS: This study would provide health care professionals insights in establishing intervention for mothers by deeply understanding the process of recognition and acceptance of their children with schizophrenia.
Schizophrenia/*therapy ; Mothers/*psychology ; Middle Aged ; Male ; Humans ; Female ; Caregivers/*psychology ; Adult

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to explore Korean mothers' experiences of caregiving for their adult children with schizophrenia. METHOD: A iterative descriptive qualitative research design was used to understand and explain the caregiving experience from the perspective of mothers. The data were collected by individual in-depth interviews and one focus group interview from 11 mothers. The ages of the participants ranged from 50 to 60 years old and the ages of their sick children ranged from late 20s to early 40s. RESULTS: Three major themes were identified from qualitative thematic analysis: (a) "emotional debris from the disease," (b) "the disease that makes mothers dumb" (c) "space of rational reason." CONCLUSIONS: This study would provide health care professionals insights in establishing intervention for mothers by deeply understanding the process of recognition and acceptance of their children with schizophrenia.
Schizophrenia/*therapy ; Mothers/*psychology ; Middle Aged ; Male ; Humans ; Female ; Caregivers/*psychology ; Adult

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to examine the effect of biofeedback treatment on the clinical symptoms and stress responses in chronic headache patients. METHODS : We recruited 18 chronic headache patients who were treated with 8 sessions of biofeedback treatment and 18 age and sex-matched control headache patients. All subjects consisted of patients with chronic tension headache and migraine headache. Stress responses were measured using Symptoms of stress (SOS) inventory and all subjects performed Beck depression inventory (BDI), Spielberger state anxiety inventory (STAIS), and visual analogue scale (VAS). Biofeedback physiological variables including frontal and forearm EMG, electrodermal response (EDR) and skin temperature at pre-and post-treatment were also measured in all subjects. RESULTS : Compared with control patients, patients on biofeedback treatment showed significant reduction in scores of STAIS (t=3.705, p<.001), and VAS (t=3.392, p=.001) as well as SOS subscales;peripheral manifestations (t=1.788, p=.042), habitual patterns (t=2.008, p=.027), depression (t=2.081, p=.023), anxiety (t=1.990, p=.028), and total score (t=2.045, p=.025). There was a significant increase of skin temperature (t=-1.835, p=.038) only in the biofeedback treatment group. CONCLUSION : These results suggest that biofeedback treatment may be effective in relieving chronic headache by reducing psychological and physiological stress responses.
Anxiety ; Biofeedback, Psychology ; Depression ; Forearm ; Galvanic Skin Response ; Headache ; Headache Disorders* ; Humans ; Migraine Disorders ; Relaxation* ; Skin Temperature ; Stress, Physiological ; Tension-Type Headache

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors influencing health promoting lifestyle in the elderly. METHOD: The subject of this study was 305 elderly person over the age of 60, living in rural and urban, Korea. For the analysis of collected data, descriptive statistics, t-test, analysis of variance and stepwise multiple regression were used for statistical analysis with SPSS statistical program. RESULTS: The average item score for the health promoting lifestyle was 2.46. The higher score on the subscale was nutrition(2.65). The lowest score on the subscale were physical activity(2.36) and stress management(2.36). General characteristics showing statistically significant difference in health promoting lifestyle were age, residential district, live together spouse, education, religion and pocket money in the elderly. Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that the most powerful predictor of health promoting lifestyle in the elderly was prior related behavior(R2=.554). A combination of prior related behavior, perceived benefits of action, perceived self-efficacy, commitment to a plan of action, and interpersonal influences accounted for 64.3% of the variance in health promoting lifestyle in the elderly. CONCLUSION: The factors influencing on health promoting lifestyle for elderly were prior related behavior, perceived benefits of action, perceived self-efficacy, commitment to a plan of action, and interpersonal influences.
*Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Female ; *Health Behavior ; *Health Promotion ; Humans ; Life Style ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Models, Psychological