BACKGROUND:Current studies have confirmed that Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides can promote nerve regeneration in neurodegeneration-related diseases.The occurrence of neurodegenerative diseases is closely related to mitochondrial dysfunction,but the role of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides on the regulation of apoptosis and mitochondrial function in neurodegenerative diseases is not yet clarified. OBJECTIVE:To explore the regulatory effects and mechanisms of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides on apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction in H2O2-induced SH-SY5Y cells. METHODS:SH-SY5Y cells were divided into three groups:control group,H2O2 group,and Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides group.Cells in the control group were normally cultured.Cells in the H2O2 group were treated with 300 μmol/L H2O2 for 24 hours.In the Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides group,the intervention with 300 μg/L Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides was conducted first for 1-2 hours,followed by the addition of 300 μmol/L H2O2 for 24 hours.The mitochondrial membrane potential was detected by JC-1 kit.Apoptosis was detected by TUNEL staining kit.The activities of malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase were detected by malondialdehyde test kit and superoxide dismutase test kit,respectively.The apoptosis and expression of mitochondrial dynamics-related proteins were detected by immunofluorescence staining and western blot assay. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)Compared with the control group,the mitochondrial membrane potential and superoxide dismutase activity were significantly reduced,as well as apoptotic rate and malondialdehyde levels were significantly increased in the H2O2 group(P<0.05).After treatment with Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides,the membrane potential and superoxide dismutase activities were significantly increased,and apoptotic rate and malondialdehyde levels were significantly reduced compared with the H2O2 group(P<0.05).(2)The expression levels of pro-apoptotic proteins Bax and Caspase-3 were significantly increased,but the expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 was significantly decreased in the H2O2 group compared with the control group(P<0.05).Compared with the H2O2 group,the levels of Bax and Caspase-3 were significantly decreased,but the expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 was significantly increased in the Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides group(P<0.05).(3)Compared with the control group,the expression of mitochondrial splitting proteins Fis1 and p-Drp1 was significantly increased,but the expression of mitochondrial fusion proteins OPA1,Mfn1,and Mfn2 was decreased in the H2O2 group(P<0.05).Compared with the H2O2 group,Fis1 and p-Drp1 expression was significantly reduced,but the expression levels of OPA1,Mfn1,and Mfn2 were significantly increased in the Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides group(P<0.05).(4)The above results confirm that Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides can attenuate H2O2-induced oxidative stress damage and apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells by ameliorating mitochondrial dysfunction.

Recent studies have demonstrated that bitter taste receptors are distributed not only in oral cavity but also in non-gustatory systems,such as the respiratory,digestive,reproductive and cardiovascular systems.The physiological role of bitter taste receptors is to recognize bitter substances or bacterial secretions,to trigger the immune response and to maintain the internal environmental homeosta-sis.In addition,oral bitter taste receptors are expressed not only in taste buds,perceiving bitter taste,but also in many other parts of periodontal tissues,which is the potential treatment target for oral infectious diseases.This review summarized the expression and distri-bution of oral bitter taste receptors which was off the taste buds and their roles in regulating oral inflammation and oral bacteria,dis-cussed the effects of genetic polymorphism of bitter taste receptor 38 subtype(TAS2R38)on innate immunity and its relationship with the susceptibility of dental caries and periodontal,aimed to provide novel ideas for the better prevention and treatment of dental caries and periodontal diseases.

Salmonella is an important foodborne pathogen and one of the main causes of diarrhea. Every year, about 550 million people suffer from diarrhea due to Salmonella infection, of which about 230 000 die. It has become a major global public safety issue. The application fields of Salmonella detection involve food safety, water quality monitoring, animal husbandry, public health monitoring, and medical diagnosis. The detection requirements mainly come from three aspects: pathogen identification, serotype identification, drug resistance and virulence identification. In recent years, the detection technology for Salmonella has made rapid progress, especially the emergence and development of emerging molecular detection technologies, providing new perspectives for Salmonella detection in different scenarios. However, due to the diversity of Salmonella serotypes and the complexity of detection scenarios, existing detection technologies still have some pain points (such as long detection time, cumbersome operation steps, low scene adaptability, etc.). This article will elaborate on the application of several emerging molecular detection technologies with distinct characteristics, such as CRISPR Cas technology, digital PCR technology, sequencing technology, and microfluidic technology, in Salmonella detection. It aims to provide a reference for the development and improvement of Salmonella detection technology and the establishment of infection warning and control systems.

Salmonella is an important foodborne pathogen and one of the main causes of diarrhea. Every year, about 550 million people suffer from diarrhea due to Salmonella infection, of which about 230 000 die. It has become a major global public safety issue. The application fields of Salmonella detection involve food safety, water quality monitoring, animal husbandry, public health monitoring, and medical diagnosis. The detection requirements mainly come from three aspects: pathogen identification, serotype identification, drug resistance and virulence identification. In recent years, the detection technology for Salmonella has made rapid progress, especially the emergence and development of emerging molecular detection technologies, providing new perspectives for Salmonella detection in different scenarios. However, due to the diversity of Salmonella serotypes and the complexity of detection scenarios, existing detection technologies still have some pain points (such as long detection time, cumbersome operation steps, low scene adaptability, etc.). This article will elaborate on the application of several emerging molecular detection technologies with distinct characteristics, such as CRISPR Cas technology, digital PCR technology, sequencing technology, and microfluidic technology, in Salmonella detection. It aims to provide a reference for the development and improvement of Salmonella detection technology and the establishment of infection warning and control systems.

Objective:To establish a determination method for sodium hyaluronate injection.Methods:Sodium hyaluronate was specifically hydrolyzed by hyaluronidase,and the optimal enzymolysis conditions were enzymolysis at 37 ℃ for 4 h at 100 IU·mg-1 of enzyme reaction concentration.The analysis was performed on a of Shodex sug-ar SH1011 column(300 mm ×8 mm,6 μm)with a mobile phase of 1％H3PO4 at a flow rate of 0.6 mL·min-1.The eluent was detected at 230 nm.Results:Linear ranges were 101.38-1 013.76 μg·mL-1(r=0.999 5),RSDs of precision,stability and repeatability tests were lower than 1％,and average recovery was 100.4％,RSD=2.0％(n=9).The RAD of determination results of this method and colorimetric was 0.1％-1.2％.Conclusions:The method is accurate and reproducible,and can be used for the determination of sodium hyalur-onate injection.

Objective:To evaluate the safety and efficacy of enteromorpha prolifera enzymatic hydrolysate in alleviating scalp sensitive symptoms.Methods:The inhibitory effects of different concentrations of enteromorpha prolifera hydrolysate on tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-6, and other inflammatory factors were observed through in vitro experiments. Subsequently, the abilities to scavenge [2, 2＇-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)] (ABTS) and to promote proliferation of mouse fibroblasts were evaluated. A prospective study was conducted on 20 patients with scalp sensitivity at Qingdao Hiser Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University from April 2023 to October 2023. The patients included 2 males and 18 females with an average age of (34.9±10.3) years. They were treated with a scalp essence containing 10% enteromorpha enzymatic hydrolysate for consecutive 28 days. Changes in scalp cuticle water content, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), and oil content were measured before and after 14 and 28 days of treatment. Expert interviewers assessed the skin irritation test to elucidate any undesirable side effects.Results:The results of in vitro experiments demonstrated that enteromorpha protophora enzymatic hydrolysate at different concentrations exhibited inhibitory effects on the expression of IL-1α, IL-6, and TNF-α, while it also displayed a dose-dependent ability to scavenge ABTS free radicals. Furthermore, it effectively promoted the proliferation of mouse fibroblasts, resulting in a significant increase of 43.22% in fibroblast viability when the concentration of enteromorpha protophora enzymatic hydrolysate was 0.10%. The outcomes from clinical trials revealed that after using a scalp essence containing enteromorpha protophora enzymatic hydrolysate for 14 and 28 days, there were significant improvements observed in terms of increased water content in the scalp epidermis, along with decreased oil content and TEWL value (all P< 0.001). Moreover, remarkable effective rates were achieved for treating various scalp conditions including redness (80.0%, 16/20), dandruff (80.0%, 16/20), itching (85.0%, 17/20), stinging sensation (90.0%, 18/20), and tightness (80.0%, 16/20) after using the scalp essence for 28 days. Adverse effects on the skin were not observed in any subject during the test period. Conclusions:The enzymatic hydrolysate of enteromorpha demonstrates both safety and efficacy in alleviating symptoms associated with scalp sensitivity.

ObjectiveThe contamination of foodborne pathogens in ready-to-eat fruits and vegetables in Shanghai was analyzed to provide a scientific basis for food safety， risk assessment and related supervision. MethodsFrom June to September 2021， a total of 143 batches of12 kinds of ready-to-eat fruits and vegetables such as lettuce， chicory， and cherry tomatoes were collected from farmers’ markets， supermarkets， and e-commerce platforms. The total number of bacterial colonies， Salmonella， Listeria monocytogenes， Staphylococcus aureus， Cronobacter spp. and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in the samples were tested according to National Food Contamination and Harmfulness Risk Monitoring Manual. ResultsAmong the 143 batches， foodborne pathogens were detected in 68 batches， with a total detection rate of 47.55% （68/143）. A total of 79 strains of foodborne pathogens were detected. The detection rate of Staphylococcus aureus was the highest （32.87%， 47/143）， followed by Cronobacter spp. （20.98%， 30/143）， Salmonella （0.70%， 1/143）， Listeria monocytogenes （0.70%， 1/143）， Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli （0.00%）. Furthermore， the detection rate was higher in different ready-to-eat fruits and vegetables： chicory （17.33%）， cucumber （17.14%）， cherry tomatoes （16.00%）， and honeydew melon （15.38%）， respectively. Meanwhile， the contamination rate of pathogens in ready-to-eat fruits and vegetables from farmers’ markets， supermarkets， and e-commerce platforms was relatively high. ConclusionReady-to-eat fruits and vegetables in Shanghai are contaminated by foodborne pathogens. The prevention and control of the contamination of post-harvest fruits and vegetables should be strengthened to reduce the risk of foodborne disease outbreaks.

Objective:To investigate the unqualified hepatitis C virus (HCV) detection result of blood donors from the served area of blood institutions.Methods:The data related to HCV markers detected of the first and repeat blood donors were collected from the system of practice comparison for the Chinese mainland blood institutions from 2017 to 2021. The anti-HCV reactive rate and the rates of anti-HCV negative but HCV-RNA reaction and all the relationship between rates and the annual, regional and different blood donors were statistically analyzed.Results:During 2017-2021, the number of anti-HCV reactive per 100 000 blood donors decreased from 444.3 to 250.44 in the served area of 22 blood institutions ( χ2=49.677, P<0.05). The number of HCV RNA detected positive per 100 000 anti-HCV negative increased from 0.69 to 2.05 year by year, but there was no statistical significance ( χ2=0.643, P>0.05). The anti-HCV unqualified rate was significantly different among regions ( χ2=3 260.283, P<0.05). The anti-HCV unqualified rate of the first blood donors was significantly higher than that of the repeated blood donors ( F=130.993, P < 0.05). The annual number of HCV RNA detected positive per 100 000 anti-HCV negative blood samples from donors ranged from 0 to 17.28. Conclusions:The anti-HCV unqualified rate of blood donors in the served area of 22 blood institutions decreased year by year. Compared with repeated blood donors, HCV infection should be emphasized in first-time blood donors. The implementation of HCV RNA test can detect out much more HCV infections and reduce the risk of transfusion transmitted infectious HCV.

Antibody-drug conjugates(ADCs)are commonly heterogeneous and require extensive assessment of exposure-efficacy and exposure-safety relationships in preclinical and clinical studies.In this study,we report the generation of a monoclonal antibody against monomethyl auristatin E(MMAE)and the development,validation,and application of sensitive and high-throughput enzyme-linked immunosor-bent assays(ELISA)to measure the concentrations of MMAE-conjugated ADCs and total antibodies(tAb,antibodies in ADC plus unconjugated antibodies)in cynomolgus monkey sera.These assays were suc-cessfully applied to in vitro plasma stability and pharmacokinetic(PK)studies of SMADC001,an MMAE-conjugated ADC against trophoblast cell surface antigen 2(TROP-2).The plasma stability of SMADC001 was better than that of similar ADCs coupled with PEG4-Val-Cit,Lys(m-dPEG24)-Cit,and Val-Cit linkers.The developed ELISA methods for the calibration standards of ADC and tAb revealed a correlation be-tween serum concentrations and the OD450 values,with R2 at 1.000,and the dynamic range was 0.3-35.0 ng/mL and 0.2-22.0 ng/mL,respectively;the intra-and inter-assay accuracy bias％ranged from-12.2％to-5.2％,precision ranged from-12.4％to-1.4％,and the relative standard deviation(RSD)was less than 6.6％and 8.7％,respectively.The total error was less than 20.4％.The development and validation steps of these two assays met the acceptance criteria for all addressed validation parameters,which suggested that these can be applied to quantify MMAE-conjugated ADCs,as well as in PK studies.Furthermore,these assays can be easily adopted for development of other similar immunoassays.

Objective:To analyze the horizontal scientific research projects from 2015 to 2019 by the provincial Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in China, and to compare the regional differences, in order to provide the suggestion on the scientific management of CDC.Methods:The horizontal scientific research projects from 2015 to 2019 were retrospectively analyzed by questionnaire survey. Multiple linear regression models were adopted to examine the trend, and variance analyses were used to test the differences in horizontal scientific research projects among the Eastern, Central, and Western regions.Results:From 2015 to 2019, provincial CDC have received RMB 124.3 million of horizontal scientific research project funds totally, of which 51.9% were funded by enterprises, and 86.9% were undertaken by provincial CDC themselves. There were no statistical significance in the change of research project funds obtained by provincial CDC ( F=0.46, P = 0.764) during this period.The number of horizontal scientific research projects undertook or participated by provincial CDC in the Eastern region were more than that of the Central and Western region ( F = 5.85, P = 0.004; F = 5.03, P = 0.008). Conclusions:The horizontal scientific research projects obtained by the provincial CDC remained stable in recent years while distribution was unbalanced in the region areas. It is suggested to innovate the management mode of scientific research projects with strengthening the trans-agency, trans-department and trans-regional cooperation.