Objective To study the effect of vitexin inhibiting Ras homology C(RhoC)/Rho-associated kinase(ROCK)signaling on lung inflammation and airway remodeling in rats with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.Methods SD rats were divided into control group,model group(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease model),experimental-L group(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease model,1.5 mg·kg-1 vitexin treatment),experimental-M group(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease model,3.0 mg·kg-1 vitexin treatment),experimental-H group(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease model,6.0 mg·kg-1 vitexin treatment),experimental-H+LPA group(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease mode,6.0 mg·kg-1 vitexin,lysophosphatidic acid 1 mg treatment),Western blot detection of RhoC protein expression,detection of pulmonary function indexes in rats,hematoxylin-eosin staining to observe lung histopathology,and evaluation of airway inflammation in rats score,airway smooth muscle thickness,enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method to detect interleukin-6(IL-6)content in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid,immunohistochemistry to detect basic fibroblast growth factor(bFGF)in lung tissue.Results The expression levels of RhoC protein in the control group,model group,experimental-H group,and experimental-H+LPA group were 0.25±0.02,0.71±0.09,0.31±0.03,0.47±0.04;forced vital capacity(FVC)were(8.25±0.62),(4.12±0.24),(7.21±0.54),(6.44±0.52)mL;inflammation score were 0.52±0.04,2.54±0.15,1.23±0.11,1.79±0.32;smooth muscle thickness were(19.28±1.52),(28.43±1.74),(19.45±1.18),(25.85±1.57)μm;IL-6 content were(2.40±0.08),(5.67±0.44),(2.85±0.23),(4.01±0.29)ng·L-1;bFGF protein expression were 0.19±0.02,0.52±0.05,0.24±0.02,0.43±0.05.There were statistically significant differences in the above indicators between the model group and the control group,between the experimental-H group and the model group,and between the experimental-H+LPA group and the experimental-H group(all P＜0.05).Conclusion Vitexin inhibits RhoC/Rock signaling to improve lung inflammation and airway remodeling in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease rats.

Aim To compare the effects of different time sequence interventions on virus infected mice by using oseltamivir (Tamiflu) as a "tool drug" in view of the current situation of the too early the administration time of antiviral in vivo experiment, so as to provide a basis for selecting a reasonable model intervention time point for antiviral drug research. Methods Balb/c mice were randomly divided into six groups. The virus infection model was established by intranasal infection with influenza virus (0.25 TCID50). Tamiflu-1 group and Tamiflu-2 group were administered orally on 1st and 4th day after exposure. The body mass, survival rate, organ index, viral load and inflammatory factor content were measured. Results Compared with the blank control group, the body weight of the mice in the model group decreased and the lung index increased significantly (P < 0.05). The expression levels of 13 inflammatory factors in model 2 group were significantly different ( P < 0.05). Compared with the model-1 group ,the lung index and spleen index of the Tamiflu-1 group decreased significantly (P < 0.05). Compared with the mode-2 group,the lung index in the Tamiflu-2 group was significantly lower (P <0.05) ,and the thy-mus index was significantly higher (P<0.05). The viral load was 0. 03 times that of the model-2 group. The expression levels of 13 inflammatory factors were significantly different (P < 0. 05). Conclusions The symptoms of the mice in Scheme 2 are more obvious and stable after exposure. After administration, the lung inflammation damage is alleviated. Considering the latency, drug intervention is in line with the drug indications when the model animals show symptoms. It will be more reasonable and accurate whether in the model evaluation or drug evaluation.

BACKGROUND: Delivery room resuscitation assists preterm infants, especially extremely preterm infants (EPI) and extremely low birth weight infants (ELBWI), in breathing support, while it potentially exerts a negative impact on the lungs and outcomes of preterm infants. This study aimed to assess delivery room resuscitation and discharge outcomes of EPI and ELBWI in China. METHODS: The clinical data of EPI (gestational age [GA] <28 weeks) and ELBWI (birth weight [BW] <1000 g), admitted within 72 h of birth in 33 neonatal intensive care units from five provinces and cities in North China between 2017 and 2018, were analyzed. The primary outcomes were delivery room resuscitation and risk factors for delivery room intubation (DRI). The secondary outcomes were survival rates, incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), and risk factors for BPD. RESULTS: A cohort of 952 preterm infants were enrolled. The incidence of DRI, chest compressions, and administration of epinephrine was 55.9% (532/952), 12.5% (119/952), and 7.0% (67/952), respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that the risk factors for DRI were GA <28 weeks (odds ratio [OR], 3.147; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.082-4.755), BW <1000 g (OR, 2.240; 95% CI, 1.606-3.125), and antepartum infection (OR, 1.429; 95% CI, 1.044-1.956). The survival rate was 65.9% (627/952) and was dependent on GA. The rate of BPD was 29.3% (181/627). Multivariate analysis showed that the risk factors for BPD were male (OR, 1.603; 95% CI, 1.061-2.424), DRI (OR, 2.094; 95% CI, 1.328-3.303), respiratory distress syndrome exposed to ≥2 doses of pulmonary surfactants (PS; OR, 2.700; 95% CI, 1.679-4.343), and mechanical ventilation ≥7 days (OR, 4.358; 95% CI, 2.777-6.837). However, a larger BW (OR, 0.998; 95% CI, 0.996-0.999), antenatal steroid (OR, 0.577; 95% CI, 0.379-0.880), and PS use in the delivery room (OR, 0.273; 95% CI, 0.160-0.467) were preventive factors for BPD (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Improving delivery room resuscitation and management of respiratory complications are imperative during early management of the health of EPI and ELBWI.
Birth Weight ; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia ; China/epidemiology* ; Delivery Rooms ; Female ; Gestational Age ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Extremely Low Birth Weight ; Infant, Extremely Premature ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Pregnancy

Intestinal organoids, also named "mini-guts", reconstitute sophisticated three-dimensional architecture recapitulating diversified intestinal epithelial cell types and physiology, which is driven by the proliferative and self-assembling characteristics of crypt stem cells. The initiation of organoids study relies on the identification of Lgr5+ crypt stem cells from different intestinal segments and the key role of EGF, Wnt, BMP/TGF-β, Notch signal pathways within the microenvironment during the cultivation process. Besides constituting polarized crypt-villus structures, these "mini-guts" exhibit various effective functions of intestinal epithelium. Since 2009 when the culture system of small intestinal organoids was established by Sato et al, intestinal organoids excel conventional intestinal models depending on genetical mutation in multiple aspects and thus have become the hotspot among the research on intestinal diseases. Combined with genomics, material science and engineering, "mini-guts" have been widely applied to the research on intestinal development, intestinal transport physiology, epithelial barrier, pathogen-host interaction and the study on cystic fibrosis, infectious diarrhea, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, intestinal cancer, etc. In this review, we summarize the new insights introduced by organoid into the research on intestinal diseases, and related research advances and applications.
Humans ; Intestinal Mucosa ; Intestinal Neoplasms ; Intestines ; Organoids ; Stem Cells ; Tumor Microenvironment

: Objective: To investigate the efficacy of fistula stent made by 3D printing technique in the treatment of enteroatmospheric fistula. Methods: A descriptive case series study was carried out. INCLUSION CRITERIA: (1) patients with open abdomen; (2) patients with enteroatmospheric fistula. EXCLUSION CRITERIA: (1) patient with two or more fistulas; (2) distal obstruction; (3) bowel stenosis over 50%. According to above criteria, 17 EAF patients admitted to the General Surgery Department of Jinling Hospital from June 2019 to January 2020 were retrospectively included in study. Based on the intestinal radiography, CT reconstruction and finger exploration, the size of fistula, the diameter of the intestinal tube and the angle of the intestinal lumen around the fistula were assessed. The 3D printing fistula stent was designed and established based on estimated data, and then placed through the fistula. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS (1) success rate of stent implantation; (2) outflow of intestinal contents after implantation; (3) tolerated exercise time; (4) receiving definite operation time for intestinal fistula; (5) time to recovery of enteral nutrition. The t-test was used to compare the outflow amount of intestinal content before and after the stent implantation and the tolerated exercise time. The changes of the outflow amount of intestinal content and tolerated exercise time were analyzed by repeated measurement ANOVA. Results: Seventeen EAF patients with open abdomen included 13 males and 4 females. All the patients successfully received intestinal fistula stent implantation. Gastrointestinal angiography 2 days after implantation showed that the digestive tract was unobstructed, and the stent was successfully kept in place until definite surgery. No stent implantation-related adverse reactions were found in patients undergoing definite intestinal fistula surgery. The average outflow amount of intestinal fluid within 7 days after implantation decreased from (702.7±198.9) ml/d to on the first day after implantation (45.8±22.4) ml/d on the 7th day(F=10.380, P<0.001). The ambulatory time and exercise time of patients continued to increase after stent implantation. The average tolerated exercise time within 14 days after stent implantation increased from (9.1±3.8) min/d to (106.9±21.8) min/d (F=41.727, P<0.001). Within 120 days after stent implantation, 15 patients successfully underwent definite surgery for intestinal fistula and reconstruction of abdominal wall. Patients needed a median (IQR) of 3 (2, 5) days to recover enteral nutrition. The average time from stent placement to surgery was (87.2±17.6) days. Two patients died of severe abdominal infection with multiple organ failure. Conclusion: 3D printing fistula stent can significantly and the outflow of intestinal contents and the difficulty of nursing, and help to restore enteral nutrition and rehabilitation exercise as soon as possible in EAF patients with open abdomen.
Abdominal Wall ; Female ; Humans ; Intestinal Fistula/surgery* ; Male ; Printing, Three-Dimensional ; Retrospective Studies ; Stents ; Treatment Outcome

In recent years, the impact of meteorological factors on health and injury has been paid more and more attention. Severe weather events were considered to be an important risk factor for traffic accident injuries. Evidence from a large number of epidemiological studies suggests that meteorological factors, including high temperatures, rainfall, snowfall, wind and visibility, might be related to the occurrence of traffic accidents. This systematic review attempts to summarize the current research status of meteorological factors on traffic accident injury, systematically review the relationship between meteorological factors and traffic accident injury, and discuss how to further carry out related research.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the current status of antibiotic use for very and extremely low birth weight (VLBW/ELBW) infants in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) of Hunan Province. METHODS: The use of antibiotics was investigated in multiple level 3 NICUs of Hunan Province for VLBW and ELBW infants born between January, 2017 and December, 2017. RESULTS: The clinical data of 1 442 VLBW/ELBW infants were collected from 24 NICUs in 2017. The median antibiotic use duration was 17 days (range: 0-86 days), accounting for 53.0% of the total length of hospital stay. The highest duration of antibiotic use was up to 91.4% of the total length of hospital stay, with the lowest at 14.6%. In 16 out of 24 NICUs, the antibiotic use duration was accounted for more than 50.0% of the hospitalization days. There were 113 cases with positive bacterial culture grown in blood or cerebrospinal fluid, making the positive rate of overall bacterial culture as 7.84%. The positive rate of bacterial culture in different NICUs was significantly different from 0% to 14.9%. The common isolated bacterial pathogens Klebsiella pneumoniae was 29 cases (25.7%); Escherichia coli 12 cases (10.6%); Staphylococcus aureus 3 cases (2.7%). The most commonly used antibiotics were third-generation of cephalosporins, accounting for 41.00% of the total antibiotics, followed by penicillins, accounting for 32.10%, and followed by carbapenems, accounting for 13.15%. The proportion of antibiotic use time was negatively correlated with birth weight Z-score and the change in weight Z-score between birth and hospital discharge (r=-0.095, -0.151 respectively, P<0.01), positively correlated with death/withdrawal of care (r=0.196, P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Antibiotics used for VLBW/ELBW infants in NICUs of Hunan Province are obviously prolonged in many NICUs. The proportion of routine use of third-generation of cephalosporins and carbapenems antibiotics is high among the NICUs.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Birth Weight ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Extremely Low Birth Weight ; Infant, Newborn ; Intensive Care Units, Neonatal ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Objective: To explore the protective effect and mechanisms of Renshen Sinitang and its active ingredients on cardiomyocyte injury induced by pentobarbital sodium. Method: H9C2 cells were sub-cultured with ginsenoside Rb₂ 0.01, 0.1, 1 μmol ·L^-1, Re 0.01, 0.1, 1 μmol·L^-1, isoliquiritigenin 20, 40, 80 μmol·L^-1, glycyrrhetinic acid 10, 20, 40 μmol·L^-1, Renshen Sinitang, 10, 100, 400 mg·L^-1, for 4 h. After treatment with 0.1% of sodium pentobarbital for 30 min, cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), lipid peroxide malondialdehyde (MDA), Na⁺-K⁺-adenosine triphosphate(ATP) ase, Ca²⁺-ATPase activity, and real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Real-time PCR) were used to detect the expressions of peroxisome proliferative activated receptor-1α (PGC-1α), B-cell lymphoma-2 associated X protein(Bax) and cysteine aspartate-specific protease-3(Caspase-3) mRNA. Result: Renshen Sinitang and its active ingredients have a protective effect on heart failure cell model. Compared with the normal group, the cell survival rate of the model group decreased significantly, while the LDH and MDA contents increased significantly, and the Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activity increased. Ca²⁺-ATPase activity was significantly decreased, PGC-1α mRNA expression was down-regulated, Bax and Caspase-3 mRNA expressions indicates the modeling(P<0.01). Compared with the model group, each administration group showed a significantly increased cell viability, decreased LDH, MDA content, inhibited Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activity, increased Ca²⁺-ATPase activity, up-regulated PGC-1α mRNA expression, and inhibited Bax and Caspase-3 mRNA expression (P<0.05, P<0.01). Conclusion: Renshen Sinitang and its active ingredients have a significant protective effect on heart failure cell model, and its mechanisms of action are related to anti-oxidation, improvement of mitochondrial energy metabolism and inhibition of mitochondrial apoptosis pathway.

Objective:Compare the effects of 3 administration methods (tracheal perfusion, tail vein injection and aerosol inhalation) with bleomycin (BLM) in inducing pulmonary fibrosis in rats, in order to find out the optimal administration methods. Method:Eighty sprague-dawley (SD) male rats with SPF were randomly divided into aerosol inhalation blank group, single tracheal perfusion group(10 mg·kg^-1), multiple tracheal perfusion group(5 mg·kg^-1), single intravenous injection group(150 mg·kg^-1), multiple intravenous injection group(50 mg·kg^-1), single aerosol inhalation group (30 min)and multiple aerosol inhalation group(30 min). The mortality and body weight of rats in each group were observed at 7 d, 14 d and 28 d after the administration. And 28 days later after the administration, the lung coefficients of rats in each group were observed, paraffin sections were prepared, hematoxylin-eosin staining (HE) and Masson staining were performed, and the contents of hydroxyproline (HYP) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) in lung tissues were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), so as to evaluate the alveoli inflammation and pulmonary fibrosis of rats in each group. Result:Compared with the aerosol inhalation blank group, the rats in the trachea perfusion group had the highest mortality among the drug treatment groups. The pulmonary coefficients of rats in the multiple intravenous injection group and the multiple inhalation group were significantly higher than those in the blank group(P<0.05,P<0.01). The multiple inhalation group was higher than the other model group and the single atomization model group. The results of HE and Masson staining showed thickening of pulmonary septum and higher degree of pulmonary interstitial fibrosis in tracheal perfusion group, intravenous injection group and multiple inhalation group. The degree of pulmonary fibrosis in the multiple inhalation group was more obvious than that in other groups. The results of ELISA showed that the levels of HYP and PAI-1 in lung tissues of rats in aerosol inhalation group and tracheal perfusion group were significantly higher than those in control group(P<0.05). The multiple inhalation group and the single atomization inhalation group were significantly higher than other modules. Conclusion:Bleomycin was inhaled repeatedly to establish pulmonary fibrosis model. The pathological injury and physiological indexes of the model rats were relatively stable, which conforms with the evolution process of pulmonary fibrosis.

Objective: To clarify the antitussive, expectorant, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory effects of Tanreqing inhalation solution, and provide basis and data support for further research and development of this preparation. Method: The methods of cough induced by ammonia and tracheal phenol red excretion were used to observe the antitussive and expectorant effects of Tanreqing inhalation solution in mice. The fever model of rats was established by intraperitoneal injection of bacterial lipopolysaccharide(LPS) to observe the antipyretic effect of the Tanreqing inhalation solution, the acute pneumonia model of rats was established by atomizing LPS inhalation, and the anti-inflammatory effect of Tanreqing inhalation solution was observed. Result: Tanreqing inhalation solution could reduce the number of coughs in mice induced by ammonia water, increase the amount of phenol red excretion in mouse trachea, decrease the levels of body temperature and its related regulatory factors of prostaglandin E₂(PGE₂) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate(cAMP) of rats induced by LPS, decrease the white blood cell(WBC) count and the neutrophil ratio(NEUT) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF) of rats with LPS-induced acute pneumonia, and reduce the levels of nuclear transcription factor-κB(NF-κB) and interleukin-1β(IL-1β) in lung tissue. Conclusion: Tanreqing inhalation solution has obvious antitussive, expectorant, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory effects, which is worthy of further development and promotion.