Plant natural products have a wide range of pharmacological properties, not only can they be used as plant dietary supplements to meet the nutritional needs of the human body in the accelerated pace of life, but also occupy an important position in the research and development of therapeutic drugs for the treatment of tumors, inflammation and other diseases, and have been widely accepted by the public due to their good safety. However, despite the above advantages of plant natural products, limiting factors such as low solubility, poor stability, lack of targeting, high toxicity and side effects, and unacceptable odor have greatly impeded their conversion to clinical applications. Therefore, the development of new avenues for the application of new natural products has become an urgent problem to be solved at present. In recent years, with the continuous development of research, various strategies have been developed to improve the bioavailability of natural products. Among them, nanocarrier delivery system is one of the most attractive strategies at present. In past studies, a large number of nanomaterials (organic, inorganic, etc.) have been developed to encapsulate plant-derived natural products for their efficient delivery to specific organs and cells. Up to now, nanotechnology has not only been limited to pharmaceutical applications, but is also competing in the fields of nanofood processing technology and nanoemulsions. Among the various nanocarriers, liposomes are the largest nanocarriers with the largest market share at present. Liposomes are bilayer nanovesicles synthesized from amphiphilic substances, which have advantages such as high drug loading capacity and stability. Attractively, the flexible surface of liposomes can be modified with various functional elements. Functionalized modification of liposomes with different functional elements such as antibodies, nucleic acids, peptides, and stimuli-responsive moieties can bring out the excellent drug delivery function of liposomes to a greater extent. For example, the modification of functional elements with targeting function such as nucleic acids and antibodies on the surface of liposomes can deliver natural products to the target location and improve the bioavailability of drugs; the modification of stimulus-responsive groups such as photosensitizers, magnetic nanoparticles, pH-responsive groups, and temperature sensitizers on the surface of liposomes can achieve controlled release of drugs, localized targeting, and synergistic thermotherapy. In addition to the above properties, by using functionalized liposomes to encapsulate natural products with irritating properties can also effectively mask the irritating properties of natural products, improve public acceptance, and increase the possibility of application of irritating natural products. There are various strategies for modifying liposomes with functional elements, and the properties of functionalized liposomes constructed by different construction strategies differ. The commonly used construction strategies for functionalized liposomes include covalent modification and non-covalent modification. These two types of construction strategies have their own advantages and disadvantages. Covalent modification has better stability than non-covalent modification, but its operation is cumbersome. With the above background, this review focuses on the three typical problems faced by plant natural products at present, and summarizes the specific applications of functionalized liposomes in them. In addition, this paper summarizes the construction strategies for building different types of functionalized liposomes. Finally, this paper will also review the opportunities and challenges faced by functionalized liposomes to enter clinical therapy, and explore the opportunities to overcome these problems, with a view to better realizing the precise control of plant nanomedicines, and providing ideas and inspirations for researchers in related fields as well as relevant industrial staff.

Schimke immuno-osseous dysplasia (SIOD)caused by SMARCAL1 gene mutations is a rare genetic disorder characterized by multi-system involvement, including T-cell dysfunction, skeletal dysplasia, disproportionate short stature, nephrotic syndrome, and kidney failure. This multidisciplinary consultation involved a 9-year-old boy with intrauterine growth retardation, presenting with short stature, T-cell lymphopenia, proteinuria, and degenerative bone and joint disease. Treatment primarily focused on symptomatic and supportive care. Through the multidisciplinary rare disease consultation, holistic support was provided to the patient, offering comprehensive care from various specialtiesx.We also aim to use this case report to enhance clinicians′ under-standing of SIOD and improve the management and treatment of rare diseases.

With the increasing proportion of human papilloma virus(HPV)infection in the pathogenic factors of oro-pharyngeal cancer,a series of changes have occurred in the surgical treatment.While the treatment mode has been im-proved,there are still many problems,including the inconsistency between diagnosis and treatment modes,the lack of popularization of reconstruction technology,the imperfect post-treatment rehabilitation system,and the lack of effective preventive measures.Especially in terms of treatment mode for early oropharyngeal cancer,there is no unified conclu-sion whether it is surgery alone or radiotherapy alone,and whether robotic minimally invasive surgery has better func-tional protection than radiotherapy.For advanced oropharyngeal cancer,there is greater controversy over the treatment mode.It is still unclear whether to adopt a non-surgical treatment mode of synchronous chemoradiotherapy or induction chemotherapy combined with synchronous chemoradiotherapy,or a treatment mode of surgery combined with postopera-tive chemoradiotherapy.In order to standardize the surgical treatment of oropharyngeal cancer in China and clarify the indications for surgical treatment of oropharyngeal cancer,this expert consensus,based on the characteristics and treat-ment status of oropharyngeal cancer in China and combined with the international latest theories and practices,forms consensus opinions in multiple aspects of preoperative evaluation,surgical indication determination,primary tumor re-section,neck lymph node dissection,postoperative defect repair,postoperative complication management prognosis and follow-up of oropharyngeal cancer patients.The key points include:① Before the treatment of oropharyngeal cancer,the expression of P16 protein should be detected to clarify HPV status;② Perform enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the maxillofacial region before surgery to evaluate the invasion of oropharyngeal cancer and guide precise surgical resec-tion of oropharyngeal cancer.Evaluating mouth opening and airway status is crucial for surgical approach decisions and postoperative risk prediction;③ For oropharyngeal cancer patients who have to undergo major surgery and cannot eat for one to two months,it is recommended to undergo percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy before surgery to effectively improve their nutritional intake during treatment;④ Early-stage oropharyngeal cancer patients may opt for either sur-gery alone or radiation therapy alone.For intermediate and advanced stages,HPV-related oropharyngeal cancer general-ly prioritizes radiation therapy,with concurrent chemotherapy considered based on tumor staging.Surgical treatment is recommended as the first choice for HPV unrelated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma(including primary and re-current)and recurrent HPV related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma after radiotherapy and chemotherapy;⑤ For primary exogenous T1-2 oropharyngeal cancer,direct surgery through the oral approach or da Vinci robotic sur-gery is preferred.For T3-4 patients with advanced oropharyngeal cancer,it is recommended to use temporary mandibu-lectomy approach and lateral pharyngotomy approach for surgery as appropriate;⑥ For cT1-2N0 oropharyngeal cancer patients with tumor invasion depth＞3 mm and cT3-4N0 HPV unrelated oropharyngeal cancer patients,selective neck dissection of levels ⅠB to Ⅳ is recommended.For cN+HPV unrelated oropharyngeal cancer patients,therapeutic neck dissection in regions Ⅰ-Ⅴ is advised;⑦ If PET-CT scan at 12 or more weeks after completion of radiation shows intense FDG uptake in any node,or imaging suggests continuous enlargement of lymph nodes,the patient should undergo neck dissection;⑧ For patients with suspected extracapsular invasion preoperatively,lymph node dissection should include removal of surrounding muscle and adipose connective tissue;⑨ The reconstruction of oropharyngeal cancer defects should follow the principle of reconstruction steps,with priority given to adjacent flaps,followed by distal pedicled flaps,and finally free flaps.The anterolateral thigh flap with abundant tissue can be used as the preferred flap for large-scale postoperative defects.

Objective To investigate the effects of tiotropium bromide combined with salmeterol fluticasone on postoperative lung function,blood gas index,and inflammatory response in patients with lung cancer complicated with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD).Methods Patients with lung cancer complicated with stable COPD after surgery were selected as research subjects and divided into control group and treatment group according to different treatment methods.The control group received 18 μg of tiotropium bromide powder for inhalation therapy,bid,for 3 days before surgery,while the treatment group received additional salmeterol inhalation powder treatment on basis of the control group's treatment,1 inhalation each time,bid,for 3 months.Lung function[forced vital capacity(FVC),forced expiratory volume in one second(FEV1),peak expiratory flow(PEF),FEV1/FVC],modified British Medical Research Council(mMRC)dyspnea scale,chronic obstructive pulmonary disease assessment test(CAT)score,quality of life questionnaire-C30(QLQ-C30)score,blood gas index[arterial oxygen pressure(PaO2),arterial blood oxygen saturation(SaO2),arterial carbon dioxide pressure(PaCO2)],inflammatory response indicators[interleukin-6(IL-6),interleukin-8(IL-8),tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)],and occurrence of adverse drug reactions in the two groups with compared before and after treatment.Results Forty-seven and forty-five cases were included in the treatment and control groups,respectively.After treatment,the total effective rates of the treatment and control groups were 91.49％(43 cases/47 cases)and 75.56％(34 cases/45 cases)respectively,and the differences were statistically significant(P＜0.05).After treatment,the FEV1/FVC of the treatment and control groups were(0.62±0.10)％and(0.48±0.05)％;PEF were(1.94±0.20)and(1.02±0.11)L·s-1;mMRC scores were 2.01±0.25 and 2.26±0.23;CAT scores were 16.03±1.74 and 20.03±2.17;QLQ-C30 physical functioning scores were 79.31±8.92 and 75.04±7.86;PaO2 were(70.34±6.98)and(62.02±6.31)mmHg;IL-6 expression levels were(16.43±1.65)and(21.55±2.27)pg·mL-1.The above indexes in the treatment group compared with the control group were all statistically significant(all P＜0.05).The main adverse drug reactions in the treatment and control groups were skin allergies and nausea/vomiting,and the total incidence of adverse drug reactions in the treatment and control groups were 34.04％and 23.40％,with no statistically significant difference(P＞0.05).Conclusion Tiotropium bromide combined with salmeterol fluticasone is effective for patients with lung cancer complicated with stable COPD after surgery,which significantly improves their lung function,prognosis,and arterial blood gas levels.

As a new type of artificial enzyme,hydrolytic nanozymes possess both hydrolase-like catalytic activity and unique physicochemical properties,enabling them to overcome the limitations of natural enzymes in practical applications and foster the development of new application scenarios.The rise of biomimetic catalysis has inspired the design and development of various nanozymes with hydrolase-like activities.However,due to the complexity of the catalytic mechanism of natural enzymes,accurately mimicking multiple cofactors remains a great challenge.This article summarized the latest research progress in nanozymes with hydrolase-like activity for sensing applications.First,inspired by the catalytic mechanism of natural hydrolase,the recent advances in the bionic design of hydrolytic nanozymes were introduced,highlighting two key cofactors:metal sites and amino acid microenvironments.Then,the sensing applications for detection of pesticides,ions,and biomolecules were summarized,and the current opportunities and challenges were described.

Aim To investigate the effects of Cartham-us tinctorius L.extract(CTLE)on oxidative stress,lipid metabolism,and apoptosis levels of mice with al-cohol-induced liver injury and its mechanism of action.Methods The mouse model of alcohol-associated liver disease was established by chronic alcohol feeding and acute alcohol gavage.Mice were randomly divided into four groups.During the modeling period,the state changes of mice were observed every day,and their weight was recorded.At the end of modeling,blood and liver tissues were collected from each group of mice.The blood of mice was analyzed biochemically,and HE staining and Oil Red O staining were used to evaluate further the degree of pathological damage in the liver of mice.Quantitative real-time PCR(qPCR)and Western blot were applied to detect the mRNA and protein expression levels of p-PI3K,PI3K,p-Akt,Akt,p-mTOR,mTOR,p-FoxO1,FoxO1,p-FoxO3a,FoxO3a,p-FoxO4,FoxO4,BCL and BAX factors.Results Compared to the model group,the CTLE administration group showed improved hepatic patho-logical injury and reduced lipid deposition.The bio-chemical indexes in serum and liver,such as ALT,AST,TG,TC,and MDA levels were reduced,while GSH and SOD levels increased.Regulating the PI3K/Akt/FoxO pathway resulted in increased production of SOD,which reduced damage and apoptosis caused by reactive oxygen species(ROS).Conclusions CTLE can exert anti-oxidative stress and anti-apoptotic effects through the PI3K/Akt/FoxO pathway and attenuates alcoholic liver injury in mice,providing new ideas for the treatment of alcoholic liver disease and the develop-ment of related drugs.

Hydrogen sulfide(H

The fundamental principle of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) is holism, and it is crucial for TCM to address the key issue of the "holistic view" of Chinese herbal medicine. While the overall regulatory effects of Chinese herbal medicine have been widely recognized, the holistic internal logic of individual ingredients of Chinese herbal medicines require further clarification. In order to comprehensively understand the mechanism of action of Chinese herbal medicine, this paper combined the holistic view of Chinese herbal medicine with differentiation thinking to explore the intrinsic logical relationships within Chinese herbal medicine. Starting from the perspective of the coexistence of multiple components in Chinese herbal medicine, this paper systematically examined the "self-consistent" phenomenon within single Chinese herbal medicine. This phenomenon refers to the consistent or opposing actions of various components in terms of their physical and chemical properties, pharmacokinetic effects, biological effects, flavors and properties, and TCM efficacy. The paper summarized various logical relationships of syndrome differentiation exhibited by the same Chinese herbal medicine, analyzed the underlying reasons, and focused on analyzing external factors affecting the "self-consistent" phenomenon in the efficacy of Chinese herbal medicine, aiming to better elucidate the theoretical basis of the pharmacological effects of Chinese herbal medicine, further enrich the scientific connotation of the holistic view of Chinese herbal medicine, and provide theoretical guidance for the preparation process, compatibility patterns, and formulation design of Chinese herbal medicine.
Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use*

Cobalt/toxicity* ; Computational Biology ; Kidney/drug effects* ; Kidney Diseases/genetics* ; Humans

Objective: To investigate the influence of light and heavy bite force on the mandibular movement trajectories, and the influence of bite force on virtual occlusal pre-adjustment of digital full crown. Methods: From October 2021 to March 2022, 10 postgraduate volunteers (3 males and 7 females, aged 22-26 years) were recruited from Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology. Maxillary and mandibular digital models of the participants were obtained by intraoral scanning. Jaw relations were digitally transferred under heavy bite force and mandibular movement trajectories under light and heavy bite force were recorded by jaw motion analyser. Three mandibular markers were chosen, namely the mesial proximal contact point of the central incisor (incisal point) and the mesial buccal cusp tips of the bilateral first molars. The three-dimensional displacements of the markers under two kinds of bite force in the intercuspal position (ICP), the sagittal projection of the three-dimensional displacements in the protrusive edge-to-edge position, and the coronal projection of the three-dimensional displacements in the lateral edge-to-edge position of upper and lower posterior teeth were measured. Single-sample t-test was used to compare the three-dimensional displacements and the corresponding sagittal projection and coronal projection with 0, respectively. The left maxillary central incisor and left mandibular first molar were virtually prepared by the reverse engineering software. Then dental design software was used to design digital full crown using the copy method. The mandibular movement trajectories under light and heavy bite force were separately used to guide virtual occlusal pre-adjustment. The three-dimensional deviations (mean deviations and root mean square) between the lingual surface of the left maxillary central incisor or the occlusal surface of the left mandibular first molar and that of the natural tooth before preparation were calculated (light bite force group and heavy bite force group), and the differences between the two groups were compared by the paired t-test. Results: Under the two kinds of bite force, the three-dimensional displacements of the markers in the ICP were (0.217±0.135), (0.210±0.133) and (0.237±0.101) mm, respectively; the sagittal projection of the three-dimensional displacements of the markers in the protrusive edge-to-edge position were (0.204±0.133), (0.288±0.148) and (0.292±0.136) mm, respectively; the coronal projection of the three-dimensional displacements of the mesial buccal cusp tips of the bilateral first molars in the lateral edge-to-edge position were (0.254±0.140) and (0.295±0.190) mm, respectively. The differences between the above displacements and 0 were statistically significant (P<0.05). The results of occlusal pre-adjustment showed that the mean deviations of the lingual surface of the left maxillary central incisor in the light and heavy bite force groups were (0.215±0.036) and (0.195±0.041) mm (t=3.95, P=0.004), respectively. The mean deviations of the occlusal surface of the left mandibular first molar were (0.144±0.084) and (0.100±0.096) mm (t=0.84, P=0.036), respectively. Conclusions: Both the light and heavy bite force have an influence on the mandibular movement trajectories. Virtual occlusal pre-adjustment of prostheses with mandibular movement trajectories under heavy bite force can obtain morphology of lingual or occlusal surfaces closer to the natural teeth before preparation.
Male ; Female ; Humans ; Bite Force ; Tooth ; Mandible ; Molar ; Occlusal Adjustment