Humans ; Aged ; Lung Diseases ; Pneumonia/drug therapy* ; Adrenal Cortex Hormones/therapeutic use* ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/drug therapy* ; Administration, Inhalation ; Community-Acquired Infections/drug therapy*

The emerging and re-emerging arthropod-borne infectious diseases pose a serious threat to global public health security. Field and laboratory studies of arthropods of medical importance are essential and critical for the prevention and control of arthropod-borne infectious diseases. Various institutions or universities in China have been conducting research in the field or laboratory study of arthropods of medical importance, but up to 2023, it is still lacking detailed biosafety guidelines or recommendations that can guide the related work for arthropods of medical importance. In order to proactively address potential biosafety issues in the field or laboratory activities related to arthropods of medical importance, improve the standardization of arthropod biosafety classification, operations, and protection, and ensure the safety of practitioners, an expert consensus on the biosafety recommendation of arthropods of medical importance in field and laboratory has been developed, aiming to guide the future work of arthropods and ensure the national biosafety and biosecurity of China.

Objective:To investigate the effect of methylene blue (MB) on motor dysfunction and its mechanism in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced Parkinson's disease (PD) mouse models.Methods:Forty healthy male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into 4 groups: control group, model group, low-dose treatment group and medium-dose treatment group ( n=10); PD mouse models were established by intraperitoneal injection of 25 mg/kg/d MPTP for a consecutive 7 d; low-dose treatment group and medium-dose treatment group were pretreated intraperitoneally with MB 2 mg/kg/d or MB 10 mg/kg/d for a consecutive 3 d, respectively; and then, MPTP 25 mg/kg/d+MB 2 mg/kg/d or MPTP 25 mg/kg/d+MB 10 mg/kg/d were injected intraperitoneally into the low-dose treatment group or medium-dose treatment group for a consecutive 7 d (MPTP and MB were given at 12 h of interval). Eight d after modeling, open field experiment, pole climbing experiment and rod rotating experiment were carried out to evaluate the spontaneous movement, coordination, endurance and motor ability. And then, the mice were sacrificed; immunofluorescent staining was used to observe tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression in the substantia nigra; Western blotting was used to detect the expressions of TH, α-synuclein, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine-rich repeat and pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3), apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC), cleaved-Caspase-1 and Gasdermin D (GSDMD) in the striatum and substantia nigra of mice. Contents of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 in the substantia nigra and striatum of mice were detected by ELISA. Results:Compared with the control group, the model group had shortened residence time in rod rotating, prolonged descent time in rod climbing, reduced total movement distance in open field, decreased number of TH-positive cells in the substania nigra, decreased TH protein levels in the substania nigra and striatum, and increased NLRP3, ASC, cleaved-Caspase-1, GSDMD and GSDMD-N protein levels in the substania nigra and striatum, and increased TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-18 contents in the substania nigra and striatum, with significant differences ( P<0.05). Compared with the model group, low-dose treatment group and medium-dose treatment group had prolonged residence time in rod rotating, shortened descent time in rod climbing, increased total movement distance in open field, increased number of TH-positive cells in the substania nigra, and increased TH protein levels in the substania nigra and striatum, decreased NLRP3, ASC, and cleaved-Caspase-1 levels in the substania nigra and striatum, and decreased TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-18 contents in the substania nigra and striatum, with significant differences ( P<0.05). No statistical differences in the above indexes were noted between the low-dose treatment group and medium-dose treatment group ( P>0.05). Conclusion:Low-/medium-dose MB can ameliorate motor dysfunction in PD mouse models, whose mechanism may be related to downregulate NLRP3 inflammasome and inhibit neuroinflammatory response to reduce dopaminergic neuron pyroptosis.

The dental operative microscope has been widely employed in the field of dentistry, particularly in endodontics and operative dentistry, resulting in significant advancements in the effectiveness of root canal therapy, endodontic surgery, and dental restoration. However, the improper use of this microscope continues to be common in clinical settings, primarily due to operators' insufficient understanding and proficiency in both the features and established operating procedures of this equipment. In October 2019, Professor Jingping Liang, Vice Chairman of the Society of Cariology and Endodontology, Chinese Stomatological Association, organized a consensus meeting with Chinese experts in endodontics and operative dentistry. The objective of this meeting was to establish a standard operation procedure for the dental operative microscope. Subsequently, a consensus was reached and officially issued. Over the span of about four years, the content of this consensus has been further developed and improved through practical experience.
Humans ; Dentistry, Operative ; Consensus ; Endodontics ; Root Canal Therapy ; Dental Care

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a complication in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The Chinese Children's Cancer Group-ALL-2015 protocol was carried out in China, and epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and risk factors associated with VTE were analyzed. We collected data on VTE in a multi-institutional clinical study of 7640 patients with ALL diagnosed in 20 hospitals from January 2015 to December 2019. First, VTE occurred in 159 (2.08%) patients, including 90 (56.6%) during induction therapy and 108 (67.92%) in the upper extremities. T-ALL had a 1.74-fold increased risk of VTE (95% CI 1.08-2.8, P = 0.022). Septicemia, as an adverse event of ALL treatment, can significantly promote the occurrence of VTE (P < 0.001). Catheter-related thrombosis (CRT) accounted for 75.47% (n = 120); and, symptomatic VTE, 58.49% (n = 93), which was more common in patients aged 12-18 years (P = 0.023), non-CRT patients (P < 0.001), or patients with cerebral thrombosis (P < 0.001). Of the patients with VTE treated with anticoagulation therapy (n = 147), 4.08% (n = 6) had bleeding. The VTE recurrence rate was 5.03% (n = 8). Patients with VTE treated by non-ultrasound-guided venous cannulation (P = 0.02), with residual thrombus (P = 0.006), or with short anticoagulation period (P = 0.026) had high recurrence rates. Thus, preventing repeated venous puncture and appropriately prolonged anticoagulation time can reduce the risk of VTE recurrence.
Humans ; Child ; Venous Thromboembolism/etiology* ; East Asian People ; Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/epidemiology* ; Risk Factors ; Thrombosis/chemically induced* ; China/epidemiology* ; Anticoagulants/adverse effects* ; Recurrence

Oral microbial community, as an important part of human microbial community, is closely related to oral and general health. Oral microbiological research has become the forefront of international microbiological research. Standardized and unified nomenclature for oral microorganisms in Chinese is of great significance to support the development of oral medicine research. Standardized translation of microbial names is the basis for writing canonical and authoritative professional textbooks and reference books, which helps students to accurately acquire the characteristics and classifications of oral microbes. Unified translation of oral microorganisms is also conducive to academic communication and cooperation, and plays an important role in oral health education and science popularization, which enables oral microbiology knowledge to be accurately disseminated to the public. Therefore, in order to standardize the words in scientific research, funding application, publications, academic exchanges and science popularization within the field of oral medicine, we have fully discussed and revised the Chinese names of oral microorganisms in 2017 edition and ones of newly discovered oral microbes, finally reaching a consensus to form the 2023 edition of Chinese names of oral microorganisms.

PTH-related peptide (PTHrP) improves the bone marrow micro-environment to activate the bone-remodelling, but the coordinated regulation of PTHrP and transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) signalling in TMJ-OA remains incompletely understood. We used disordered occlusion to establish model animals that recapitulate the ordinary clinical aetiology of TMJ-OA. Immunohistochemical and histological analyses revealed condylar fibrocartilage degeneration in model animals following disordered occlusion. TMJ-OA model animals administered intermittent PTHrP (iPTH) exhibited significantly decreased condylar cartilage degeneration. Micro-CT, histomorphometry, and Western Blot analyses disclosed that iPTH promoted subchondral bone formation in the TMJ-OA model animals. In addition, iPTH increased the number of osterix (OSX)-positive cells and osteocalcin (OCN)-positive cells in the subchondral bone marrow cavity. However, the number of osteoclasts was also increased by iPTH, indicating that subchondral bone volume increase was mainly due to the iPTH-mediated increase in the bone-formation ability of condylar subchondral bone. In vitro, PTHrP treatment increased condylar subchondral bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell (SMSC) osteoblastic differentiation potential and upregulated the gene and protein expression of key regulators of osteogenesis. Furthermore, we found that PTHrP-PTH1R signalling inhibits TGFβ signalling during osteoblastic differentiation. Collectively, these data suggested that iPTH improves OA lesions by enhancing osteoblastic differentiation in subchondral bone and suppressing aberrant active TGFβ signalling. These findings indicated that PTHrP, which targets the TGFβ signalling pathway, may be an effective biological reagent to prevent and treat TMJ-OA in the clinic.
Animals ; Osteoclasts ; Osteogenesis ; Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein/pharmacology* ; Temporomandibular Joint ; Transforming Growth Factor beta/pharmacology*

Dental Caries is a kind of chronic oral disease that greatly threaten human being's health. Though dentists and researchers struggled for decades to combat this oral disease, the incidence and prevalence of dental caries remain quite high. Therefore, improving the disease management is a key issue for the whole population and life cycle management of dental caries. So clinical difficulty assessment system of caries prevention and management is established based on dental caries diagnosis and classification. Dentists should perform oral examination and establish dental records at each visit. When treatment plan is made on the base of caries risk assessment and carious lesion activity, we need to work out patient‑centered and personalized treatment planning to regain oral microecological balance, to control caries progression and to restore the structure and function of the carious teeth. And the follow-up visits are made based on personalized caries management. This expert consensus mainly discusses caries risk assessment, caries treatment difficulty assessment and dental caries treatment plan, which are the most important parts of caries management in the whole life cycle.
Consensus ; Dental Care ; Dental Caries/prevention & control* ; Humans ; Prevalence

Aspergillosis ; Humans ; Mucor ; Mucormycosis/drug therapy*

Leukoencephalopathy with vanishing white matter (VWM) is one of the most prevalent inherited childhood white-matter disorders, and the pathogenic gene has been confirmed as EIF2B gene. VWM is characterized by chronic progressive neurological deterioration with cerebellar ataxia, usually less prominent spasticity and relatively mild mental decline. There are episodes of rapid and major neurological deterioration provoked by stresses, such as fever, minor physical trauma and acute fright, which is a characteristic clinical feature of VWM. Brain magnetic resonance imaging findings are diagnostic in almost all patients,and the disappearance of the cerebral white matter occurs in a diffuse "melting away" pattern. The onset of VWM can be at any age from fetal stage to adult stage, and the clinical phenotypes vary immensely. Gene diagnosis is the golden standard for VWM. This article reported a patient with a course of 17 years, who was misdiagnosed as Wilson′s disease because of low serum ceruloplasmin, and was finally diagnosed as VWM by reinterpretation of whole exome sequencing, which is worthy of clinicians′ vigilance and consideration.