With the progression of research on extrachromosomal DNA(ecDNA),it has been shown that ecDNA exists mainly in tumor cells and plays a crucial role in tumor heterogeneity and drug resistance.ecDNA is observed in several cancer types,but rarely in normal cells.Due to their strong oncogene amplification and dynamic alteration capabilities,patients with ecDNA-containing tumor cells often have negative clinical prognoses.Research has confirmed the presence of ecDNA in the cancer cells of patients with small cell lung cancer(SCLC).This re-view provides a comprehensive summary of the formation mechanism of ecDNA,the processes through which it is amplified in cancer cells,the mechanisms through which ecDNA promotes tumor growth,recurrence,and metastasis,and its relationship with high drug resistance in SCLC.Finally,we generalize the treatment direction for ecDNA-enriched SCLCs,thereby guiding future research.

Objective:To explore the relationship between the perceived stress and the independent learning ability of nursing undergraduates, to establish a chain mediation model to investigate the role of psychological capital and self-control in the relationship between the two, aiming to provide a new direction for nursing educators to improve the independent learning ability of nursing undergraduates.Methods:Using the convenient sampling method, a total of 913 nursing undergraduates from 10 universities in Shaanxi Province were selected as research objects from February to March 2023. Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Positive Psychological Capital Questionnaire (PPQ), Self-control Scale (SCS) and Self-directed Learning Ability Scale (SLAS) were used to investigate the nursing undergraduates.Results:A total of 913 questionnaires were sent out in this study, and 900 were effectively collected, with an effective recovery rate of 98.58% (900/913). The total SLAS score of 900 nursing undergraduates was (87.12±9.20). The perception of stress among undergraduate nursing students could directly predict their self-directed learning ability negatively ( P<0.01), or indirectly affected their self-learning ability through psychological capital and self-control ( P<0.05). Psychological capital (indirect effect value=-0.160) and self-control (indirect effect value=-0.106) played a mediating role between stress perception and self-directed learning ability, and the mediating effect accounted for 38.55% and 25.54%, respectively. Moreover, psychological capital and self-control also played a chain mediating role (indirect effect value=-0.053), and the proportion of chain mediated effect was 12.77%. Conclusions:Perceived stress, psychological capital and self-control are important influencing factors on the self-directed learning ability of nursing undergraduate students. Perceived stress not only directly affects the self-directed learning ability of nursing undergraduate students, but also indirectly affects their self-directed learning ability through the chain mediation effect of psychological capital and self-control.

Objective To investigate the neurobehavioral development of young children aged 24 to 60 months in Shunde and explore the factors influencing the development of young children and provide reference for the interven-tion of neurobehavioral development delays in young children.Methods A retrospective cohort study was used to enroll the young children who were initially screened by the Pediatric Neuropsychological Developmental Scale(Pe-diatric Heart Scale)with a score of ≤85 was included in the study.With a score of ≤85,the young children might be at risk of developmental delays,and needed to be further diagnosed by the GESELL Developmental Diagnostic Scale,the basic information of the young children and their mothers at the time of birth were investigated,as well as basic information about the young children at the time of completing the GESELL Developmental Diagnostic Scale was collected.Results A total of 271 young children were included,196 males and 75 females.Young children had the lowest developmental quotient(DQ)in the language domain among the five domains(P＜0.001).Multiple lin-ear regression models showed:compared with girls,the language domain DQ of boys decreased by 5.321 points(P=0.049,95％CI:-10.620--0.021),and the personal-social domain DQ decreased by 4.474 points(P=0.023,95％CI:-8.316--0.631).Compared with young children via natural vaginal delivery(NVD),the gross motor domain DQ of young children via caesarean section(CS)decreased by 4.890 points(P=0.008,95％CI:-8.499--1.281),the fine motor domain DQ decreased by 3.373 points(P=0.037,95％CI:-6.532--0.213),the language domain DQ decreased by 7.621 points(P=0.004,95％CI:-12.826--2.416),per-sonal-social domain DQ decreased by 6.232 points(P=0.001,95％CI:-10.006--2.457).The results of bi-nary logistic regression models showed,compared with young children via NVD,the risk of gross motor domain retar-dation in young children increased(OR=1.763,95％CI:1.003-3.100),the risk of fine motor domain retardation increased(OR=2.217,95％CI:1.235-3.980),the risk of language domain retardation increased(OR=3.306,95％CI:1.080-10.124).Conclusion Young children with suspected neurobehavioral delays were more likely to have delayed development in language domain than in other domains,boys had lower DQ in language domain and personal-social domain than girls,and the development of young children via CS was slower than that via NVD.Fo-cus should be on the language development of young children especially on the language and personal-social devel-opment of boys.Carefully chose delivery way.Focus should be placed on assessment of young children's comprehen-sive neurobehavioral development in early time.

【Objective】 To track and evaluate the clinical diagnostic efficacy of an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). 【Methods】 Total antibody (TAb) specific to SARS-CoV-2 in blood donors were determined using ELISA reagent. TAb positive donors were followed up 1 month after blood donation. SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG, IgM and pseudotype lentivirus based neutralization test (ppNAT) were conducted for TAb positive blood donors and follow-up samples. ppNAT and IgG antibodies simultaneously positive in ppNAT positive samples and its follow-up samples was used as the standard for antibodies validation. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), accuracy and Youden index of SARS-CoV-2 TAb ELISA were analyzed. 【Results】 Among 16 016 blood donors from January 31 to April 28, 2020, 61 donors were diagnosed as TAb positive, 6 cases were positive for ppNAT, in which 2 were positive for both ppNAT and IgG; 4 of 46 TAb positive follow-up samples were positive for ppNAT, in which 2 were positive for IgG simultaneously. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, accuracy, Youden index, false positive rate and false negative rate of SARS-CoV-2 TAb reagent were 100.00%, 99.60%, 3.28%, 100.00%, 99.60%, 99.60%, 0.40% and 0.00%, respectively. 【Conclusion】 SARS-CoV-2 TAb ELISA has high sensitivity and good clinical diagnostic efficacy, but the false positive rate is relatively high in low-risk blood donors. Therefore, ppNAT, IgG and follow-up results should be fully considered in clinical in order to analyze the positive results and determine the infection status more accurately.

Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology* ; Antibodies, Viral/immunology* ; COVID-19/virology* ; COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology* ; Humans ; SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity* ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology* ; Vaccines, Inactivated/immunology*

OBJECTIVETo establish a rapid, accurate, noninvasive and low cost method for screening MT3243A>G mutation in mitochondrial diabetes.

METHODSBlood, saliva, and urine sediment samples were collected from 6 patients with confirmed mitochondrial diabetes and 50 healthy controls from Shanghai Children's Hospital and Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital. The heterozygosity levels of MT3243A>G mutation in above samples were detected with pyrosequencing, and the data were compared. MT3243A>G mutations were rapidly screened with high resolution melting curve analysis (HRM) in the urine sediment samples of 1070 diabetic patients from 4 communities in Shanghai. Furthermore, pyrosequencing was used to validate the suspected positive samples, and the heterozygosity levels were also quantified.

RESULTSComparative experiments found that heterozygosity of MT3243A>G mutation was 2 to 7 times higher in urine sediment than in saliva and blood samples from the 6 patients with confirmed mitochondrial diabetes. However, the heterozygosity was slightly higher in saliva than blood samples. MT3243A>G mutation was not detected in the 50 healthy controls. Two samples with suspected MT3243A>G mutation were identified in the 1070 urine sediment samples of diabetes patients with HRM screening, which were validated by pyrosequencing. The heterozygosity of MT3243A>G mutation were 33.32% and 14.67% in the urine sediment samples, respectively.

CONCLUSIONUrine sediment samples can be used for rapid screening of MT3243A>G mutation for its ease to collect, noninvasiveness and higher level of heterozygosity. HRM is suitable for rapid screening for mitochondrian mutations for its low cost, while such mutations could be detected with sensitivity and accuracy by pyrosequencing.

DNA, Mitochondrial ; genetics ; Diabetes Mellitus ; genetics ; Heterozygote ; Humans ; Mutation ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; methods ; Transition Temperature

Soft-tissue deformation is one of the important research directions in virtual surgery. Mass-spring model and finite-element model are the two most important modeling technology of the soft tissue modeling. It is very important for the current soft-tissue deformation modelling to analysize, to summarize the main idea, the influence factors and the modeling route of the two kinds of modeling methods and then to give comprehensive review.
Computer Simulation ; Humans ; Models, Biological ; Surgery, Computer-Assisted ; methods ; User-Computer Interface

Objective:To assess the validity and reliability of the Chinese version of the eleven-item Kutcher Adolescent Depression Scale (KADS-11)in Chinese adolescents,calculate its optimal cut-off value and the sensi-tivity and specificity,and explore the possibility of providing a useful tool to assess the severity of adolescent de-pressive symptoms.Methods:Totally 3180 students aged 11 -17 years were selected from schools in 6 provinces and Shanghai.All of them were asked to complete the KADS-11 and Children Depression Inventory (CDI). Students whose CDI scores were above 19 (including 19)were diagnosed with the DSM-IV criteria of depressive disorder,73 students from Shanghai sample were assessed with KADS-11 and CDI to analyze the test-retest reliabil-ity 1 month later.Results:Exploratory factor analysis showed that KADS-11 had 2 factors,and confirmatory factor analysis tested proved the 2-factor model fit better than the one-factor model.The KADS-11 total scores were posi-tively correlated with CDI total scores (r =0.74,P <0.01 ),and the KADS-11 scores were higher in depressive group than those in non-depressive group.The mean area under the curve (AUC)of KADS-11was 0.94,the mean area under the curve of each item ranged from 0.7 to 0.9.The optimal cut-off point of KADS-11 was total score≥9,sensitivity and specificity were 89% and 90% respectively.The Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the KADS-11 was 0.84,the spilt-half reliability coefficient was 0.71 (P <0.01),and the test-retest coefficient was 0.77 (P <0.01).Conclusion:The KADS-11 is appropriate for Chinese adolescents because of its good validity,reliability and diagnosis accuracy,it could be used to assess depressive symptoms for adolescents.

Soft-tissue deformation is one of the important research directions in virtual surgery. Mass-spring model and finite-element model are the two most important modeling technology of the soft tissue modeling. It is very important for the current soft-tissue deformation model ing to analysize, to summarize the main idea, the influence factors and the modeling route of the two kinds of modeling methods and then to give comprehensive review.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the in vitro effects of immune inhibitor tacrolimus on platelet function.

METHODSFresh venous blood was collected from healthy volunteers at ages of 18-25 years old, who are not taking antiplatelet drugs within two weeks. The platelets were isolated from the blood and incubated with different concentrations of tacrolimus (0.06, 0.6, 6, 60, 120, 240 μmol/L) at 37 °C for 2 hours, and then the changes of mitochondrial membrane potential and P-selection of platelets were detected by flow cytometry, the expression of apoptosis related protein by Western Blot, and the change of the platelet aggregation function by platelet aggregation analyzer.

RESULTSTacrolimus at concentration of 0.06 μmol/L could promote collagen induced platelet aggregation, inhibit thrombin induced platelet aggregation, have no effect on ristocetin and vWF induced platelet aggregation function. Tacrolimus at concentration of 120 μmol/L and 240 μmol/L could reduce the platelet mitochondrial membrane potential and induce the expression of apoptosis protein caspase-3.

CONCLUSIONIn vitro experimental results showed that high concentration of tacrolimus could lead to platelet apoptosis. But the current therapeutic dose of tacrolimus at 0.06 μmol/L (which is equivalent to 50 ng/ml blood concentration) could have different effects on platelet aggregation function according to different stimulating agents.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Blood Coagulation Tests ; Blood Platelets ; drug effects ; Caspase 3 ; Humans ; In Vitro Techniques ; Platelet Aggregation ; Tacrolimus ; pharmacology ; Thrombin ; Young Adult