The risk factors of acute kidney injury caused by strenuous exercise include dehydration of the body, elevated body temperature, and intake of large amounts of sugary drinks after exercise, etc. The possible mechanism of the injury may be the inflammatory reaction of the body or the kidney itself, and the accumulation of various metabolites causing damage to the structure and function of the kidney under the induction of various risk factors. Repeated exposure to those risk factors not only increase the risk of acute kidney disease, but also may lead to chronic kidney disease. The paper reviews the definition, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, and prevention measures of exercise-related kidney injury, to provide guidance for the formulation of appropriate exercise programs.