Objective:To evaluate the efficacy of robot-assisted Y-V plasty (RAYV) and laparoscopic Y-V plasty (LYV) in the treatment of refractory bladder neck contracture (BNC) after BPH surgery.Methods:A retrospective analysis was performed for the clinical data of 42 patients with refractory BNC after BPH surgery from January 2020 to July 2023, including 18 RAYV and 24 LYV. There were no significant differences between both groups( P>0.05) in term of median age [68(62, 81) years vs. 70(61, 76) years], median body mass index [20.7(17.6, 26.1) kg/m 2 vs. 19.8(16.3, 25.3) kg/m 2], median Q max [9.4(5.6, 13.2) ml/s vs. 8.9(6.2, 12.2)ml/s], median IPSS [20.5(15, 23) vs. 21.1(17, 23)], median QOL score [4.6 (4, 6) points vs. 4.8 (4, 6) points] and median postvoid residual volume [84.7(58, 125)ml vs. 78.3(50, 120)ml]. Preoperative examination of one patient in the RAYV group showed no contractile function of the external urethral sphincter.The surgical procedure was basically the same for both groups: entering into the retropubic space, and incision of the anterior wall of bladder and prostate urethra was performed in an inverted Y-shaped. After excising the scar around the anterior wall of bladder neck, the apex of inverted V-shaped bladder wall flap is brought to the base of the Y-shaped incision using two 3-0 running suture. The catheter was removed 2 weeks after surgery. Perioperative and follow-up data were compared between the two groups. Results:All surgeries were successfully completed without complications. The difference between RAYV and the LYV group in operation time [71.8(50, 98)min vs. 105.9(71, 143)min] and postoperative drainage removal time [2.7(2, 4)d vs. 4.5(3, 7)d] was statistically significant ( P<0.05). There was no significant difference between both groups in term of intraoperative blood loss [50.4(20, 100) ml vs. 60.8(40, 150) ml] and postoperative hospital stay [4.1(3, 5)d vs. 4.6(3, 7)d]( P>0.05). All patients were followed up with a median follow-up of 16.5(2, 41) months. There was no significant difference between RAYV and LYV in term of postoperative Q max [27.9(11.7, 37.6) ml/s vs. 22.4(12.3, 31.5)ml/s], IPSS[5.1(4, 9) points vs. 4.8(4, 10) points], QOL[1.6(1, 3) points vs. 1.5(1, 3) points] and postvoid residual volume [5.6(0, 15) ml vs. 7.2(5, 20) ml] ( P>0.05). The postoperative bladder neck patency rates in the RAYV group and the LYV group were 94.4%(17/18) and 95.8%(23/24), respectively, with no significant difference( P>0.05). In terms of urinary continence, 1 patient in the RAYV group had no contractile function of the external urethral sphincter before surgery, and none of the 41 patients with good preoperative continence had urinary incontinence after surgery. Conclusions:The effect of RAYV in the treatment of refractory BNC after BPH surgery is comparable to that of LYV, but RAYV can shorten the operation time and postoperative drainage time.

Ureteral stenosis and bladder contracture after radiotherapy for cervical cancer are challenging issues in urology. Ileal ureteroplasty combined with ileal bladder augmentation is a potential method to improve hydronephrosis and voiding function of patients, however, the surgical procedure is complex, with high surgical risks and numerous intraoperative and postoperative complications, which have hindered the widespread application of this surgical technique. This article introduces our hospital's experience through a typical surgical case. During the surgery, ileal substitution for bilateral ureters was performed in combination with ileal " N-shaped" augmentation. Two weeks after the surgery, the single-J stent was removed, and the urinary catheter was removed three weeks after the surgery. The patient achieved voluntary urination control with smooth voiding. Follow-up examinations at 3 months and 18 months postoperatively showed no hydronephrosis in the bilateral ureters, normal renal function, and a significantly expanded bladder capacity.

Objective:To explore the efficacy of pedicled bladder muscle flap in the repair of urinary tract obstruction.Methods:The data of 26 patients with urinary tract obstruction admitted to Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine from March 2016 to June 2021 were retrospectively reviewed. There were 14 males and 12 females, with the age ranged from 2 to 75 years old. Refractory bladder neck obstruction after prostatic hyperplasia surgery in 12 cases, with the age of (70.0±3.5) years old.They all experienced at least 2 times of transurethral stenosis incisionor resection. Transpubic cystostomy tube was placed in 9 patients. Posttraumatic pelvic fractures lead to bladder neck atresia and urethral injury in 6 girls, with the age of (10.5±2.1) years old. The bladder neck atresia and urethral obliteration length was 1-2 cm determined by urethrography. Eight cases suffered ureteral strictures after gynecological myomectomy or ureteroscopy holmium laser lithotripsy(4 cases of each type), including two males and six females, with the age of (55.0±3.2) years old. The length of ureteral stricture or defect was 5-6 cm determined by intravenous urography(IVU) or CT urography(CTU). The patients with bladder neck obstruction underwent the following surgery: The "Y" incision of the bladder and stenosis of the prostate urethra was performed and the pedicled bladder muscle flap was inserted into the normal urethral mucosa to complete the Y-V plasty. In the 6 girl patients, pedicled bladder muscle flap(2-4 cm) augmented reconstruction were performed. All above 18 patients, whose urethral catheter was indwelled for 3-4 weeks, urinary flow rate and urethroscopy examination were performed to evaluate the effect of surgery 4 weeks and 3 months after the operation. As the 8 cases with ureteral strictures, the pedicled bladder muscle flap (7-8 cm) ureteroplasty was performed and the ureteral stent was retained for 4 weeks. Ultrasonography and IVU/CTU were performed 4 weeks and 3 months postoperatively. The patency of the ureteral lumen and whether it is accompanied by hydronephrosis, lower back pain, and urinary tract infection were assessed.Results:All patients underwent pedicled bladder muscle flap reconstructive surgery successfully and no serious complications occurred postoperatively. The patients were followed up for (8.2± 2.2) months. As urethral catheters were removed, 10 patients with refractory neck obstruction could return to normal urination with the urinary flow Q max (17.2±2.8)ml/s, while 2 patient had dysuria and were treated with regular urethral dilatation. The catheter was removed 4 weeks after the reconstructive surgery in 6 girls with bladder neck atresia and urethral injury after posttraumatic pelvic fracture. Five could successfully urinate with the urinary flow Q max of (16.7±1.1)ml/s, and one girl had urinary incontinence, waiting for further operation.The ureteral stent was removed after ureteroplasty in 8 patients. CTU and IVU examination showed no ureters with obstruction.No one had low back pain, discomfort, or urinary tract infection. Conclusions:The reconstruction using the pedicled bladder muscle flap was a convenient, minimally invasive and effective technique for the management of adjacent lower ureters, bladder neck, and proximal urethra.

Objective:To explore the module of the construction and application of medical first-aid at the door of the space capsule and the air evacuation.Methods:According to the purpose, principle, and method set by the module, it was divided into two sub-modules: medical first-aid at the door of the space capsule and the air evacuation. During the comprehensive first-aid training, independent training and combined training were carried out respectively according to different mission stages of launch and recovery and different recovery terrain. Meanwhile, research was performed to ensure that medical carrying equipment was lightweight, modular, and portable, and the efficiency of modularization construction was tested in the comprehensive training.Results:The module of medical first-aid at the door of the space capsule and the air evacuation obviously shortened the rescuing time during the comprehensive training, the saving effect was remarkable, and the overall saving efficiency was significantly improved.Conclusions:The module of medical first-aid at the door of the space capsule and the air evacuation meet the requirements that the emergency support system of aerospace medicine should function on an immediate basis, ensuring accurate treatment and air evacuation without any delay, so that to achieve the aim of aerospace medicare.

Objective:To investigated the efficacy and safety of transurethral bladder neck incision and laparoscopic modified bladder neck Y-V plasty in the treatment of bladder neck contracture (BNC)after transurethral resection of prostate (TURP).Methods:The clinical data of 57 patients with BNC after TURP who were treated in the Department of Urology, Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine from January 2013 to December 2022 were retrospectively analyzed.And the patients were divided into two groups based on the different surgical approaches. There were 22 cases in the transurethral bladder neck incision group, with an average age of (73.75±7.62) years and the preoperative urinary flow Q max of (3.92±2.73) ml/s. The preoperative International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) was (26.92±3.34) points, and the quality of life (QOL) score was (4.83±0.72) points. There were 35 cases in laparoscopic modified bladder neck Y-V plasty group, with an average age of (68.57±9.31) years and the preoperative urinary flow Q max of (2.56±1.27)ml/s. The preoperative IPSS was (27.08±3.06) points, and the QOL score was (5.08±0.84) points. The patients underwent transurethral bladder neck incision: Scar tissue was incised at 3, 9, and 12 o'clock in the bladder neck, and the incision depth reached the external fat of the bladder neck at 3 and 9 o'clock. Patients with significantly elevated bladder neck were treated with plasma electrosurgical resection to remove scar tissue. The patients underwent laparoscopic modified bladder neck Y-V plasty: After proper exposition of the bladder neck, the scar tissue was excised. the anterior bladder wall was incised in an inverted Y-shaped manner, the apex of the V-shaped flap was sutured to the distal urethrotomy to create a widened bladder neck. The postoperative urinary flow Q max, IPSS, and QOL of the two groups were compared. Results:All patients underwent surgeries successfully, with a one-time success rate of 94.3% (33/35) in the laparoscopic modified bladder neck Y-V plasty group, which was higher than the one-time success rate of 68.2% (15/22) in the transurethral bladder neck incision group( P<0.01). There were statistically significant difference in operation time [(31.75±12.81)min vs. (68.57±22.36)min] and postoperative hospital stay [(1.73±0.94)d vs. (5.17±2.12)d] between the transurethral bladder neck incision group and the laparoscopic modified bladder neck Y-V plasty group ( P<0.05). The median follow-up period was 12.6 (7.3, 27.8) months. The IPSS of the transurethral bladder neck incision group and the laparoscopic modified bladder neck Y-V plasty group were (9.92±2.56) points and (7.16±2.21) points, respectively. The QOL was (2.76±1.24) points and (1.31±0.95) points, respectively. The urinary flow Q max at 6 months after operation was (15.13±4.68)ml/s and (19.96±4.17)ml/s, respectively. There was statistical significance( P<0.05). Conclusions:Both laparoscopic modified bladder neck Y-V plasty and transurethral bladder neck incision are safe and effective in the treatment of BNC after TURP, and laparoscopic modified bladder neck Y-V plasty has a better clinical therapeutic effect.

Objective:To explore the treatment experience of holmium laser enucleation of prostate (HoLEP) with preservation of longitudinal urethral mucosa at 12 o’clock for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) with small-medium gland.Method:From October 2018 to April 2021, 256 patients diagnosed BPH with small-medium gland(prostate volume 30-60 ml)were retrospectively analyzed, including general information, way of operation, intraoperative parameters and follow-up data. From October 2018 to June 2020, 186 BPH patients underwent conventional HoLEP, which did not retain longitudinal urethral mucosa at 12 o’clock as a conventional operation group. From July 2020 to April 2021, 70 BPH patients underwent modified HoLEP, which retained longitudinal urethral mucosa at 12 o’clock as a modified operation group. There was no significant difference between the two groups( P>0.05) in term of the age[(70.5±4.4)years old vs.(68.5±3.2)years old], Q max[(7.5±2.8)ml/s vs.(7.5±2.1)ml/s], IPSS[(20.3±4.6)vs.(21.4±3.7)], QOL[(4.5±1.0)vs.(4.2±1.4)], postvoid residual volume[(126.9±29.36)ml vs.(132.2±32.3)ml], PSA[(1.5±1.3)ng/ml vs.(1.8±1.1)ng/ml] and prostate volume[(48.1±11.1)ml vs.(48.0±12.7)ml]. Both groups were treated with "trefoil" enucleation of prostate. The modified group was improved compared with the conventional group by retaining a 12 o’clock longitudinal urethra mucosa from the bladder neck to the apex of the prostate. The technical improvements were as follows: ①the left lobe of prostate was removed from at 5 o’clock at the verumontanum to 1 o’clock at the prostate apex along the gap between the hyperplasia gland and the surgical envelope; ②the right lobe was removed from 7 o’clock at the verumontanum to 11 o’clock at the apex; ③the urethra mucous membrane was cut vertically from 1 and 11 o’clock at the bladder neck to 1 and 11 o’clock at the apex respectively, and retaining the longitudinal mucous membrane between 11 and 1 o’clock (including 12 o’clock). Efficacy and postoperative complications of the two groups were compared. Results:The difference between the conventional group and the modified group in operation time[(36.5±10.4)min vs.(40.7±9.7)min], enucleated glandular weight[(35.5±12.2)g vs.(31.6±10.4)g], hemoglobin decline[(6.1±2.2)g/L vs.(5.6±2.5) g/L], postoperative hospitalization time [(1.2±0.2)d vs.(1.5±0.4)d]and catheter indwelling duration[(2.3±1.3)d vs.(2.0±1.0)d] were not statistically significant ( P>0.05). There were 252 patients for follow-up, including 183 cases in the conventional group and 69 cases in the modified group, and 4 cases were lost to follow-up. Mean time of follow-up was 8.4 months. In both groups, postoperative IPSS were 5.4±2.3 and 5.9±1.2 respectively, QOL1.5±0.3 and 2.0±1.0 respectively, Q max(24.3±9.2)ml/s and (22.5±11.3)ml/s respectively and postvoid residual volume (8.3±4.5)ml and (7.7±2.9)ml respectively, which were significantly different from that before the operation ( P<0.05). However, there was not significant difference between the two groups ( P>0.05). The postoperative immediate urinary continence rate of the conventional group and modified group were 85.2% (156/183), 98.6% (68/69), respectively, and two groups had statistical differences ( P<0.05). Incidence of postoperative bladder neck contraction were 4.4% (8/183) and 0 respectively in the conventional and modified group, whose difference was significant( P<0.05). Conclusions:HoLEP with preservation of longitudinal urethral mucosa at 12 o'clock is the same effective as conventional operation in the treatment of BPH with small-medium gland, likewise it could significantly improve immediate urinary continence rate and reduce the incidence of bladder neck contraction.

There are few reports on laparoscopic repair of traumatic atresia of bladder neck. In this study, three patients with traumatic atresia of bladder neck were repaired by laparoscopic surgery, and the surgery was successfully completed. During postoperative follow-up, the patients had smooth urination, no urinary incontinence and sexual function damage, and laparoscopic surgery was effective in repairing traumatic atresia of bladder neck.

We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 21 patients diagnosed with BPH combined with mild urethra stenosis from January 2018 to December 2020. 12 patients underwent holmium laser enucleation of prostate (HoLEP). There were 3 cases of serious urethra stenosis requiring repeat surgical treatment after surgery, 9 cases of unobstructed voiding, 4 cases of reverse ejaculation and 2 cases of temporary urinary incontinence. 9 patients underwent laparoscopic simple prostatectomy (LSP) and all patients had unobstructed voiding. There were no cases of severe urethral stricture, temporary urinary incontinence and retrograde ejaculation in LSP group. LSP has reduced the risk of a repeat urethral surgery because of transurethral operation increasing the degree of urethra stenosis.

Objective:To investigate the clinical efficacy of induced membrane technique in the staged treatment of adult chronic hematogenous osteomyelitis (CHOM) of long bone.Methods:The clinical data were retrospectively analyzed of the 22 adult patients with CHOM of long bone who had been admitted to the 920th Hospital, Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA from January 2016 to December 2019. There were 18 males and 4 females, aged from 16 to 56 years (average, 31.81 years). Their disease duration ranged from 0.6 to 42.0 years, averaging 18.4 years. By the Cierny-Mader anatomical classification, 4 cases were type Ⅰ, 6 cases Type Ⅲ, and 12 cases type Ⅳ. In the first stage, the bone defects were filled with antibiotic bone cement after thorough debridement. In the second stage when the infection had been controlled, the bone defects were repaired with bone grafts after removal of the bone cement. Bone healing time and complications were followed up. The treatment effects were evaluated by comparisons of the infection control indexes [including clinical manifestations like local redness, swelling, pus, and pain, and blood white blood cell count, C-Reactive protein (CRP), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) as well] before the primary surgery, before the secondary surgery and at the last follow-up.Results:The volumes of the bone defects after stage-one debridement ranged from 54 cm 3 to 176 cm 3 (mean, 90.9 cm 3). All patients were followed up for 20 to 51 months (mean, 30.1 months) after surgery. All bone defects healed after 4 to 11 months (mean, 6.6 months). Postoperatively, infection developed at the bone extraction site of the posterior superior iliac spine in 3 cases and pain was observed at the donor site in one case, but the conditions were relieved after symptomatic treatment. Fracture and plate breakage occurred at the bone defect site in one case who had fallen down 7 months after operation, but responded to reoperation. The last follow-up revealed such symptoms as redness, swelling and pus discharge in none of the patients. The white blood cell count [(5.70 ± 1.57) × 10 9/L and (5.65 ± 1.58) × 10 9/L], CRP [(7.56 ± 2.57) mg/L and (7.25 ± 3.83) mg/L] and ESR [(9.64 ± 2.90) mm/h and (10.55 ± 5.23) mm/h] before the secondary surgery and at the last follow-up were significantly lower than those before the primary surgery [(8.24 ± 2.18) × 10 9/L, (49.54 ± 19.56) mg/L, and (42.68 ± 13.77) mm/h] (all P < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences between the indexes before the secondary surgery and at the last follow-up ( P > 0.05). Conclusion:In the staged treatment of adult CHOM of long bone, the induced membrane technique can effectively control infection, achieve repair of bone defects, and reduce complications.

Objective:To compare efficacy and erectile function outcome of Non-transecting Urethroplasty (NTU)with excision and primary anastomotic urethroplasty(EPA) in the management of bulbar urethral stricture.Method:A retrospective analysis of the case data of 73 patients with bulbar urethral stricture admitted to Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital from January 2016 to December 2019. The patients are 18 to 60 years old, because of the stenosis of the bulbous urethra, the length of the stenosis is less than 2 cm, and there is no history of urethral surgery, no multiple urethral stricture, and no obvious ED before surgery. According to the operation method, the patients were divided into 25 cases in NTU group and 48 cases in EPA group. The ages of the NTU group and the EPA group were (39.2±9.4) years and (42.1±9.3) years, respectively. The course of the disease was 6.0(3.0-14.0) months and 6.5(3.0-11.0) months, respectively, and the body mass index was (23.7±3.2) kg/m 2 and (24.5±2.7) kg/m 2, the preoperative maximum urine flow rate (Q max) was (8.7±4.3) ml/s and (7.9±4.6) ml/s, respectively, and the length of the stenosis was respectively (1.7±0.4) cm and (1.8±0.2) cm, the preoperative International Erectile Function Questionnaire (IIEF-5) was (20.9±1.9) points and (21.3±2.1) points, respectively, the difference was not statistically significant ( P>0.05). The etiology of NTU group and EPA group were 8 cases (32.0%) and 31 cases (64.6%) of trauma, 11 cases (44.0%) and 9 cases (18.8%) of iatrogenic injury, and 6 cases (24.0%) and 8 cases (16.7%), the difference was statistically significant ( P=0.023). All operations were performed by the same team of doctors. The urethral scar was assessed during the operation. If the scar tissue can be completely removed without breaking the urethra, NTU is performed. The distal end of the urethra is cut at the dorsal side of the narrow segment of the urethra, and the urethral scar is removed in a transverse wedge shape. The urethra is sutured; otherwise, EPA is performed, the urethra is completely cut off, the stricture of the urethra and surrounding scar tissue is completely removed, and the urethra end-to-end anastomosis is performed. Record the operation time and intraoperative bleeding. Difficulty urinating after surgery, urethral microscopy and urethral angiography showed that the urethral stricture at the surgical site was defined as a failure of the operation. The urinary catheter was removed 3 weeks after surgery, urine flow rate was measured at 3 weeks, 6 months, and 12 months after surgery, erectile function was evaluated 12 months after surgery, and urethral angiography was performed 1 to 2 years after surgery. Result:All 73 operations in this study were successfully completed. The operation time of NTU group and EPA group were (67.6±11.3) min and (62.7±10.1) min, respectively, and the difference was not statistically significant ( P=0.063); intraoperative blood loss was (71.6±16.2) ml and (86.0±20.8) ml, the difference was statistically significant ( P=0.004). The postoperative median follow-up time was 18.0 months (13-38 months). The surgical success rates of the NTU group and EPA group were 92.0%(23/25) and 93.8%(45/48), respectively. The Q max of the NTU group and the EPA group were (26.7±3.6) ml/s and (28.1±8.7) ml/s, (25.2±3.5) ml/s and (26.7±8.1) ml/s, (25.0±4.3) ml/s and (26.2±7.2) ml/s; the IIEF-5 scores were (21.8±1.6) and (20.6±2.9) points respectively at 12 months after operation, the difference was both No statistical significance ( P>0.05). There was a statistically significant difference in IIEF-5 between NTU group and preoperative ( P=0.023). Conclusion:NTU can achieve the same outcomes as EPA in the management of bulbar urethral stricture. More importantly, the continuance of bulbar urethra is attained and avoiding rupture of bulbar cavernous artery, so as to protect the blood supply of penile and erectile function. NTU is a minimally invasive, feasible surgical method, which is advised for the patients with shorter stricture segment and fewer fibrosis.