In this study, the crude polysaccharides was extracted from Shengfupian and purified by Sevag deproteinization. Then, the purified neutral polysaccharide fragment was obtained by the DEAE-52 cellulose chromatography column and Sephadex G-100 co-lumn. The structure of polysaccharides was characterized by ultraviolet spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, ion chromatography, and gel permeation chromatography. To investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of Shengfupian polysaccharides, LPS was used to induce inflammation in RAW264.7 cells. The expression of the CD86 antibody on surface of M1 cells, the function of macrophages, and the content of NO and IL-6 in the supernatant were examined. An immunodepression model of H22 tumor-bearing mice was established, and the immunomodulatory activity of Shengfupian polysaccharides was evaluated based on the tumor inhibition rate, immune organ index and function, and serum cytokine levels. Research indicated that Shengfupian polysaccharides(80 251 Da) was composed of arabinose, galactose, glucose, and fructose with molar ratio of 0.004∶0.018∶0.913∶0.065. It was smooth and lumpy under the scanning electron microscope. In the concentration range of 25-200 μg·mL~(-1), Shengfupian polysaccharides exhibited little or no toxicity to RAW264.7 cells and could inhibit the polarization of cells to the M1 type and reduce the content of NO and IL-6 in the cell supernatant. It could suppress the phagocytosis of cells at the concentration of 25 μg·mL~(-1), while enhancing the phagocytosis of RAW264.7 cells within the concentration range of 100-200 μg·mL~(-1). The 200 mg·kg~(-1) Shengfupian polysaccharides could alleviate the spleen injury caused by cyclophosphamide, increase the levels of IL-1β and IL-6, and decrease the level of TNF-α in the serum of mice. In conclusion, Shengfupian polysaccharides has anti-inflammatory effect and weak immunomodulatory effect, which may the material basis of Aconm Lateralis Radix Praeparaia for dispelling cold and relieving pain.
Animals ; Mice ; Interleukin-6/genetics* ; Cytokines/metabolism* ; Polysaccharides/chemistry* ; RAW 264.7 Cells ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents/chemistry* ; Spectrophotometry, Infrared

OBJECTIVE To improve the quality standard of Yi medicine Gynura japonica， and to evaluate its quality. METHODS Using 15 batches of G. japonica from different producing areas as samples， the contents of water， total ash， acid- insoluble ash and water-soluble extract were determined according to the method stated in part Ⅳ of Chinese Pharmacopoeia （2020 edition）. The contents of total alkaloid （calculated by senecionine） was determined by UV spectrophotometry. The contents of senecionine and seneciphylline were determined by HPLC. Using above 7 indexes as evaluation indexes， cluster heat map analysis， principal component analysis （PCA） and entropy weight approximation ideal ranking （TOPSIS） were used to evaluate the quality of medicinal material comprehensively. RESULTS Among 15 batches of G. japonica， the moisture contents were 8.88%-12.60%， the total ash contents were 4.43%-11.02%， the acid-insoluble ash contents were 0.56%-3.45%， the water-soluble extract contents were 21.71%-53.91%， the total alkaloid contents （calculated by senecionine） were 0.15%-0.39%， and the contents of senecionine and seneciphylline were 0.01% -0.05% and 0.01%-0.06% respectively. According to the results of various indicators， it was preliminarily proposed that the water content in the sample of G. japonica should not exceed 13.00%， the total ash content should not exceed 11.50%， the acid-insoluble ash content should not exceed 3.70%， the water-soluble extract should not be less than 20.70%， the total alkaloid content should not be less than 0.15%， the contents of senecionine and seneciphylline should not be less than 0.01% both. The results of cluster heat map analysis showed that the 15 batches of samples could be divided into four categories； the results of PCA and TOPSIS showed that the samples with high-quality ranking were jsq-2， jsq-5， jsq-6 and jsq-10， and the samples with low-quality ranking were jsq-4， jsq-13 and jsq-14. CONCLUSIONS In this study， the quantitative analysis method of total alkaloids （calculated by senecionine）， senecionine and seneciphylline in G. japonica is established， and the limits of each index are preliminarily determined. Among 15 batches of samples， the qualities of medicinal material collected from Linza Village of Ganluo County of Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture， Machangping Village of Luojishan Town of Puge County of Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture and other places are better.

OBJECTIVES: Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) is a Gram-positive opportunistic pathogen that often causes hospital infections. With the abuse of antibiotics, the resistance of S. epidermidis gradually increases, and drug repurposing has become a research hotspot in the treating of refractory drug-resistant bacterial infections. This study aims to study the antimicrobial and antibiofilm effects of simeprevir, an antiviral hepatitis drug, on S. epidermidis in vitro. METHODS: The micro-dilution assay was used to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of simeprevir against S. epidermidis. Crystal violet staining assay was used to detect the biofilm inhibitory effect of simeprevir. The antimicrobial activity of simeprevir against S. epidermidis and its biofilm were explored by SYTO9/PI fluorescent staining. The combined effect between simeprevir and gentamycin was assessed by checkerboard assay and was confirmed by time-inhibition assay. RESULTS: Simeprevir showed significant antimicrobial effects against S. epidermidis type strains and clinical isolates with the MIC and MBC at 2-16 μg/mL and 4-32 μg/mL, respectively. The antimicrobial effects of simeprevir were confirmed by SYTO9/PI staining. Simeprevir at MIC could significantly inhibit and break the biofilm on cover slides. Similarly, simeprevir also significantly inhibit the biofilm formation on the surface of urine catheters either in TSB [from (0.700±0.020) to (0.050±0.004)] (t=54.03, P<0.001), or horse serum [from (1.00±0.02) to (0.13±0.01)] (t=82.78, P<0.001). Synergistic antimicrobial effect was found between simeprevir and gentamycin against S. epidermidis with the fractional inhibitory concentration index of 0.5. CONCLUSIONS Simeprevir shows antimicrobial effect and anti-biofilm activities against S. epidermidis.
Humans ; Simeprevir ; Antiviral Agents ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology* ; Cross Infection ; Gentamicins

The fingerprint of Boenninghausenia albiflora var. albiflora was established by ultra performance liquid chromatography(UPLC), and the content of 12 active components including chlorogenic acid was determined. Multivariate statistical analysis was used to explore the indicator components of B. albiflora var. albiflora and a comprehensive evaluation system was created for the quality of B. albiflora var. albiflora. In this study, 33 batches of B. albiflora var. albiflora with different sources were collected and studied, and the UPLC fingerprint of B. albiflora var. albiflora was developed. There were 37 common peaks, of which 12 components were identified, and the content of these 12 components was measured. In combination of the common peaks and the content of chemical components, multivariate statistical analysis was performed, and the results showed that 6 components [daphnoretin, isoimperatorin, astragalin, imperatorin, neochlorogenic acid, and isoquercitrin(weight coefficient>0.1)] were selected as chemical markers for the quality of B. albiflora var. albiflora. Technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution(TOPSIS) analysis and chemometrics revealed that the quality of S32, S28 and S29 were superior, while that of S12, S7 and S16 were inferior. The quality evaluation method of B. albiflora var. albiflora constructed in this study was accurate and reliable, with simpleness and easiness to operate. It is suggested that the 6 above-mentioned active components could be used as indicator components for quality control of B. albiflora var. al-biflora. The samples were harvested during the flowering and fruiting period, which is from the beginning of July to the end of August.
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods* ; Chromatography, Liquid ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/chemistry* ; Multivariate Analysis ; Quality Control

OBJECTIVES: Safe and effective anticoagulation is essential for hemodialysis patients who are at high risk of bleeding. The purpose of this trial is to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of two-stage regional citrate anticoagulation (RCA) combined with sequential anticoagulation and standard calcium-containing dialysate in intermittent hemodialysis (IHD) treatment. METHODS: Patients at high risk of bleeding who underwent IHD from September 2019 to May 2021 were prospectively enrolled in 13 blood purification centers of nephrology departments, and were randomly divided into RCA group and saline flushing group. In the RCA group, 0.04 g/mL sodium citrate was infused from the start of the dialysis line during blood draining and at the venous expansion chamber. The sodium citrate was stopped after 3 h of dialysis, which was changed to sequential dialysis without anticoagulant. The hazard ratios for coagulation were according to baseline. RESULTS: A total of 159 patients and 208 sessions were enrolled, including RCA group (80 patients, 110 sessions) and saline flushing group (79 patients, 98 sessions). The incidence of severe coagulation events of extracorporeal circulation in the RCA group was significantly lower than that in the saline flushing group (3.64% vs. 20.41%, P<0.001). The survival time of the filter pipeline in the RCA group was significantly longer than that in the saline flushing group ((238.34±9.33) min vs. (221.73±34.10) min, P<0.001). The urea clearance index (Kt/V) in the RCA group was similar to that in the saline flushing group with no statistically significant difference (1.12±0.34 vs. 1.08±0.34, P=0.41). CONCLUSIONS Compared with saline flushing, the two-stage RCA combined with a sequential anticoagulation strategy significantly reduced extracorporeal circulation clotting events and prolonged the dialysis time without serious adverse events.
Humans ; Citric Acid/adverse effects* ; Prospective Studies ; Sodium Citrate ; Hemorrhage/chemically induced* ; Citrates/adverse effects* ; Anticoagulants/adverse effects* ; Renal Dialysis/adverse effects*

Background: Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) is the most common thyroid dysfunction, and its relationship with blood pressure (BP) has been controversial. The aim of the study was to analyze the association between SCH and newly-diagnosed hypertension. Methods: Based on data from the Thyroid disease, Iodine nutrition and Diabetes Epidemiology (TIDE) study, 49,433 euthyroid individuals and 7,719 SCH patients aged ≥18 years were enrolled. Patients with a history of hypertension or thyroid disease were excluded. SCH was determined by manufacturer reference range. Overall hypertension and stage 1 and 2 hypertension were diagnosed according to the guidelines issued by the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association in 2017. Results: The prevalence of overall hypertension (48.7%), including stage 1 (28.9%) and 2 (19.8%) hypertension, increased significantly in SCH patients compared with euthyroid subjects. With elevated serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) level, the hypertension prevalence also increased significantly from the euthyroid to different SCH subgroups, which was more profound in females or subjects aged <65 years. The age- and sex-specific regression analysis further demonstrated the same trends in the general population and in the 1:1 propensity matched population. Similarly, several BP components (i.e., systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial BP) were positively associated with TSH elevation, and regression analysis also confirmed that all BP components were closely related with SCH in female subjects aged <65 years. Conclusion The prevalence of hypertension increases for patients with SCH. SCH tends to be associated with hypertension and BP components in females younger than 65 years.

Background: Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) is the most common thyroid dysfunction, and its relationship with blood pressure (BP) has been controversial. The aim of the study was to analyze the association between SCH and newly-diagnosed hypertension. Methods: Based on data from the Thyroid disease, Iodine nutrition and Diabetes Epidemiology (TIDE) study, 49,433 euthyroid individuals and 7,719 SCH patients aged ≥18 years were enrolled. Patients with a history of hypertension or thyroid disease were excluded. SCH was determined by manufacturer reference range. Overall hypertension and stage 1 and 2 hypertension were diagnosed according to the guidelines issued by the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association in 2017. Results: The prevalence of overall hypertension (48.7%), including stage 1 (28.9%) and 2 (19.8%) hypertension, increased significantly in SCH patients compared with euthyroid subjects. With elevated serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) level, the hypertension prevalence also increased significantly from the euthyroid to different SCH subgroups, which was more profound in females or subjects aged <65 years. The age- and sex-specific regression analysis further demonstrated the same trends in the general population and in the 1:1 propensity matched population. Similarly, several BP components (i.e., systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial BP) were positively associated with TSH elevation, and regression analysis also confirmed that all BP components were closely related with SCH in female subjects aged <65 years. Conclusion The prevalence of hypertension increases for patients with SCH. SCH tends to be associated with hypertension and BP components in females younger than 65 years.

Objective:To observe the efficacy and safety of mechanical thrombectomy with retrievable stent in patients with acute basilar artery occlusion (ABAO).Methods:Twenty-five patients with ABAO admitted to our hospital from December 2016 to October 2019 were chosen in our study. In patients who were eligible for intravenous thrombolysis and had onset within 4.5 h, mechanical thrombectomy with Solitaire AB stent was performed besides intravenous thrombolysis. In patients who had contraindications for intravenous thrombolysis or had onset within 4.5-24 h, mechanical thrombectomy with Solitaire AB stent or mechanical thrombectomy with Solitaire AB stent combined with balloon dilatation and stenting were performed. The prognoses of the patients were determined by modified Rankin scale (mRS) 90 d after surgery. The clinical data and efficacy of the patients were analyzed retrospectively, and the differences in clinical data and prognoses between patients with cardiogenic embolization and those with large artery atherosclerosis were compared.Results:Twenty-four patients had successful recanalization, and one failed. Follow-up for 90 d showed that 11 patients had good prognosis, 8 had poor prognosis, and 6 died. In patients with cardiogenic embolization, the occlusion sites were located in the upper segment of the basilar artery ( n=4) and the middle segment of the basilar artery ( n=10); in patients with large-artery atherosclerosis, occlusion sites were located in the middle segment of the basilar artery ( n=6) and the under segment of the basilar artery ( n=5); the distribution of basilar artery occlusion sites between patients with cardiogenic embolization and those with large artery atherosclerosis was statistically different ( P<0.05). The mRS scores 90 d after surgery showed no significant differences ( P>0.05). Conclusion:Mechanical thrombectomy with retrievable stent is safe and feasible for patients with ABAO, and the occlusion sites of the basilar artery in ABAO may indicate the etiology of occlusion.

Objective: To explore HIV-1 drug resistance and influencing factors among people living with HIV/AIDS before antiretroviral therapy in Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture (Liangshan). Methods: Between January 1 and June 30, in both 2017 and 2018, a cross-sectional survey was conducted in Liangshan HIV-1 pol sequences were gathered and analyzed according to WHO Guidelines on HIV drug resistance surveillance of 2014. Both HyPhy 2.2.4 and Cytoscape 3.6.1 software were used to analyze the drug resistant strains of HIV-1 transmission network. Results: A total of 464 people living with HIV/AIDS was recruited. The proportion of HIV-1 CRF07_BC subtype was 88.6% (411/464), with HIV-1 drug resistance rate was 9.9% (46/464). The HIV-1 drug resistance rates of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI), nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors(NRTI) and protease inhibitors (PI) were 6.7% (31/464), 1.9% (9/464) and 0.4% (2/464) respectively. New recombinant strains of HIV-1 URF_01BC subtype was independently clustered according to the drug resistant mutation sites. Results from the multivariate logistic analysis showed that injected drug users group had higher risk on HIV-1 drug resistance (aOR=3.03, 95%CI:1.40-6.54) than heterosexual group among people living with HIV/AIDS. Conclusions HIV-1 drug resistance rate had already been in a high level before antiretroviral therapy was in place. The newly identified recombinant strains of HIV-1 URF_01BC subtype were independently clustered according to the drug resistant mutation sites. It was necessary to strengthen the prevention of the HIV-1 drug resistant strains transmission.

The assay was used in HIV/AIDS surveillance sentinel sites to identify recent HIV-1 infection, to estimate HIV-1 incidence and understand the epidemic trends among men who have sex with men during 2011-2015. During 2011-2015, the HIV-1 incidence of men who have sex with men was 5.16%(95%CI: 4.65%-5.66%) in Sichuan Province. According to, a total of 9 cities had been divided into two type of regions: the first type(the proportion of live HIV/AIDS accounts for more than 0.1% of the permanent population, and the number of live HIV/AIDS has reached 500 cases and above) and the second type(the proportion of live HIV/AIDS accounts for 0.03% to 0.100% of the permanent population, and the number of live HIV/AIDS has reached 100-500 cases). During 2011-2015, the HIV-1 incidence of the second type was 4.24% (95%CI: 3.72%-4.76%). The HIV-1 incidence of men who have sex with men was at a high level. The spread of HIV-1 to the second region was possible.