Recent studies have demonstrated that bitter taste receptors are distributed not only in oral cavity but also in non-gustatory systems,such as the respiratory,digestive,reproductive and cardiovascular systems.The physiological role of bitter taste receptors is to recognize bitter substances or bacterial secretions,to trigger the immune response and to maintain the internal environmental homeosta-sis.In addition,oral bitter taste receptors are expressed not only in taste buds,perceiving bitter taste,but also in many other parts of periodontal tissues,which is the potential treatment target for oral infectious diseases.This review summarized the expression and distri-bution of oral bitter taste receptors which was off the taste buds and their roles in regulating oral inflammation and oral bacteria,dis-cussed the effects of genetic polymorphism of bitter taste receptor 38 subtype(TAS2R38)on innate immunity and its relationship with the susceptibility of dental caries and periodontal,aimed to provide novel ideas for the better prevention and treatment of dental caries and periodontal diseases.

Objective To compare the changes of brain voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity(VMHC)of patients before and after Tai Chi Chuan training based on functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI)technology;To discuss the central effect mechanism of Tai Chi Chuan in treating chronic fatigue syndrome(CFS).Methods A total of 25 CFS patients(experiment group)and 27 healthy individuals(control group)were recruited to undergo a 1-month Tai Chi Chuan intervention.All receive one month of Tai Chi Chuan training.Differences in SF-36 scores and VMHC between CFS patients and HCs were compared.Results Before training,the SF-36 scores in the experimental group were significantly lower than those in the control group(P<0.001),and the VMHC in the bilateral inferior occipital gyrus,paracentral lobule,lingual gyrus,insula and superior temporal gyrus brain areas were weakened.After training,the scores of SF-36 in the experimental group significantly increased(P<0.001),and the VMHC in bilateral inferior occipital gyrus,superior temporal gyrus,anterior cuneiform lobe and paracentral lobule were significantly enhanced.The difference in whole brain VMHC was positively correlated with the difference in energy scores in SF-36(r=0.456,P=0.025);some scores of SF-36 in the control group significantly increased(P<0.05),and no significant changes in VMHC were observed in brain regions.Conclusion Tai Chi Chuan can effectively improve the quality of life of patients with CFS.This change may be related to the enhancement of functional connections in brain regions such as inferior occipital gyrus,superior temporal gyrus,precuneus,paracentral lobule,et al.

Objective:To investigate the application effect of reverse abdominal wall advancement flap in repairing chest wall soft tissue defect after breast tumor resection.Methods:From October 2020 to April 2021, the Department of Plastic Surgery and Breast Surgery of Hainan Cancer Hospital cooperated to repair the chest wall wounds of 4 female patients with unilateral giant breast tumors after primary lesion resection. Patients aged 40-63 years old, with an average of 51.5 years old. The size of the tumor estimated by physical examination was 7 cm × 6 cm-15 cm × 20 cm. The flaps were closely monitored after surgery, and complications were recorded. Local recurrence was followed-up.Results:The wound size of 4 patients after mastectomy was 16 cm×14 cm-20 cm×18 cm. Abdomen separation range reached anterior axillary line laterally and contralateral clavicle midline medially. Inferiorly, 1 case reached umbilical level, 1 case reached 2 cm below the umbilicus, and 2 cases reached 3 cm below the umbilicus. Three cases were diagnosed as breast lobulated tumors, and 1 case invasive lobular carcinoma. Among the 4 cases, 3 flaps survived completely and healed by first intention, while another flap healed under blister scab. There was no necrosis, infection, hematoma, seroma, or vascular crisis of the flap. All patients were satisfied. Three patients received radiotherapy and one received radiotherapy combined with oral chemotherapy. All patients were followed up for 3-6 months. No local recurrence was discovered. The abdomen was tighter than before operation, but no stiffness was found. There was no abdominal pain, abdominal wall bulging or abdominal hernia.Conclusions:Reverse abdominal wall advancedment flap was used to repair soft tissue defect of the chest wall after breast tumor resection. The operation was simple and fast, with no need for additional donor site incision. Quick recovery allowed shorter interval between surgery and next scheduled treatments.

Objective:To investigate the application effect of reverse abdominal wall advancement flap in repairing chest wall soft tissue defect after breast tumor resection.Methods:From October 2020 to April 2021, the Department of Plastic Surgery and Breast Surgery of Hainan Cancer Hospital cooperated to repair the chest wall wounds of 4 female patients with unilateral giant breast tumors after primary lesion resection. Patients aged 40-63 years old, with an average of 51.5 years old. The size of the tumor estimated by physical examination was 7 cm × 6 cm-15 cm × 20 cm. The flaps were closely monitored after surgery, and complications were recorded. Local recurrence was followed-up.Results:The wound size of 4 patients after mastectomy was 16 cm×14 cm-20 cm×18 cm. Abdomen separation range reached anterior axillary line laterally and contralateral clavicle midline medially. Inferiorly, 1 case reached umbilical level, 1 case reached 2 cm below the umbilicus, and 2 cases reached 3 cm below the umbilicus. Three cases were diagnosed as breast lobulated tumors, and 1 case invasive lobular carcinoma. Among the 4 cases, 3 flaps survived completely and healed by first intention, while another flap healed under blister scab. There was no necrosis, infection, hematoma, seroma, or vascular crisis of the flap. All patients were satisfied. Three patients received radiotherapy and one received radiotherapy combined with oral chemotherapy. All patients were followed up for 3-6 months. No local recurrence was discovered. The abdomen was tighter than before operation, but no stiffness was found. There was no abdominal pain, abdominal wall bulging or abdominal hernia.Conclusions:Reverse abdominal wall advancedment flap was used to repair soft tissue defect of the chest wall after breast tumor resection. The operation was simple and fast, with no need for additional donor site incision. Quick recovery allowed shorter interval between surgery and next scheduled treatments.

To observe the effects of emodin ( Emo) on acute fatty liver in mice induced by DL-ethionine ( DL-Eth) or tetracyclin ( Tetra) and its potential mechanism, ICR mice of acute fatty liver model induced by DL-Eth were orally administered with Emo or positive control, ursodeoxycholic acid ( UDCA) for 7 days. On day 7, except that the control and Emo groups were treated with vehicle control, animals were orally administered with DL-Eth to induce acute fatty liver model. ICR mice of acute fatty liver model induced by Tetra were orally administered with Emo or positive control, Dong Bao Gan Tai ( DB) or total flavonoid C-glycosides from Abrus mollis extract ( AME) for 7 days. From day 4, except that the control group was treated with vehicle control, animals were injec-ted with Tetra intraperitoneally for 4 days to induce acute fatty liver model. Liver histopathological analyses were determined by HE staining. Serum aspartate transaminase ( AST) , alanine transaminase ( ALT) , serum triglyceride ( TG) , hepatic TG and hepatic total cholesteol ( TC) were detected. The expression of phosphorylated AMP-activa-ted kinase ( p-AMPK) , phosphorylated acetyl-CoA carboxylase ( p-ACC) , SREBP1 and fatty acid synthase ( FAS) were determined by Western blot. The expression of fatty acid translocase ( CD36 ) , peroxisome proliferator activa-ted receptor alpha ( PPARα) and microsomal triglyceride transfer protein ( MTTP ) in liver were determined by RT-PCR. Compared with model groups, Emo could improve hepatocyte swelling and hepatic steatosis induced by DL-Eth or Tetra. Serum AST, ALT, serum TG, hepatic TG and hepatic TC were decreased by Emo significantly. DL-Eth-induced increase of fatty acid synthetase-associated protein was down-regulated by Emo. Fatty acid uptake was down-regulated by Emo; fatty acid oxidation and secretion were increased by Emo. Emo might be effective in preventing acute fatty liver in mice induced by DL-Eth or Tetra.

Objective To evaluate the applicationof the double-disk synergy test(DDST) and combined disk test(CDT) in clini cal metal enzyme phenotype deteetion.To evaluate the value of multiplex PCR in detecting the metallo-β-1actamase in clinical.Methods 56 strains of metallo-β-1actamase-positive strains were identified [NDM-1(n=9),VIM(n=32),IMP(n=15)]for appraise the two methods.By optimizing the design of PCR primers,3 pairs of primers were designed and detected (IMP,VIM,NDM-1) in one tube for evaluate the method.Results The DDST was 80.36％(45/56),and 100.00％(56/56) in the CDT.The accuracy of multiplex PCR was 100.00 ％ (56/56),and the size of the amplified fragment was used to distinguish three types of metallo-β-lactamase.Conclusion The CDT is more suitable for clinical application than DDST.Multiplex PCR has the characteristics of simple,rapid and accurate in detection of metallo-β-1actamase.It is suitable for daily use of clinical microbiological laboratory,which will help the clinical timely and effective administration.

Objective To identify the drug resistance-related genes in a clinically isolated strain of Enterobacter cloacae.Methods A strain of Enterobacter cloacae was isolated from sputum of a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease from the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University in March 2013.Modified Hodge test and metal enzyme inhibition test were performed for drug-resistant phenotype screening.Carbapenemase genes blaMUS-1, blaVIM-1, blaVIM-2, blaIMP, blaKPC-2, blaNDM-1, blaOXA-48 and blaGESwere amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the positive products were sequenced and analyzed.Plasmid conjugation and transformation experiments were used to confirm that the resistance gene mediated by plasmids.Agar dilution method was used for antibiotic susceptibility test.Results Both modified Hodge test and metal enzyme inhibition test were positive in this strain of Enterobacter cloacae.blaNDM-1 gene and blaKPC-2 gene were detected by PCR, and further confirmed by sequencing.blaNDM-1 gene was carried by IncX plasmid with 54×103 bp, KPC-2 gene was carried by untyping plasmid with 42×103 bp.The strain was only sensitive to tetracycline (MIC=2 μg/mL) and tigecycline (MIC=1 μg/mL).The symptoms were improved after the patient was treated by tigecycline combined with Piperacillin/Tazobactam.Conclusion blaNDM-1 and blaKPC-2 genes in Enterobacter cloacae can be mediated by plasmids, and appropriate therapy for its infection should be based on the result of antibiotic susceptibility test.

Since March 2013,China had experienced five seasonal epidemics related to Avian influenza A (H7N9).An unprecedented outbreak of H7N9 epidemic started from September 2016,with 730 cases reported till June 30th 2017,in mainland China that caused profound influences on both social development and health of the people.As an emerging infectious disease,information on pathogenic characteristics,transmission patterns and other epidemiological features of H7N9 virus somehow remained unclear.Data from previous studies suggested that the live poultry market (LPM) seemed to have served as main places where H7N9 virus got originated,mutated,spread and thus infected the human beings.Hence,closure of LPMs was suggested a major measure to control and prevent H7N9 epidemics in China.However,the effectiveness of different ways of LPM closures on H7N9 epidemics had been controversial.This study systemically summarized the effects of different ways of LPM closures on H7N epidemics from previous studies,aiming to provide references for developing a better program on H7N9 control and prevention in the country.

Objective To investigate the mechanism related to reduced antibiotic sensitivity of Acinetobacter baumannii inducted by meropenem in vitro.Methods Three strains of clinically isolated carbapenems-sensitive Acinetobacter baumannii were induced by meropenem in vitro, and the mutant strains (MS1, MS2 and MS3) were obtained.Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of antimicrobial agents to strains before and after induction were determined by automatic drug sensitivity analyzer .The homology of strains was analyzed by Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus -polymerase chain reaction ( ERIC-PCR).Modified Hodge test and EDTA-Na2-double disk synergy test were used to detect carbapenemase and metallo-β-lactamase (MBL), respectively.Main carbapenemase genes were detected by PCR and followed by DNA sequencing.Expressions of adeB and outer membrane proteins in strains before and after induction were detected with fluorescence quantitative PCR and SDS -polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis , respectively.t test was used for data analysis .Results The sensitivity of mutant Acinetobacter baumannii strains to meropenem and most antibiotics was reduced , except to imipenem, amikacin and polymyxin; and the reduced sensitivity to meropenem in MS2 and MS3 was of genetic stability.ERIC-PCR showed 100%homology between the mutant strains and parental strains .Both carbapenemase and metallo -β-lactamase were negative in mutant strains and parental strains , and only OXA-51 gene was found.The expressions of adeB gene in mutant strains were 24.26 ±0.91, while those in parental strains were 22.81 ±0.38, and the difference was not significant (t =2.534, P >0.05).Outer membrane protein with molecular weight 54 000 was missing in MS1, while that with molecular weight 47 000 was missing in MS2 and MS3.Conclusion Reduced antibiotics sensitivity in meropenem -induced Acinetobacter baumannii may be correlated with the deficiency of outer membrane protein with molecular weight 47 000.

Objective To observe the effects of neuromuscular activation (Neurac) training on balance and walking in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy. Methods 30 children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy from March to October, 2015 were divided into observation group (n=15) and control group (n=15). Both groups received routine rehabilitation, while the observation group received 30-minute Neurac training in addition, 5 times a week, for 3 months. They were assessed with D and E domains of Gross Motor Function Measure 88 (GM-FM-88), balance of Fugl-Meyer Assessment and footprints analysis before and after treatment. Results The scores of D and E domains of GMFM-88 and balance of Fugl-Meyer Assessment, and the step length, step width and velocity improved in both groups after training (t>7.31, P<0.001), especially in the observation group (t>2.08, P<0.05). Conclusion Neuroac training can further promote the recovery of gross motor function, balance and walking in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy.