Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a devastating malignant tumor with high incidence and mortality rate worldwide. Meanwhile, the surgical approaches and drugs of this disease remain challenging. In recent years, reactive oxygen species (ROSs) study has become a hotspot in the field of PC research. ROSs may regulate tumor mic roenvironment (TME), cancer stem cells (CSCs) renewal and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which result in drug-resistance and recurrence of the PC. Currently, TME that includes immune infiltrates, fibroblasts, vascular vessels and extracellular matrix has become a hotspot in the cancer research. Meanwhile, numerous researches have shown that ROSs-mediated TME plays a central role in the occurrence and development of PC. Targeting ROSs may be promising therapeutic treatments for the PC patients. Therefore, the purposes of the review were manifold: (1) to summarize the regulations of ROSs in tumorigenesis and drug-resistance of PC; (2) to investigate the modulation of ROSs in signaling cascades in PC; (3) to study the effects of ROSs in stromal cells in PC; (4) to generalize the potent therapies targeting ROSs in PC. Overall, this review summarized the current status of ROSs in PC research and suggested some potential anti-PC drugs that may target ROSs.
Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition ; Humans ; Neoplastic Stem Cells ; Pancreatic Neoplasms ; Reactive Oxygen Species ; Tumor Microenvironment

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Autophagy is one of the most common protective mechanisms during plant stress response. We studied the effect of exogenous Cd on autophagy in celery, by using transcriptome sequencing technique to analyze the differentially expressed genes under different Cd concentrations (0, 2, 4 and 8 mg/L). Eight differentially expressed autophagy-related genes were screened and identified by qRT-PCR. Cd had obvious toxic effect on celery, in a dose-dependent manner. Eight differentially expressed autophagy-related genes were screened, among which ATG8a, ATG8f, ATG13, AMPK-1 and AMPK-2 were up-regulated, whereas ATG12, VPS30 and VPS34 were first up-regulated and then decreased. The up-regulated expression of differential genes may resist Cd toxicity by increasing autophagosome structures; however, 8 mg/L Cd exceeded the autophagosome tolerance limit of celery, resulting in decreased expression of multiple autophagy-related genes. The above results can provide help for subsequent functional study of autophagy-related genes, and provide a reference for further exploring the tolerance mechanism of celery to Cd toxicity.

Objective:To investigate the clinical characteristics of pediatric methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection and the antibiotic sensitivity of the isolates. Methods:The clinical data of children with MRSA infection and antibiotic sensitivity of the isolates from 11 children′s hospitals in Infectious Diseases Surveillance of Paediatrics (ISPED) group of China between January 1, 2018 and December 31, 2018 were collected retrospectively. The children′s general condition, high-risk factors, antimicrobial therapy and prognosis, differences in clinical disease and laboratory test results between different age groups, and differences of antibiotic sensitivity between community-acquired (CA)-MRSA and hospital-acquired (HA)-MRSA were analyzed. The t test and Wilcoxon rank sum test were used for statistical analysis of the quantitative data and Chi-square test were used for comparison of rates. Results:Among the 452 patients, 264 were males and 188 were females, aged from 2 days to 17 years. There were 233 cases (51.5%) in the ≤1 year old group, 79 cases (17.5%) in the>1-3 years old group, 29 cases (6.4%) in the >3-5 years old group, 65 cases (14.4%) in the >5-10 years old group, and 46 cases (10.2%) in the>10 years old group. The main distributions of onset seasons were 55 cases (12.2%) in December, 47 cases (10.4%) in February, 46 cases (10.2%) in November, 45 cases (10.0%) in January, 40 cases (8.8%) in March. There were 335 cases (74.1%) CA-MRSA and 117 (25.9%) cases HA-MRSA. Among all cases, 174 cases (38.5%) had basic diseases or long-term use of hormone and immunosuppressive drugs. During the period of hospitalization, 209 cases (46.2%) received medical interventions. There were 182 patients (40.3%) had used antibiotics (β-lactams, glycopeptides, macrolides, carbapenems, oxazolones, sulfonamides etc) 3 months before admission. The most common clinical disease was pneumonia (203 cases), followed by skin soft-tissue infection (133 cases), sepsis (92 cases), deep tissue abscess (42 cases), osteomyelitis (40 cases), and septic arthritis (26 cases), suppurative meningitis (10 cases). The proportion of pneumonia in the ≤1 year old group was higher than the >1-3 years old group,>3-5 years old group,>5-10 years old group,>10 years old group (57.5% (134/233) vs. 30.4% (24/79), 31.0% (9/29), 38.5% (25/65), 23.9% (11/46), χ 2=17.374, 7.293, 7.410, 17.373, all P<0.01) The proportion of skin and soft tissue infections caused by CA-MRSA infection was higher than HA-MRSA (33.4% (112/335) vs. 17.9% (21/117), χ 2=10.010, P=0.002), and the proportion of pneumonia caused by HA-MRSA infection was higher than CA-MRSA (53.0% (62/117) vs. 42.1% (141/335), χ 2=4.166, P=0.041). The first white blood cell count of the ≤1 year old group was higher than that children > 1 year old ((15±8)×10 9/L vs. (13±7)×10 9/L, t=2.697, P=0.007), while the C-reactive protein of the ≤1 year old group was lower than the 1-3 years old group,>5-10 years old group,>10 years old group (8.00 (0.04-194.00) vs.17.00 (0.50-316.00), 15.20 (0.23-312.00), 21.79(0.13-219.00) mg/L, Z=3.207, 2.044, 2.513, all P<0.05), there were no significant differences in procalcitonin (PCT) between different age groups (all P>0.05). After the treatment, 131 cases were cured, 278 cases were improved, 21 cases were not cured, 12 cases died, and 10 cases were abandoned. The 452 MRSA isolates were all sensitive to vancomycin (100.0%), linezolid (100.0%), 100.0% resistant to penicillin, highly resistant to erythromycin (85.0%, 375/441), clindamycin (67.7%, 294/434), less resistant to sulfonamides (5.9%, 23/391), levofloxacin (4.5%, 19/423), gentamicin (3.2%, 14/438), rifampicin (1.8%, 8/440), minocycline (1.1%, 1/91). The antimicrobial resistance rates were not significantly different between the CA-MRSA and HA-MRSA groups (all P>0.05). Conclusions:The infection of MRSA is mainly found in infants under 3 years old. The prevalent seasons are winter and spring, and MRSA is mainly acquired in the community. The main clinical diseases are pneumonia, skin soft-tissue infection and sepsis. No MRSA isolate is resistant to vancomycin, linezolid. MRSA isolates are generally sensitive to sulfonamides, levofloxacin, gentamicin, rifampicin, minocycline, and were highly resistant to erythromycin and clindamycin. To achieve better prognosis. clinicians should initiate anti-infective treatment for children with MRSA infection according to the clinical characteristics of patients and drug sensitivity of the isolates timely and effectively.

Objective To explore the neural damage induced by acute exposure to methamphetamine (METH).Methods The mice were administrated with METH,then the stereotyped behavior of mice was evaluated,and spatial recognition memory was analyzed by Y-maze test.In addition,nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity was detected by kit,and the apoptotic proteins including Bax,Bcl-2,Caspase-3 were assayed by using Western blot.The DNA injury induced by METH was observed by using the comet assay.Moreover,mitochondrial membrane potential was detected to assess the toxic effects of METH on mitochondria by JC-1.With the Western blot assay,the phosphorylation of MAPK signaling pathways were also investigated.Results Acute METH exposure significantly increased the stereotyped behavior in mice,and spatial recognition ability of mice was obviously decreased.On the molecular level,total nitric oxide synthase (TNOS) and induced nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were increased,and the apoptotic proteins,such as Bax and cleaved caspase-3 were markedly enhanced.With the comet assay,it showed that METH exposure resulted in DNA damage.In parallel,mitochondrial membrane was damaged which manifested as mitochondrial membrane potential decreased.With the western blot,It was further found that METH enhanced the activation of MAPKs.However,p38 MAPK signahng pathway was demonstrated to be the only one factor involved in METH-induced neural damage.Conclusion METH induced neural damage,and MAPK signaling pathways might be involved in this process,since inhibition of p38 MAPK signaling pathway significantly ameliorated METH-induced neural damage.

Objective To explore the differences between the minority nationality and Han recruits in army occupational adaptability.Methods 3 213 recruited youths coming from 29 autonomous counties of minority nationalities,Yunnan Province were tested by 2011 Chinese enrollment psychological test system to explore the differences of the intelligence adaptability and character trait adaptability between the minority nationality and Han recruits.Results There were obvious differences in the eligible rates of intelligence and character trait between minority nationality and Han recruits ( x2 =13.3,9.0; P ＜ 0.01 ).The intelligence eligible rates of Yi,Hani,Wa recruits (78.1％,76.8％,68.2％,respectively) were significantly lower than those of Han recruits (84.0％) (P＜0.01 ),and time used in three intelligence test was all significantly longer than Han recruits(P ＜ 0.05 ).Naxi and Dai recruits' time used in word reasoning ( ( 109.2 ± 20.9) s; ( 123.9 ± 32.5 ) s,respectively) was both longer than Han recruits' (P＜0.01).In the fact of character trait,the eligible rates of Hani,Wa recruits (67.8％,64.3％,respectively) were significantly lower than that of Han recruits (78.1％) (P ＜ 0.01 ).The Hani average score of T dimension (57.9 ± 17.5) was obviously higher than the Han's score (52.2 ± 16.5) (P ＜ 0.05 ).All dimensions average scores except T and D dimension of Wa recruits were all significantly higher than those in Han recruits(P ＜ 0.05 ).Conclusion Every minority nationality has its unique differences in armyoccupational adaptability from Han.Ethnic factor may be an important reference for new recruits' selection,education and management.