Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is a cerebrovascular disease characterized by high morbidity, disability, and mortality, posing a significant threat to human health. Endovascular treatment has now been established as a key method for AIS management, in which stent retrievers that can mechanically remove blood clots play a key role in this technique. In recent years, stent retrievers have evolved in complexity and functionality to improve the ability of clot removing and surgical safety. However, the present instruments still have limitations on treatment efficiency, vascular adaptability, and operational precision, posing an urgent need for innovation in the design of stent retrievers. This paper systematically reviewed the structural features and working principles of AIS stent retrievers from the perspective of efficacy evaluation metrics, historical development, recent advancements in stent retrieval technology, and future prospects.
Humans ; Ischemic Stroke/surgery* ; Stents ; Endovascular Procedures/methods* ; Thrombectomy/methods* ; Device Removal/methods*

Objective:To explore the clinical outcome and applicability of the comb flap technique and stepwise design concept in plastic aesthetic and reconstructive surgery.Methods:The clinical data of patients who underwent plastic aesthetic and reconstructive surgery with the comb flap technique in Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine from January 2018 to December 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. The application of the comb flap technique follows the concept of stepwise design, that was, preoperative and intraoperative design and adjustment were carried out step by step and in sequence, and the design was combined with the surgical procedure. Its main operations included: an incision was designed along the edge of the target area, the tissue flap was widely separated at the base of the target area. The tissue flap was cut in sequence perpendicular to the cutting edge and temporarily sutured and fixed, the edge was cut and fixed. During the operation, the tension of the incision and the local appearance could be adjusted. The incisal edge was finely sutured, and the temporary suture was finally removed. The healing of surgical incision and complications were observed after the operation, and the facial recovery and surgical effect were followed up.Results:Six patients were enrolled, including 3 males and 3 females, aged from 2 to 58 years. One patient underwent upper eyelid tightening and lower eyelid blepharoplasty through subeyebrow incision. One patient underwent middle and lower face rhytidectomy. One patient underwent thick lip thinning and right facial liposuction. One patient underwent facial congenital melanocytic nevi resection. One patient underwent eyebrow congenital melanocytic nevus resection. One patient underwent facial flap repair. All patients had primary healing of incision, and no surgery-related complications occurred. All patients were followed up for 3 to 18 months, and all patients were satisfied with the surgical effect.Conclusion:The application of comb flap technique and stepwise design concept in plastic aesthetic and reconstructive surgery can delicately adjust the alignment of the incision margin, make the tension evenly distributed, and reduce the risk of scar formation and deformity after the operation. It has a wide range of clinical applications and good applicability.

Objective:To explore the clinical outcome and applicability of the comb flap technique and stepwise design concept in plastic aesthetic and reconstructive surgery.Methods:The clinical data of patients who underwent plastic aesthetic and reconstructive surgery with the comb flap technique in Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine from January 2018 to December 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. The application of the comb flap technique follows the concept of stepwise design, that was, preoperative and intraoperative design and adjustment were carried out step by step and in sequence, and the design was combined with the surgical procedure. Its main operations included: an incision was designed along the edge of the target area, the tissue flap was widely separated at the base of the target area. The tissue flap was cut in sequence perpendicular to the cutting edge and temporarily sutured and fixed, the edge was cut and fixed. During the operation, the tension of the incision and the local appearance could be adjusted. The incisal edge was finely sutured, and the temporary suture was finally removed. The healing of surgical incision and complications were observed after the operation, and the facial recovery and surgical effect were followed up.Results:Six patients were enrolled, including 3 males and 3 females, aged from 2 to 58 years. One patient underwent upper eyelid tightening and lower eyelid blepharoplasty through subeyebrow incision. One patient underwent middle and lower face rhytidectomy. One patient underwent thick lip thinning and right facial liposuction. One patient underwent facial congenital melanocytic nevi resection. One patient underwent eyebrow congenital melanocytic nevus resection. One patient underwent facial flap repair. All patients had primary healing of incision, and no surgery-related complications occurred. All patients were followed up for 3 to 18 months, and all patients were satisfied with the surgical effect.Conclusion:The application of comb flap technique and stepwise design concept in plastic aesthetic and reconstructive surgery can delicately adjust the alignment of the incision margin, make the tension evenly distributed, and reduce the risk of scar formation and deformity after the operation. It has a wide range of clinical applications and good applicability.

Objective:To investigate the clinicopathological characteristics of acidophil stem cell pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNET)/adenoma.Methods:Five cases of acidophil stem cell PitNET/adenoma were diagnosed between May 2022 and July 2023 at the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China. The clinicopathological features of the tumor were analyzed by using histology, immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopy. The relevant literature was reviewed.Results:There were 1 male and 4 females, aged from 23 to 69 years. Patient 3 was 55 years old at the time of diagnosis and first surgery, and relapsed 5 years later. The patients′ median age was 32 years. Patients 1 and 5 showed elevated blood prolactin, with various degrees of hormonal symptoms except Patient 3, who showed only tumor compression symptoms. Imaging studies showed that all cases involved the sellar floor. The tumors of Patients 1, 2 and 5 were closely related to the cavernous sinus segment of the internal carotid artery. The tumors exhibited a diffuse growth pattern with chromophobic to slightly acidophilic cytoplasm. A few of tumor cells showed chromophobic cytoplasm. The nucleoli were conspicuous. Intranuclear inclusion bodies and variably-sized clear vacuoles were observed occasionally. Under electron microscope, marked mitochondrial abnormalities were observed, including increased mitochondria number, expanded hypertrophy, and absence of mitochondrial ridge fracture. Some mitochondrial matrices were dense, while some were vacuolated.Conclusions:Acidophil stem cell PitNET/adenoma is a rare type of pituitary adenomas/PitNETs. It often has a more clinically aggressive manner with immature cells, diffuse expression of PIT1, prolactin, and varying degrees of growth hormone expression. Because of the obvious diversity of their clinical hormone status and hormone immune expression, the diagnosis of this type tumor is still a challenge.

Objective:To explore the clinical and imaging characteristics of patients with unruptured intracranial aneurysms accompanied by sentinel headache.Methods:Forty patients with unruptured intracranial aneurysms confirmed by DSA/CTA and accompanied by sentinel headache admitted to Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xiangnan University from January 2018 to August 2023 were selected as the study subjects; the clinical and imaging characteristics of these patients were summarized. Forty-four patients with unruptured intracranial aneurysms without sentinel headache and 40 patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage caused by ruptured intracranial aneurysms admitted to the hospital at the same period were selected as controls. The differences in aneurysm length (maximum diameter), morphology, tumor length (maximum diameter)/neck width (AR), and risk score for rupture of intracranial aneurysms (scores of population, hypertension, age, size of aneurysm, earlier aneurysm rupture, site of aneurysm [PHASES]) among the 3 groups were analyzed.Results:Among the 40 patients with unruptured intracranial aneurysms accompanied by sentinel headache, 20 (50%) presented with pain localized at the lateral frontal and orbital regions, 3 (7.5%) with pain at the posterior neck region, and 17 (42.5%) with irregular headache sites; 34 (85%) had new onset headache, and 6 (15%) had changes in headache nature besides chronic headache; 24 patients (60%) had posterior communicating artery aneurysm, 12 (30%) had internal carotid artery aneurysm, 1 (2.5%) had middle cerebral artery aneurysm, and 3 (7.5%) had vertebral artery dissection aneurysm; 36 (90%) had irregular aneurysm morphology. Compared with patients with unruptured intracranial aneurysms without sentinel headache, patients with unruptured intracranial aneurysms accompanied by sentinel headache and those with subarachnoid hemorrhage caused by ruptured intracranial aneurysms had larger aneurysm length (maximum diameter), higher proportion of irregular morphology, higher AR value, and higher PHASES scores, with significant differences ( P<0.05). Compared with patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage caused by ruptured intracranial aneurysms, patients with unruptured intracranial aneurysms accompanied by sentinel headache had larger aneurysm length (maximum diameter) and higher PHASES scores, with significant differences ( P<0.05). Conclusion:Sentinel headache is common in patients with unruptured posterior communicating artery aneurysms, and the relatively specific headache pattern is sudden periorbital pain or posterior neck pain; patients with unruptured intracranial aneurysms accompanied by sentinel headache have a higher rupture risk due to the larger size, more irregular shape, higher AR value of the aneurysm, therefore, same attention should be payed to these patients as those with ruptured aneurysms in clinical practice.

Background::The risk for chronic kidney disease (CKD) is influenced by genetic predisposition, sex, and lifestyle. Previous research indicates that coffee is a potentially protective factor in CKD. The current study aims to investigate whether sex disparity exists in the coffee–CKD association, and whether genetic risk of CKD or genetic polymorphisms of caffeine metabolism affect this association.Methods::A total of 359,906 participants from the UK Biobank who were enrolled between 2006 and 2010 were included in this prospective cohort study, which aimed to estimate the hazard ratios for coffee intake and incident CKD using a Cox proportional hazard model. Allele scores of CKD and caffeine metabolism were additionally adjusted for in a subsample with qualified genetic data ( n = 255,343). Analyses stratified by genetic predisposition, comorbidities, and sex hormones were performed. Tests based on Bayesian model averaging were conducted to ascertain the robustness of the results. Results::Coffee was inversely associated with CKD in a dose-dependent manner. The effects of coffee did not differ across different strata of genetic risk for CKD, but were more evident among slower genetically predicted caffeine metabolizers. Significant sex disparity was observed ( P value for interaction = 0.013), in that coffee drinking was only associated with the risk reduction of CKD in females. Subgroup analysis revealed that testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), but not estradiol, modified the coffee–CKD association. Conclusions::In addition to the overall inverse coffee–CKD association that was observed in the general population, we could also establish that a sex disparity existed, in that females were more likely to experience the benefit of the association. Testosterone and SHBG may partly account for the sex disparity.

Objective:To understand the clinical characteristics and prognosis of Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) with skin-limited lesion.Methods:A retrospective analysis was performed on clinical characteristics and prognosis of 16 skin-limited LCH patients, out of 578 LCH patients who were hospitalized in Beijing Children′s Hospital during December 2013 to June 2018.Results:A total of 16 skin-limited LCH cases, accounted for 2.7% of all 578 cases, were included.Among which, sex ratio (male vs.female) was 1.28∶1.00.Median ages of skin eruption occurrence and of diagnosis of the disease were 3.5 months (3 days to 2 years and 5 months) and 6 months (2 months 14 days to 2 years and 8 months) in this group.Among the 16 cases, seborrheic dermatitis-like lesions(11 cases, 68.7%) was the most common, and the trunk was most frequently involved[75.0% (12 cases)]. Serine/threonine protein kinase gene V600E [ BRAF (p.V600E)] mutation was detected in pathological specimens from 10 skin-limi-ted cases, with 9 cases being positive.Plasma samples from 5 positive cases were further detected for BRAF (p.V600E) mutation, and 4 positive results were gained.Of all 16 patients, 11 cases (68.7%) were treated.Remission were achieved in 3-6 months from treatment start in patients treated whether according to the Histiocyte Society′s LCH-2009 protocol for 25 weeks(6 cases, 37.5%), or with topical mometasonefuroate for 3 months (3 cases, 18.8%). Two patients(12.5%) with solitary cutaneous lesions underwent excision biopsy (one face and one prepuce) and were considered to be in remission immediately after surgery.None of these patients suffered from the recurrence of the disease.The remaining 5 patients (31.3%) with skin-limited LCH were just evaluated regularly, and achieved remission in 3-6 months of commencing observation.Among these untreated patients, 1 with consistently positive BRAF (p.V600E) mutation in plasma had bone involvement in the 24 th month of assessment, and was then treated based on the Histiocyte Society′s LCH-2009 Protocol.No clinical or imageological evidence supporting disease progression was found on this patient.Median follow-up period was 32.8 months (2.9-63.9 months). Except one patient, none of the rest cases had active disease till follow-up ended.Two-year event free survival(EFS) of this research was (92.3± 7.4)%.There was no significant difference between EFS of treated group and that of observation group( χ2=1.250, P=0.264). Conclusions:Skin-limited LCH often occurs in infants and newborns, with strong heterogeneity in clinical manifestations, laboratory indicators, and pathogenesis.Seborrheic dermatitis-like lesions were the most common cutaneous type.The prognosis of the patients is excellent despite progressing into multisystem involvement can be seen in a few patients.

Animals ; Cdc20 Proteins/metabolism* ; Cell Line ; Embryo, Mammalian/embryology* ; Embryonic Development ; Female ; Infertility, Female/metabolism* ; Mice ; Mutation ; Oocytes/metabolism*

Distal junctional problem (DJP) is one of the severe complications after spinal correction, fixation and fusion. As the number of patients receiving spinal surgery increased recently, the incidence of DJP also increased dramatically. Compared with proximal junctional problem, the incidence of DJP is low. However, the clinical symptoms are severe, and the rate of surgical revision is high in patients with distal junctional problems. DJP include distal junctional kyphosis (DJK) and distal junctional failure(DJF). The definition of DJK is confusing, however, and the most commonly used was that the distal junction Angle at the last follow-up was greater than 10° and increased by 10° compared with that before surgery. There are 6 DJF modes: progressive loss of lumbar lordosis,acute wedging in the disc below the instrumentation, fracture of LIV, osteoporotic fracture below the long rigid fixation, failure of the instrumentation at LIV, spinal stenosis and or segmental instability underneath the instrumentation. Possible risk factors for DJP include weight, age, type of spinal deformity, osteoporosis, choice of LIV, hip disease, deformity location, surgical approach, surgical procedure, fusion segments, fixation devices, LIV at L5, fixed to S1 with no iliac screws, poor restoration of spinal alignment, et al. Currently, there are some controversies in DJP, mainly including the incidence, risk factors whether needs to and how to revise. The review intends to conduct a simple literature review of the current DJP diagnostic criteria, incidence, risk factors, and other research progress, in order to improve the understanding of the distal junction problem.

Intralesional injection is a common method among various therapeutic choices for the treatment of Infantile Hemangiomas. This article reviews the clinical application of intralesional injections for infantile hemangiomas, discusses indications for intralesional injection treatment and evaluates the safety and efficacy of different injected drugs.