infC gene encodes the translation initiation factor IF3 in bovine Pasteuella multocida,but it whether or not regulation to the virulence and cross-protection in P.multocida is still not well understood.In this study,the infC gene mutant(△infC)derived from bovine P.multocida type A strain CQ2 was constructed using by homologous recombination method.Compared with wild strain,the △infC showed significant increasing in biofilm formation,but the capsule produc-tion,virulence and bacterial loading in organs were significant decreased,and the IL-1β secretion of mouse peritoneal macrophage increased.Along with the infC gene deletion,the expression of genes related to capsule synthesis and LPS synthesis and transport were significantly down-regulated,while that of genes related to biofilm synthesis and outer membrane protein were significantly up-regulated.The inactivated vaccines of wild type and mutant were prepared and mice were immu-nized twice then challenged with wild type strains,respectively.The immuno-protection rate of△in fC inactivated vaccine against bovine P.multocida type A,B and F were 100.0％,83.3％and 0.0％,respectively,and the immuno-protection rate that against rabbit type P.multocida was 33.3％.The results indicated that infC gene could affect the virulence of P.multocida by regula-ting the production of capsule and the expressions of virulence related factors,and the deletion of infC gene conferred a certain cross-protection property of strains.This study provided a certain foundation for the development of P.multocida vaccine.

OBJECTIVETo discuss the clinical effect on swelling and pain after total knee arthroplasty treated with acupoint massage, mild moxibustion and routine detumescence.

METHODSOne hundred and twenty patients of knee osteoarthritis (KOA) after total knee arthroplasty (TKA), were randomized into an observation group and a control group, 60 cases in each one. In the control group, after TKA, the routine detumescence was applied, including elastic bandage compression, the operated limb raising exercise, knee joint braking, local ice compress, intermittent pneumatic compression, active ankle pumping and quadriceps contraction exercise, continuous passive mechanical exercise, using stretch socks, oral administration of rivaroxaban tablets, 10 mg, once a day, continuously for 21 to 24 days. In the observation group, on the basis of the routine detumescence as the control group, 1 h after operation, acupoint massage was done at Zusanli (ST 36) and Sanyinjiao (SP 6) till soreness and distension presented, twice a day; 48 h after operation, mild moxibustion was intervened at Zusanli (ST 36) and Sanyinjiao (SP 6), avoiding burning pain, once a day, continuously till the 7th day after operation. Before and after operation, the limb swelling condition and the scores of visual analogue scale (VAS) and HSS (hospital for special surgery) knee joint function were observed in the patients of the two groups.

RESULTSOn the 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th and 14th days after operation, the swelling incidence in the observation group was apparently lower than that in the control group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). On the 1st, 3rd, 5th and 7th days after operation, the scores of VAS in the observation group were lower than those in the control group (all P < 0.05). On the 7th and 14th days after operation, the scores of HSS in the observation group were better than those in the control group (all P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONThe combined intervention of acupoint massage and mild moxibustion reduces the incidence of lower limb swelling, alleviates pain and promotes knee joint function recovery of TKA and the effects are better than those achieved by the simple routine detumescence therapy.

Acupuncture Points ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee ; Combined Modality Therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Knee Joint ; surgery ; Male ; Massage ; Middle Aged ; Moxibustion ; Osteoarthritis, Knee ; surgery ; therapy ; Treatment Outcome

Objective To investigate the effect of long?term exposure to environmental cadmium on eight mineral element's metabolic balance of human body. Methods To choose a high cadmium area polluted by smelting and mining north of Guangdong province and a cadmium?free area with a similar economic level, and living and eating habit of residents as a contrast from April 2011 to August 2012. Stratified random sampling and clustered sampling method were adopted to choose the non?occupationally cadmium?exposed respondents who have lived in local area for more than 15 years, older than 40 years, having local rice and vegetable as the main dietary source, with simple and relatively stable diet, and without diabetes, kidney disease, thyroid disease, liver disease or other history of chronic disease. This study included 298 respondents, of whom 155 were in cadmium exposure group and 143 in control group. Questionnaires was used to acquire their health status and their morning urine samples were collected. Electrolytically coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP?MS) was used to test the concentrations of sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and iodine (I). The Mann?Whitney U test method was used to compare the differences of concentrations of urinary cadmium, Na, Mg, P, K, Ca, Cu, Zn, I, and the ratio of Na to K (Na/K), Ca to P (Ca/P) between exposed group and control group.χ2 test was used to compare the abnormal rate of urinary cadmium between exposed group and control group. Pearson correlation and multiple regression method were used to investigate the relationship between urinary cadmium levels, gender, age, smoking, passive smoking, and minerals. Results The urinary cadmium level P50 (P25-P75) in exposed group was 5.45 (2.62-10.68)μg/g·cr, which was higher than that of the control group, which was 1.69 (1.22-2.36)μg/g · cr (Z=-10.49, P<0.001). The abnormal rate of urinary cadmium was 51.6%(80/155), which was higher than that of the control group (2.8%(4/143)) (χ2=87.56,P<0.001). The urinary Ca, Cu, Zn, and I level P50 (P25-P75) of exposed group were 173.80 (114.40-251.70), 20.55 (14.95-28.44), 520.23 (390.25-647.15), and 246.94 (203.65-342.97)μg/g · cr, which were higher than those in control group (142.42 (96.87-179.11), 15.44 (12.26-20.98), 430.09 (309.85-568.78) and 213.85 (156.70-281.63) μg/g · cr, respectively) (Z values were-4.33,-5.04,-3.47 and-4.24, all P values<0.001). The urinary P, K level P50 (P25-P75) of exposed group were 582.50 (463.20-742.8), 890.10 (666.00-1 305.40) μg/g · cr, which were lower than control group (694.50 (546.20-851.17), 1 098.58 (904.53-1 479.18) μg/g · cr) (Z values were-3.36,-4.02, all P values <0.001). on Based the results of Pearson correlation analysis, urinary cadmium was positively correlated with urinary Ca, Cu, Zn, and I, and the correlation coefficients were 0.31, 0.61, 0.38, and 0.25, respectively(all P values<0.05). Based on the results of multiple regression analysis, urinary cadmium levels contributed most to the metabolic balance of urinary Ca, Cu, Zn and I. The standardized regression coefficients were 0.31, 0.59, 0.39, and 0.24, respectively (all P values<0.001). Conclusion Long?term environmental exposure to cadmium affected the metabolic balance of Ca, Cu, Zn and I in human body.

Objective To investigate dynamic change of cadmium body burden and renal dysfunction among residents living in cadmium?polluted areas. Methods From April to July of 2011, the cadmium?polluted areas of northern Guangdong province in China was chosen as the study site. Based on the levels of cadmium pollution in soil and rice, the survey areas were divided into low exposed group (average concentration of cadmium was 0.15-0.40 mg/kg, 0.5-1.0 mg/kg in rice and soil, respectively) and high exposed group (average concentration of cadmium was >0.40 mg/kg, >1.0 mg/kg in rice and soil, respectively). Stratified random sampling and cluster sampling method of epidemiological investigations were carried out among 414 local residents who lived in cadmium exposure areas for more than 15 years, aged above 40, and without occupational cadmium exposure, including 168 and 246 residents in low and high exposed group, respectively. From March to June of 2014, 305 respondents of those who participated in 2011 were successfully traced, including 116 and 189 respondents in low and high exposed group, respectively. We used health questionnaires to acquire their health status. Home?harvested rice and vegetable samples were collected using quartering method for detection of cadmium level, including 190 rice samples, 161 vegetable samples in 2011 and 190 rice samples, 153 vegetable samples in 2014. Urine specimens of residents were collected for the detection of urinary cadmium and creatinine as well as renal dysfunction biomarkers, namely, N?acetyl?beta?D?glucosamidase (NAG) andβ2?microglobulin (β2?MG), respectively. In 2011 and 2014, Chi?square test was used to investigate the differences of abnormality of cadmium concentration in rice, vegetables and urinary cadmium,β2?MG,and NAG that were expressed as odds ratio (OR) and 95%confidence intervals (95%CI). Results In 2011 and 2014, cadmium concentration P50 (P25-P75) in rice was 0.43 (0.17-1.10) mg/kg,and 0.42 (0.20-1.14) mg/kg, respectively (Z=-0.77, P=0.440). In 2011 and 2014, cadmium concentrations P50 (P25-P75) in vegetables were 0.13 (0.07-0.34) mg/kg,and 0.25 (0.12-0.59) mg/kg, respectively, with abnormal rates of 38.5%(62/161) and 60.8%(93/153), respectively. In 2014, both average concentration and abnormal rate of cadmium in vegetables were higher than those in 2011 (Z=-4.69,P<0.001 andχ2=15.58, P<0.001). Concentrations of urinary cadmium P50 (P25-P75) in high exposed group were 7.90 (3.96-14.91)μg/g creatinine, 8.64 (4.56-17.60)μg/g creatinine in 2011 and 2014, respectively. Contrary to that in 2011, urinary cadmium of high exposed group was significantly increased in 2014 (Z=-2.80 ,P=0.005). In 2011 and 2014, concentrations of β2?MG, NAG P50 (P25-P75) were 0.15 (0.07-0.29)μg/g creatinine, 0.15 (0.07-0.45)μg/g creatinine,and 7.12 (5.05-10.65) U/g creatinine, 13.55 (9.1-19.84) U/g creatinine, respectively, with abnormal rates of 7.5% (23/305), 15.1% (46/305) ,8.2%(25/305) , and 33.8% (103/305), respectively. Compared with baseline in 2011, average concentrations ofβ2?MG, NAG significantly increased in 2014 (Z=-2.263,P=0.024 and Z=-12.52,P<0.001), and abnormal rates ofβ2?MG, NAG were also higher in 2014 (χ2=15.61,P<0.001 andχ2=64.72,P<0.001), with odds ratio (OR) of 2.00 (95%CI:1.23-3.24) and 4.12 (95%CI:2.87-5.92). Conclusion Environmental cadmium pollution of crops such as rice and vegetables in survey areas continued to remain high. Body burden of cadmium might kept at sustainably high levels and renal dysfunction was worsened after continuous, long?term cadmium exposure. Our results suggested that NAG might be more sensitive than β2?MG to serve as an indicator for an individual's future tubular function.

Objective To investigate the effect of long?term exposure to environmental cadmium on eight mineral element's metabolic balance of human body. Methods To choose a high cadmium area polluted by smelting and mining north of Guangdong province and a cadmium?free area with a similar economic level, and living and eating habit of residents as a contrast from April 2011 to August 2012. Stratified random sampling and clustered sampling method were adopted to choose the non?occupationally cadmium?exposed respondents who have lived in local area for more than 15 years, older than 40 years, having local rice and vegetable as the main dietary source, with simple and relatively stable diet, and without diabetes, kidney disease, thyroid disease, liver disease or other history of chronic disease. This study included 298 respondents, of whom 155 were in cadmium exposure group and 143 in control group. Questionnaires was used to acquire their health status and their morning urine samples were collected. Electrolytically coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP?MS) was used to test the concentrations of sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and iodine (I). The Mann?Whitney U test method was used to compare the differences of concentrations of urinary cadmium, Na, Mg, P, K, Ca, Cu, Zn, I, and the ratio of Na to K (Na/K), Ca to P (Ca/P) between exposed group and control group.χ2 test was used to compare the abnormal rate of urinary cadmium between exposed group and control group. Pearson correlation and multiple regression method were used to investigate the relationship between urinary cadmium levels, gender, age, smoking, passive smoking, and minerals. Results The urinary cadmium level P50 (P25-P75) in exposed group was 5.45 (2.62-10.68)μg/g·cr, which was higher than that of the control group, which was 1.69 (1.22-2.36)μg/g · cr (Z=-10.49, P<0.001). The abnormal rate of urinary cadmium was 51.6%(80/155), which was higher than that of the control group (2.8%(4/143)) (χ2=87.56,P<0.001). The urinary Ca, Cu, Zn, and I level P50 (P25-P75) of exposed group were 173.80 (114.40-251.70), 20.55 (14.95-28.44), 520.23 (390.25-647.15), and 246.94 (203.65-342.97)μg/g · cr, which were higher than those in control group (142.42 (96.87-179.11), 15.44 (12.26-20.98), 430.09 (309.85-568.78) and 213.85 (156.70-281.63) μg/g · cr, respectively) (Z values were-4.33,-5.04,-3.47 and-4.24, all P values<0.001). The urinary P, K level P50 (P25-P75) of exposed group were 582.50 (463.20-742.8), 890.10 (666.00-1 305.40) μg/g · cr, which were lower than control group (694.50 (546.20-851.17), 1 098.58 (904.53-1 479.18) μg/g · cr) (Z values were-3.36,-4.02, all P values <0.001). on Based the results of Pearson correlation analysis, urinary cadmium was positively correlated with urinary Ca, Cu, Zn, and I, and the correlation coefficients were 0.31, 0.61, 0.38, and 0.25, respectively(all P values<0.05). Based on the results of multiple regression analysis, urinary cadmium levels contributed most to the metabolic balance of urinary Ca, Cu, Zn and I. The standardized regression coefficients were 0.31, 0.59, 0.39, and 0.24, respectively (all P values<0.001). Conclusion Long?term environmental exposure to cadmium affected the metabolic balance of Ca, Cu, Zn and I in human body.

Objective To investigate dynamic change of cadmium body burden and renal dysfunction among residents living in cadmium?polluted areas. Methods From April to July of 2011, the cadmium?polluted areas of northern Guangdong province in China was chosen as the study site. Based on the levels of cadmium pollution in soil and rice, the survey areas were divided into low exposed group (average concentration of cadmium was 0.15-0.40 mg/kg, 0.5-1.0 mg/kg in rice and soil, respectively) and high exposed group (average concentration of cadmium was >0.40 mg/kg, >1.0 mg/kg in rice and soil, respectively). Stratified random sampling and cluster sampling method of epidemiological investigations were carried out among 414 local residents who lived in cadmium exposure areas for more than 15 years, aged above 40, and without occupational cadmium exposure, including 168 and 246 residents in low and high exposed group, respectively. From March to June of 2014, 305 respondents of those who participated in 2011 were successfully traced, including 116 and 189 respondents in low and high exposed group, respectively. We used health questionnaires to acquire their health status. Home?harvested rice and vegetable samples were collected using quartering method for detection of cadmium level, including 190 rice samples, 161 vegetable samples in 2011 and 190 rice samples, 153 vegetable samples in 2014. Urine specimens of residents were collected for the detection of urinary cadmium and creatinine as well as renal dysfunction biomarkers, namely, N?acetyl?beta?D?glucosamidase (NAG) andβ2?microglobulin (β2?MG), respectively. In 2011 and 2014, Chi?square test was used to investigate the differences of abnormality of cadmium concentration in rice, vegetables and urinary cadmium,β2?MG,and NAG that were expressed as odds ratio (OR) and 95%confidence intervals (95%CI). Results In 2011 and 2014, cadmium concentration P50 (P25-P75) in rice was 0.43 (0.17-1.10) mg/kg,and 0.42 (0.20-1.14) mg/kg, respectively (Z=-0.77, P=0.440). In 2011 and 2014, cadmium concentrations P50 (P25-P75) in vegetables were 0.13 (0.07-0.34) mg/kg,and 0.25 (0.12-0.59) mg/kg, respectively, with abnormal rates of 38.5%(62/161) and 60.8%(93/153), respectively. In 2014, both average concentration and abnormal rate of cadmium in vegetables were higher than those in 2011 (Z=-4.69,P<0.001 andχ2=15.58, P<0.001). Concentrations of urinary cadmium P50 (P25-P75) in high exposed group were 7.90 (3.96-14.91)μg/g creatinine, 8.64 (4.56-17.60)μg/g creatinine in 2011 and 2014, respectively. Contrary to that in 2011, urinary cadmium of high exposed group was significantly increased in 2014 (Z=-2.80 ,P=0.005). In 2011 and 2014, concentrations of β2?MG, NAG P50 (P25-P75) were 0.15 (0.07-0.29)μg/g creatinine, 0.15 (0.07-0.45)μg/g creatinine,and 7.12 (5.05-10.65) U/g creatinine, 13.55 (9.1-19.84) U/g creatinine, respectively, with abnormal rates of 7.5% (23/305), 15.1% (46/305) ,8.2%(25/305) , and 33.8% (103/305), respectively. Compared with baseline in 2011, average concentrations ofβ2?MG, NAG significantly increased in 2014 (Z=-2.263,P=0.024 and Z=-12.52,P<0.001), and abnormal rates ofβ2?MG, NAG were also higher in 2014 (χ2=15.61,P<0.001 andχ2=64.72,P<0.001), with odds ratio (OR) of 2.00 (95%CI:1.23-3.24) and 4.12 (95%CI:2.87-5.92). Conclusion Environmental cadmium pollution of crops such as rice and vegetables in survey areas continued to remain high. Body burden of cadmium might kept at sustainably high levels and renal dysfunction was worsened after continuous, long?term cadmium exposure. Our results suggested that NAG might be more sensitive than β2?MG to serve as an indicator for an individual's future tubular function.

OBJECTIVETo study long-term effect on renal function exposed to environmental cadmium.

METHODSStratified random sampling and cluster sampling method of epidemiological investigations were carried out in northern Guangdong province between April, 2011 and August, 2012. A total of 167 residents who lived in high cadmium exposure area for more than 15 years, aged above 40 were selected in exposed group. Moreover, A total of 145 residents who had similar living and economic conditions and lived in local for more than 15 years, aged above 40 were selected in control group. We used health questionnaires and medical examinations in order to acquire their health status. Home-harvested rice and vegetables were collected using quartering method for detection of cadmium level. Urine specimens of residents were collected for detection of cadmium level and creatinine as well as renal dysfunction biomarkers, namely, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamidase (NAG), β2-microglobulin (β2-MG), and retinol binding protein(RBP), respectively. The analysis of spearman rank correlation and multiple regression were used to investigate the relationships between age, urinary cadmium levels and renal injury biomarkers.

RESULTSThe cadmium levels in rice and vegetables of exposed group were 0.75 and 0.10 mg/kg, both were significantly higher than 0.07 and 0.01 mg/kg in the control group (Z values were -6.32 and -7.84, all P values < 0.001). The urinary cadmium level of exposed group was 8.29 µg/g · cr, which was higher than that of the control group 2.03 µg/g · cr with significant difference (Z value was -11.39, P < 0.001). After stratified the total population by age, the urinary cadmium level in 40-49 years, 50-59 years and ≥ 60 years subgroups were 7.22, 8.71, and 13.10 µg/g · cr, which both were significantly higher than 1.80, 2.04, and 2.05 µg/g · cr in the control group (Z values were -5.22, -7.41, and -7.14, all P values < 0.001). After stratified the total population by gender, the urinary cadmium level of male and female were 5.12 and 12.36 µg/g · cr, which both were significantly higher than 1.79 and 2.16 µg/g · cr in the control group (Z values were -7.68 and -9.03, all P values < 0.001). Comparing the differences of renal dysfunction biomarkers (NAG, β2-MG, RBP) between two groups. The level of urinary β2-MG and RBP of exposed group were 0.21 and 0.04 µg/g · cr, which were higher than 0.05 and 0.00 µg/g · cr of the control group with significant difference (Z value was -7.08 and -9.65, all P values < 0.001). Pearson correlation analysis showed that NAG, β2-MG and RBP were positively correlated with urinary cadmium and age, the correlation coefficients were 0.57, 0.49, 0.21 and 0.22, 0.26, 0.23 respectively (all P values < 0.001). After adjusting the effect of age, it was appeared that urinary cadmium levels contributed most to the alteration of NAG, β2-MG and RBP, the standardized regression coefficients were 0.57, 0.49 and 0.20 (all P values < 0.001), and suggested that the cadmium body burden was one of the most important factors for renal dysfunction.

CONCLUSIONResidents, who had cadmium contaminated rice and vegetables for a long time, would take the risk of increasing body burden of cadmium and urinary early biomarkers of renal tubular injury that referred to occurrence of renal dysfunction.

Adult ; Aged ; Cadmium ; Creatinine ; Environmental Exposure ; Epidemiologic Studies ; Female ; Food Contamination ; Humans ; Kidney Diseases ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Multivariate Analysis ; Oryza ; Risk ; Time ; Vegetables

In this paper, we analyse the general information of medical equipment clinical trials by clinical trial process management experience to elaborate the characteristics of the medical equipment clinical trials and the existent problems in our hospital in 10 years. We propose corresponding countermeasures to ensure the quality of medical tests, and improve the management of medical equipment clinical trials in hospital.
Clinical Trials as Topic ; Equipment and Supplies, Hospital ; Humans

ObjectiveTo investigate the therapeutic effect of acupoint pressing plus gentle moxibustion on lower limb swelling after total knee arthroplasty.MethodOne hundred and twenty patients diagnosed with knee osteoarthritis who required unilateral total knee arthroplasty were allocated, in order of operations, to observation and control groups, 60 cases each. After the operation, all the patients received routine nursing care including elastic bandage pressure dressing, operated-on limb elevation, early knee immobilization, local ice compress, intermittent pneumatic compression, active ankle pump and quadriceps contracting-relaxing exercise, CPM mechanical exercise, use of elastic stockings and oral administration of rivaroxaban. The observation group received postoperative acupoint pressing plus gentle moxibustion additionally. Limb circumferences 10 cm superior and inferior to thepatella were measured and operated-on limb pains were scored (using the VAS) in the two groups of patients before, on the day of and at one, three, five, seven and fourteen days after the operation. Knee joint range of motion (ROM) was measured before and at three,seven and fourteen days after the operation.ResultThe incidence of swelling was 47.46% in the observation group and 67.24% in the control group. The duration of swelling was (7.31±3.19) days in the observation group and (10.92±3.12)days in the control group. There were statistically significant differences in the VAS score and operated-on knee joint range of motion between the two groups of patients at the same time points after the operation (P<0.05).ConclusionAcupoint pressing plus gentle moxibustion can effectively intervene in lower limb swelling and promote the recovery of knee joint function after total knee arthroplasty.

Objective:To observe the effect of Da Huang (Rheum Officinale) application at Shenque (CV 8) on constipation after operation for lumbar vertebral fracture. Methods:Seventy-four patients with constipation after operation for lumbar vertebral fracture were divided into an observation group and a control group by the random number table, 37 cases in each group. The two groups both received ordinary treatment (including healthcare guidance, emotional care, diet arrangement, and defecation nursing), while the observation group was additionally givenDa Huang (Rheum Officinale) application at Shenque (CV 8) for 6 h each day. The therapeutic efficacy was evaluated after successive 3-day treatment. Results:After 3-day treatment, it took significantly less time for the observation group to conduct the first flatulence and defecation than for the control group (P<0.05); the therapeutic efficacy of the observation group was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.01). Conclusion:Da Huang (Rheum Officinale) application at Shenque (CV 8) is effective in treating constipation after lumbar vertebral fracture operation, and it’s easy-to-operate and well accepted by patients, hence it’s proper to promote this method in clinic.