Chronic pain can develop from acute pain, and it is not only difficult to cure, but also easy to develop secondary psychological problems and negative emotions such as anxiety and depression, and the hippocampal plays a vital role in chronic pain. The morphological and functional changes in the hippocampus mediate the development and maintenance of chronic pain. This review focuses on the role of hippocampal abnormalities in chronic pain in recent years, in order to provide new ideas for the treatments of chronic pain and related dysthymic disorder complications in the future.

This paper introduces the concepts related to sexual health and sexual health care, summarizes the contents, application scope and limitations of sexual health care assessment tools for oncology nurses at home and abroad, analyzes the problems existing in the assessment tools and puts forward suggestions, aiming at providing theoretical reference for the localization development of sexual health care assessment tools and the development of sexual health care.

Objective:To evaluate the long-term efficacy of laparoscopic-assisted natural orifice specimen extraction surgery (NOSES) colectomy using Cai tube for treating left-sided colorectal cancer.Methods:This was a randomized controlled trial. Inclusion criteria were as follows: preoperative pathological diagnosis of left-sided colorectal adenocarcinoma (rectal, sigmoid colon, descending colon, or left transverse colon cancer with the caudad margin ≥8 cm from the anal margin); preoperative abdominal and pelvic computed tomography (or magnetic resonance imaging) showing maximum tumor diameter <4.5 cm; and BMI <30 kg/m 2. Patients with synchronous multiple primary cancers or recurrent cancers, a history of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy, preoperative evidence of significant local infiltration, distant metastasis, or complications such as intestinal obstruction and intestinal perforation, or who were not otherwise considered suitable for laparoscopic surgery were excluded. A random number table was used to randomize sequential patients to NOSES surgery using Cai tube (non-assisted incision anal sleeve: patent number ZL201410168748.2) (NOSES group) or traditional laparoscopic-assisted surgery (CLS group). Relevant clinical data of the two groups of patients were analyzed, the main outcomes being disease-free survival, overall survival, overall recurrence rate, and local recurrence rate 5 years after surgery. Results:Patients in both study groups completed the surgery successfully with no requirement for additional surgery. After mean 70 (7–83) months postoperative follow-up, the 5-year overall postoperative survival in the NOSES and CLS groups was 90.0% and 83.3%, respectively ( P=0.455); disease free survival was 90.0% and 83.3%, respectively ( P=0.455); overall recurrence rate 6.6% and 10.0%, respectively ( P=0.625); and local recurrence rate both were 3.3% ( P=0.990), respectively. None of these differences was statistically significant. Conclusions:NOSES and CLS have similar long-term efficacy, and NOSES deserves to be used in clinical practice.

Objective:To evaluate the long-term efficacy of laparoscopic-assisted natural orifice specimen extraction surgery (NOSES) colectomy using Cai tube for treating left-sided colorectal cancer.Methods:This was a randomized controlled trial. Inclusion criteria were as follows: preoperative pathological diagnosis of left-sided colorectal adenocarcinoma (rectal, sigmoid colon, descending colon, or left transverse colon cancer with the caudad margin ≥8 cm from the anal margin); preoperative abdominal and pelvic computed tomography (or magnetic resonance imaging) showing maximum tumor diameter <4.5 cm; and BMI <30 kg/m 2. Patients with synchronous multiple primary cancers or recurrent cancers, a history of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy, preoperative evidence of significant local infiltration, distant metastasis, or complications such as intestinal obstruction and intestinal perforation, or who were not otherwise considered suitable for laparoscopic surgery were excluded. A random number table was used to randomize sequential patients to NOSES surgery using Cai tube (non-assisted incision anal sleeve: patent number ZL201410168748.2) (NOSES group) or traditional laparoscopic-assisted surgery (CLS group). Relevant clinical data of the two groups of patients were analyzed, the main outcomes being disease-free survival, overall survival, overall recurrence rate, and local recurrence rate 5 years after surgery. Results:Patients in both study groups completed the surgery successfully with no requirement for additional surgery. After mean 70 (7–83) months postoperative follow-up, the 5-year overall postoperative survival in the NOSES and CLS groups was 90.0% and 83.3%, respectively ( P=0.455); disease free survival was 90.0% and 83.3%, respectively ( P=0.455); overall recurrence rate 6.6% and 10.0%, respectively ( P=0.625); and local recurrence rate both were 3.3% ( P=0.990), respectively. None of these differences was statistically significant. Conclusions:NOSES and CLS have similar long-term efficacy, and NOSES deserves to be used in clinical practice.

This article reviews the mechanism, risk factors, and assessment tools of thirst in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patients, in order to provide reference for the rational use of thirst assessment tools and the development of ICU patient thirst assessment tools.

This study reported the diagnosis and treatment of cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase deficiency (PORD) in a male infant. The patient was admitted to Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University at the age of 38 days due to nasal obstruction and feeding difficulties presented at 10 d after birth, as well as less weight gain. Physical examination showed craniosynostoses, hand and foot deformities, and normal external genitalia. Laboratory examination revealed mildly elevated serum adrenocorticotrophic hormone and decreased level of baseline cortisol. A homozygous mutation of c.1370G>A(p.R457H) in POR gene was detected by whole-exome sequencing, which confirmed the diagnosis of PORD. Skeletal deformities complicated by external genital malformations and/or adrenocortical hormone abnormalities are important diagnostic indicators for PORD.

Objective:To explore the clinical effect of a two-staged repair and reconstruction of composite soft tissue defect of dorsal wrist with transfer of free flap (in stage-one) repair and followed by transplantation of allogeneic tendon (in stage-two) reconstruction.Methods:From December 2018 to January 2021, 6 cases with dorsal wrist composite tissue injury and extensor tendon defect were treated in the Department of Hand and Microsurgery of the Fourth People's Hospital of Guiyang City. Four cases were treated with free anterolateral thigh flap (ALTF) combined with allogeneic tendon in the first stage to reconstruct finger dorsiflexion function, and 2 cases were treated with free ilioinguinal flap combined with allogeneic tendon in the second stage to reconstruct finger dorsiflexion function. The age of the patients ranged from 22 to 62 years old. The areas of defect were 5.0 cm×12.0 cm-8.0 cm×20.0 cm. Two cases had 2 extensor tendons defect, 1 had 3 extensor tendons defect, 2 had 4 extensor tendons defect, and 1 had 5 extensor tendons defect. The length of extensor tendon defects was 7.0-22.0 cm. In 5 cases, the wounds were covered by VSD for 5 to 7 days after complete emergenly debridement. Then, after the wounds had been cleared and clean, the wounds of 3 cases were covered with free ALTF, 2 with free ilioinguinal flap, and 1 with free ALTF after skin graft scar resection. At 3-4 months later, the extension function of digit was reconstructed with the transplantation of allogeneic tendons. Postoperative appearance of the flaps and functions of digits were observed at the outpatient clinics during the follow-up.Results:The postoperative follow-up lasted for 10 to 26 (15 in average) months. All 6 flaps surrived completely, and 1 case was further treated with flap thinning at 4 months after the second surgery. During the follow-up, all flaps healed well and were good in appearance and texture. Meanwhile, the donor areas were all healed well with no dysfunction nor sensory disorder. All the transplanted tendons were in good glide without adhesion. The active motion of metacarpophalangeal joints ranged from (10±10) ° to (80±10) °. According to the Evaluation Trial Standards of Upper Limb Partial Functional of Hand Surgery of Chinese Medical Association, at the final follow-up, 4 cases were excellent and 2 cases were good.Conclusion:It is safe and effective that using the two-staged procedure in repair of composite tissue defect of dorsal wrist with stage-one ALTF or ilioinguinal flap transfer combined with stage-two reconstruction with transplantation of allogeneic tendon. It can minimize the adhesion after tendon transplantation and donor site damage

Objective:To investigate the clinicopathologic characteristics, treatments, outcomes and mechanisms of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) complicated with IgA nephropathy (IgAN).Methods:The clinical manifestations, treatments, prognosis and histopathological features of renal biopsy tissues were analyzed in two cases of HUS complicated with IgAN from Beijing Children′s Hospital, Capital Medical University using light microscopy, immunofluorescence detection and electron microscopy. The related literatures were also reviewed.Results:The clinical manifestations were microvascular hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, acute renal impairment with hematuria, proteinuria, and positive anti-H factor antibody. Histological findings confirmed presence of both HUS and IgAN. Histological features included glomerular mesangial and stromal hyperplasia with endothelial cell proliferation, capillary stenosis, arteriolar thickening, and glomerular ischemia and capillary dilatation. Immunofluorescence detection showed diffuse IgA deposition in the glomerular mesangial matrix. Electron microscopy showed proliferation of mesangial and endothelial cells, thickening of the inner layer of the glomerular basement membrane, deposition of massive electronic densification in the mesangial region, and shrinkage of the segmental basement membrane. The two children were very responsive to plasma exchange and steroid treatments. However, their urine protein and occult blood tests remained continuously positive during the follow-up of 5 years 7 months and 8 months respectively.Conclusions:HUS complicated with IgAN is rare. The diagnosis relies on various pathological examinations, which require the combination of light microscopy, immunofluorescence detection and electron microscopy. Plasma exchange and steroid treatments are effective. However, the long-term prognosis is concerning and may relate to pathological grade and secondary factors. The mechanism of connecting HUS and IgAN is unknown, but may be caused by prodromal or secondary factors.

The olfactory bulb (OB) is the first relay station in the olfactory system. In the OB, mitral/tufted cells (M/Ts), which are the main output neurons, play important roles in the processing and representation of odor information. Recent studies focusing on the function of M/Ts at the single-cell level in awake behaving mice have demonstrated that odor-evoked firing of single M/Ts displays transient/long-term plasticity during learning. Here, we tested whether the neural activity of M/Ts and sniffing patterns are dependent on anticipation and reward in awake behaving mice. We used an odor discrimination task combined with in vivo electrophysiological recordings in awake, head-fixed mice, and found that, while learning induced plasticity of spikes and beta oscillations during odor sampling, we also found plasticity of spikes, beta oscillation, sniffing pattern, and coherence between sniffing and theta oscillations during the periods of anticipation and/or reward. These results indicate that the activity of M/Ts plays important roles not only in odor representation but also in salience-related events such as anticipation and reward.

Objective: To analyze the Oxford classification (MESTC) and the International Study of Kidney Disease in Children (ISKDC) classification for evaluating the clinical manifestations, histological lesion and short-term prognosis of children with Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis (HSPN). Methods: According to the Oxford classification and ISKDC classification, the histological lesions of children with HSPN diagnosed by renal biopsy from Beijing Children's Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University from January 2018 to December 2018 were re-evaluated. The renal biopsy specimens of the selected subjects were scored according to the Oxford classification and the ISKDC classification. According to whether the first symptom was combined with renal performance, MESTC score and ISKDC classification, children were grouped. The differences in clinicopathological manifestations between the groups were compared. Correlation between MESTC and ISKDC grades was analyzed by nonparametric test rank correlation. Kaplan-Meier survival curve and Log-rank test were used to compare the difference of proteinuria remission rate between the two groups. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression equations were used to analyze the influencing factors of the proteinuria remission rate. Results: A total of 78 children with HSPN were enrolled. There were 37 male patients (47.4%) with age of (10.4±2.9) years. When the patients were divided according to MESTC scores and ISKDC classification, the results showed that the proportion of children with nephrotic-range proteinuria in the group of endocapillary hypercellularity (E1, P=0.008), segmental glomerulosclerosis (S1, P=0.015) and ISKDCⅢ(P=0.041) was higher than that of E0, S0 and ISKDCⅡ groups. The proportion of children with E1 (P=0.015), crescents (C1&C2, P=0.025) or ISKDCⅢ(P=0.017) that had been treated with high-dose methylprednisolone was higher. The result of Kaplan-Meier survival curve showed more difficult for proteinuria remission in children with C2 are than C0&C1 group (P=0.026), while no difference were found when children were grouped by M, E, S, T and ISKDC. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that the C2 (HR=0.143, 95%CI 0.020-1.046, P=0.055) might be a risk factor for proteinuria remission, while the P value was close to 0.05. Conclusions Children with HSPN scored as ISKDCⅢ, E1 and S1 are more likely to show nephrotic-range proteinuria. C2 may indicate that patients are more difficult to achieve proteinuria remission.