Objective To analyze the immune effect of combined use of inactivated foot-and-mouth disease vaccine(IFMDV),goat pox vaccine(GPV) and live Brucella vaccine(LBV), and to provide a new and efficient immunization model for the prevention and treatment of bovine diseases in China.Methods Twenty healthy calves were immunized with IFMDV and GPV to observe the adverse reactions after immunization. The antibody levels against foot-and-mouth disease and bovine nodular skin disease in serum were determined by liquid phase blocking ELISA and competitive ELISA respectively. Twenty healthy calves were immunized with IFMDV and LBV to observe the adverse reactions after immunization, and the serum antibody levels against foot-and-mouth disease and Brucella were determined by liquid phase blocking ELISA and tube agglutination test respectively. Finally, IFMDV, LBV and GPV were combined to immunize twenty healthy calves, and the adverse reactions of the immunized calves were observed. The serum antibody levels against foot-and-mouth disease,Brucella and bovine nodular skin disease were determined by liquid phase blocking ELISA, tube agglutination test and competitive ELISA respectively.Results No serious adverse reactions were observed in IFMDV combined with GPV or LBV immunized calves. The level of GPV antibody in serum of calves immunized with IFMDV and GPV at the same time was significantly higher than that of calves immunized with GPV alone. The level of LBV antibody in serum of calves immunized with IFMDV and LBV at the same time was higher than that of calves immunized with LBV alone. In the combined immunization group with IFMDV, GPV and LBV, the antibody levels of GPV and LBV in serum of calves were both higher than those of calves with single immunization.Conclusion IFMDV combined with GPV and LBV has good safety, and can improve the immune effect of GPV and LBV.

As the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2(SARS-CoV-2)pandemic continues to spread globally,its genome is undergoing mutations and evolution,giving rise to various strains such as α,β,γ,and δ.Therefore,the continuous development of drugs and vaccines targeting the various strains has become pivotal to addressing the COVID-19 pandemic.Establishing animal models of SARS-CoV-2 enables study of the pathogenesis of the virus and is crucial for evaluating the efficacy of drugs and vaccines against SARS-CoV-2.However,commonly used animal models such as mice exhibit limited susceptibility to wildtype SARS-CoV-2 infection,underscoring the urgent need for animal models that can be infected with the novel coronavirus and better simulate the human pathological and physiological conditions.This review summarizes the animal models used to study SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission,and their progress in characterizing the viral immunopathology.

Objective To observe and compare the effects of four methods of anesthesia in patients with anorectal surgery.Methods One hundred patients with anorectal surgery were equally divided into the group Ⅰ (low-dose epidural anesthesia),group Ⅱ (epidural anesthesia),group Ⅲ (caudal) and group Ⅳ (local anesthesia) based on a random draw principles,each group of 25 cases.The onset time of anesthesia,patient satisfaction,postoperative adverse reaction and hemodynamics were observed in the 4 groups.Results The anesthesia onset time in the group Ⅰ and group Ⅳ were (4.12 ±2.11) min and (3.69 ±1.11) min,significantly shorter than group Ⅱ and group Ⅲ ((10.34 ±3.10) min and (12.55±3.23) min,P＜0.05).Anesthesia satisfaction of four groups were 96.0％ (24/25),84.0％ (21/25),64.0％ (16/25) and 40.0％ (10/25),the differences among 4 groups were statistically significant (P＜0.05),and the anesthesia satisfaction of guoup Ⅰ was the best.Four groups of postoperative urinary retention difference were not statistically significant (P＞0.05),but the postoperative nausea and vomiting(n =3),referred pain (n =12),headaches (n=4) and other adverse events in the group Ⅳ were significantly higher than the other 3 groups(P＜0.05).Differences between-groups and inner-group were not statistically significant of the intraoperative mean arterial pressure,oxygen saturation and pulse rates of the four groups (P＞ 0.05).Conclusion Compare to other anesthetic methods,low-dose epidural anesthesia in anorectal surgery applications with faster onset time of anesthesia and anesthesia satisfaction results,it has litter adverse reactions and maintain stable hemodynamics body,worthy applications.