AIM: To analyze the current status and influencing factors for insufficient hyperopia reserve in preschool children from Changzhi City, Shanxi Province, and to provide reference and basis for myopia prevention and control in this district.METHODS: A stratified cluster random sampling strategy was used to select 2 854 preschool children(5 708 eyes)from 29 child-care centers in Changzhi City between January and May 2024. Hyperopia reserve was assessed through measurements and questionnaire surveys. Totally 2 820 cases(5 640 eyes)were finally included, with 34 cases excluded(32 cases of uncooperativeness and 2 cases of distractibility). The univariate analysis and multivariate Logistic regression were performed to analyze the associated influencing factors of insufficient hyperopia reserve.RESULTS: A total of 580 preschool children with insufficient hyperopia reserve were detected, with an incidence of 20.57%. Logistic regression analysis revealed that male(OR=1.723, 95% CI: 1.419-2.093), maternal myopia(OR=2.210, 95% CI: 1.681-2.906), paternal myopia(OR=1.426, 95% CI: 1.059-1.921), myopia in both parents(OR=2.761, 95% CI: 2.110-3.612), preterm infants(OR=1.740, 95% CI: 1.294-2.342), the mean daily sleep duration <10 h(OR=1.272, 95% CI: 1.024-1.579), and the mean daily outdoor activity time <2 h(OR=1.222, 95% CI: 1.005-1.485)were risk factors for insufficient hyperopia reserve(all P<0.05). Conversely, using blackout curtains during the day and turning off lights at night(OR=0.598, 95% CI: 0.405-0.883)were identified to be protective factors(P<0.05).CONCLUSION: Sex, genetics, gestational age, sleep duration and environmental conditions, and outdoor activity time are potentially associated with insufficient hyperopia reserve in preschool children. Caregivers should prioritize the management of these risk factors to prevent the occurrence of myopia.

Objective:To study the current status of longitudinal extrauterine growth restriction (EUGR) in extremely preterm infants (EPIs) and to develop a prediction model based on clinical data from multiple NICUs.Methods:From January 2017 to December 2018, EPIs admitted to 32 NICUs in North China were retrospectively studied. Their general conditions, nutritional support, complications during hospitalization and weight changes were reviewed. Weight loss between birth and discharge > 1SD was defined as longitudinal EUGR. The EPIs were assigned into longitudinal EUGR group and non-EUGR group and their nutritional support and weight changes were compared. The EPIs were randomly assigned into the training dataset and the validation dataset with a ratio of 7∶3. Univariate Cox regression analysis and multiple regression analysis were used in the training dataset to select the independent predictive factors. The best-fitting Nomogram model predicting longitudinal EUGR was established based on Akaike Information Criterion. The model was evaluated for discrimination efficacy, calibration and clinical decision curve analysis.Results:A total of 436 EPIs were included in this study, with a mean gestational age of (26.9±0.9) weeks and a birth weight of (989±171) g. The incidence of longitudinal EUGR was 82.3%(359/436). Seven variables (birth weight Z-score, weight loss, weight growth velocity, the proportion of breast milk ≥75% within 3 d before discharge, invasive mechanical ventilation ≥7 d, maternal antenatal corticosteroids use and bronchopulmonary dysplasia) were selected to establish the prediction model. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the training dataset and the validation dataset were 0.870 (95% CI 0.820-0.920) and 0.879 (95% CI 0.815-0.942), suggesting good discrimination efficacy. The calibration curve indicated a good fit of the model ( P>0.05). The decision curve analysis showed positive net benefits at all thresholds. Conclusions:Currently, EPIs have a high incidence of longitudinal EUGR. The prediction model is helpful for early identification and intervention for EPIs with higher risks of longitudinal EUGR. It is necessary to expand the sample size and conduct prospective studies to optimize and validate the prediction model in the future.

Objective: To understand the prevalence of Lying Flat behaviors and its association with depressive symptoms among Chinese college students, so as to provide a scientific basis for promoting the physical and mental health development of adolescents. Methods: From July to October 2023, three universities were selected through convenient sampling from Jiangxi Province, Liaoning Province and Beijing City, respectively. Selfdesigned questionnaire links were distributed on campus to collect basic information and Lying Flat behaviors among college students, and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) was utilized to screen for students with depressive symptoms. Finally, a total of 4 225 valid questionnaires were obtained. Chisquare was used to compare of report rates of Lying Flat behaviors across different demographic characteristics. Ordered Logistic regression analysis was used to explore the association between Lying Flat behaviors and depressive symptoms, with Z test used to assess variations in the strength of associations. Results: The reporting rates of academic, life, and social Lying Flat were 32.7%, 17.8% and 17.5%, respectively. And 6.7% of the participants were found of all three Lying Flat behaviors simultaneously.Among college students with three Lying Flat behaviors, the constituent ratios of no, mild, moderate and above depressive symptoms were 9.9%, 30.5% and 59.6%, respectively. Additionally, college students who had three Lying Flat behaviors were more likely to show mild, moderate and above depressive symptoms [OR(95%CI)=2.49(1.60-3.87), 7.69(5.01-11.79), P<0.01]. Conclusions Academic Lying Flat behavior is most prevalent among college students. Academic, life and social Lying Flat behaviors are all significantly positively correlated with depressive symptoms. Attention should be paid to the Lying Flat behaviors and college students psychological health conditions to promote their physical and mental health development.

Objective　To assess the diagnostic efficacy of the cell-free Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA testing (CF-TB) in tuberculous pleurisy. Methods　A total of 71 patients diagnosed with tuberculous pleurisy and 35 patients with non-tuberculous pleurisy were selected from the Fifth People's Hospital of Wuxi between January to December 2022. The standard pleural puncture was conducted to collect pleural effusion, which was then utilized for Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture, GeneXpert Mycobacterium tuberculosis/rifampicin resistance (GeneXpert MTB/RIF), CF-TB, and adenosine deaminase (ADA) testing. Blood samples were subjected to tuberculosis infection T-cell spotting test (T-SPOT.TB) assay. The receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC) was applied to obtain the optimal cut-off value for pleural fluid CF-TB and to compare the diagnostic performance of CF-TB with other methods. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS 22.0 software, with statistical significance defined as P<0.05. Results　The ROC curve analysis determined that the optimal cycle threshold (Ct) value for diagnosing tuberculous pleurisy using CF-TB in pleural fluid was 38.489, with a sensitivity of 91.5% and specificity of 97.1%. In comparison, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy of T-SPOT.TB and pleural fluid ADA in diagnosing tuberculous pleurisy were 86.0%, 71.4%, 86.0%, 71.4%, 81.1%, and 55.0%, 91.4%, 92.9%, 50.8%, 67.0%, respectively, all of which were lower than the diagnostic efficiency of CF-TB. Furthermore, the specificity of pleural fluid CF-TB in diagnosing tuberculous pleurisy (97.1%) was not significantly different from GeneXpert MTB/RIF (100%) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture (100%), but its sensitivity (91.5%) was significantly higher than both GeneXpert MTB/RIF (19.7%) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture (28.2%), with a statistically significant difference (P<0.001). Conclusions　Compared to the conventional gold standard for diagnosing tuberculous pleurisy, CF-TB exhibits a higher sensitivity and its specificity is superior to that of tuberculosis immunological test. Consequently, CF-TB can serve as a valuable complement to other traditional detection methods in aiding the diagnosis of tuberculous pleurisy.

Objective:Based on the principle of neuroplasticity, to explore the effect of square dancing on elderly patients with subjective cognitive decline (SCD).Methods:SCD patients in the main urban area of Nanjing were selected in this quasi experimental research from March to September 2022 and divided into experimental group and control group according to whether the subjects were willing to participate in square dance intervention, with 30 cases in each group. The experimental group received 6 months of square dancing intervention, and the control group received routine nursing. The differences of cognition, memory, language, executive ability, daily living ability and anxiety and depression were compared between the two groups.Results:Twenty-seven cases in the experimental group and 28 cases in the control group completed the intervention. After intervention, the scores of Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale-15, the Geriatric Depression Scale, Hamilton Anxiety Scale and Trail Making Test B were 27.0(26.0, 28.0), 2.0(1.0, 4.0), (4.30 ± 2.04) points and (112.48 ± 25.42) seconds, respectively. Compared with the control group of 26.0 (24.0, 27.0), 4.0 (2.0, 5.8), (5.89 ± 1.45) points and (133.21 ± 32.39) seconds, the differences were statistically significant ( Z = -2.24, -2.72, t = - 2.05, -2.64, all P<0.05). Conclusions:Square dancing can improve the cognitive function of elderly patients with SCD, promote the improvement of memory, language, executive function and daily living ability, and effectively relieve anxiety and depression symptoms.

Microglial surveillance plays an essential role in clearing misfolded proteins such as amyloid-beta, tau, and α-synuclein aggregates in neurodegenerative diseases. However, due to the complex structure and ambiguous pathogenic species of the misfolded proteins, a universal approach to remove the misfolded proteins remains unavailable. Here, we found that a polyphenol, α-mangostin, reprogrammed metabolism in the disease-associated microglia through shifting glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation, which holistically rejuvenated microglial surveillance capacity to enhance microglial phagocytosis and autophagy-mediated degradation of multiple misfolded proteins. Nanoformulation of α-mangostin efficiently delivered α-mangostin to microglia, relieved the reactive status and rejuvenated the misfolded-proteins clearance capacity of microglia, which thus impressively relieved the neuropathological changes in both Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease model mice. These findings provide direct evidences for the concept of rejuvenating microglial surveillance of multiple misfolded proteins through metabolic reprogramming, and demonstrate nanoformulated α-mangostin as a potential and universal therapy against neurodegenerative diseases.

Objective To investigate the therapeutic effect of Yudantong decoction in mice with α-naphthyl isothiocyanate (ANIT)-induced cholestasis, as well as its targets and mechanism based on intestinal flora and intestinal barrier function. Methods A total of 24 C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into control group, model group, Yudantong decoction group (YDTF group), and ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) group, with 6 mice in each group. The mice in the model group, the YDTF group, and the UDCA group were given ANIT 35 mg/kg/day by gavage on days 1, 4, 7, 10, and 13, and those in the YDTF group and the UDCA group were given Yudantong decoction or UDCA by gavage for 15 consecutive days; related samples were collected on day 16. Liver histopathology was observed, and liver function parameters were measured; immunohistochemistry was used to measure the protein expression levels of caspase-1, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and FXR in the liver, and flow cytometry was used to measure the percentages of CD11b + , CD86 + , and CD45 + immune cells in the liver; 16S rDNA sequencing and information analysis were performed for fecal microorganisms; immunohistochemistry was used to measure the protein expression of the intestinal FXR/NLRP3 pathway, and immunofluorescence assay was used to measure the protein expression of intestinal E-cadherin and occludin. A one-way analysis of variance was used for comparison of continuous data with homogeneity of variance between multiple groups, and the least significant difference t -test was used for further comparison between two groups; the Welch test was used for comparison of data with heterogeneity of variance between multiple groups, and the Games-Howell test was used for further comparison between two groups. Results HE staining showed that the model group had partial hepatocyte fatty degeneration, massive necrosis of hepatocytes in hepatic lobules, damage of lobular structure, and massive inflammatory cell infiltration, and the YDTF group and the UDCA group had alleviation of hepatocyte fatty degeneration and hepatocyte necrosis in hepatic lobules, with a reduction in inflammatory cells. Compared with the control group, the model group had significantly higher serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin (TBil), direct bilirubin (DBil), and total bile acid (TBA) (all P < 0.05); compared with the model group, the YDTF group had significant reductions in the serum levels of ALT, AST, GGT, ALP, TBil, DBil, and TBA (all P < 0.05), and the UDCA group had significant reductions in the serum levels of GGT, TBil, DBil, and TBA (all P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, the model group had significant increases in the levels of caspase-1 and IL-1β and a significant reduction in the expression of FXR in the liver (all P < 0.05); compared with the model group, the YDTF group had significant reductions in the levels of caspase-1 and IL-1β in the liver and the UDCA group had a significant reduction in the level of IL-1β in the liver, and both the YDTF group and the UDCA group had a significant increase in the expression level of FXR in the liver (all P < 0.05). The model group had a significant change in the composition of intestinal flora compared with the control group ( P < 0.05); there was a significant difference in the structure of intestinal flora between the YDTF group and the model group ( P < 0.05), and there was also a significant difference in the composition of intestinal flora between the UDCA group and the control/model groups ( P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, the model group had a significant increase in the abundance of intestinal Akkermansia muciniphila and a significant reduction in the abundance of Lactobacillus johnsonii (both P < 0.05); compared with the model group, both the YDTF group and the UDCA group had a significant reduction in the abundance of intestinal Akkermansia muciniphila , and the YDTF group had a significant increase in the abundance of Lactobacillus murinus , while the UDCA group had significant increases in the abundance of Lactobacillus murinus and Bifidobacterium pseudolongum (all P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, the model group had a significant reduction in the protein expression of intestinal FXR, a significant increase in the protein expression of intestinal NLRP3, and significant reductions in the expression of intestinal E-cadherin and occludin (all P < 0.05); compared with the model group, both the YDTF group and the UDCA group had a significant increase in the protein expression of intestinal FXR, a significant reduction in the protein expression of intestinal NLRP3, and significant increases in the expression of intestinal E-cadherin and occludin (all P < 0.05). Conclusion Yudantong decoction can alleviate liver injury in mice with ANIT-induced cholestasis, possibly by improving intestinal flora and enhancing intestinal barrier function.

OBJECTIVE To study the effects of self-assembled nanoparticles from Shaoy ao gancao decoction （SGD-SAN）on the in vitro release and intestinal absorption of the main components of Glycyrrhiza uralensis . METHODS Gancao single decoction （GSD），Shaoyao single decoction （SSD），mixed suspension of Shaoyao and Gancao single decoction （MSSGD）and SGD （i.e. Shaoyao-Gancao decoction ）were prepared ，and SAN was characterized. HPLC method was adopted to determine the contents of 7 main components （liquiritin apioside ， liquiritin， isoliquiritin apioside ， isoliquiritin， liquiritigenin， glycyrrhizic acid ， isoliquiritigenin）in G. uralensis . The dialysis bag method was used to investigate the effects of the formation of SGD-SAN on in vitro release of 7 main components in G. uralensis with pH 1.2 HCl solution and pH 6.8 phosphate buffered solution （PBS）as release media. Single-pass intestinal perfusion study was performed to investigate the effects of the formation of SGD-SAN on the intestinal absorption of 7 main components from G. uralensis . RESULTS SAN with particle size of 200-300 nm and polydispersity index of 0.3-0.5 was found in GSD ，MSSGD and SGD. GSD-SAN and MSSGD-SAN were in rod shape while SGD-SAN was irregularly spherical under transmission electron microscope. The results of in vitro release study showed that the formation of SGD-SAN could significantly increase in vitro release of liquiritigenin ，isoliquiritigenin and glycyrrhizic acid ，and had no effect on other components of G. uralensis in pH 1.2 HCl solution. The formation of SGD-SAN also had no effect on the release of each component from G. uralensis in pH 6.8 PBS. The results of intestinal perfusion experiments showed that the formation of SGD-SAN could significantly promote the absorption of each component from G. uralensis in the ileum. CONCLUSIONS- The formation of SGD-SAN significantly improves the in vitro release of poorly soluble components from G. uralensis and promotes the intestinal absorption of main components from G. uralensis ，which is the physical structure basis for the compatibility and synergy of Paeonia lactiflora and G. uralensis .

The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, is a destructive pest native to America and has recently become an invasive insect pest in China. Because of its rapid spread and great risks in China, understanding of FAW genetic background and pesticide resistance is urgent and essential to develop effective management strategies. Here, we assembled a chromosome-level genome of a male FAW (SFynMstLFR) and compared re-sequencing results of the populations from America, Africa, and China. Strain identification of 163 individuals collected from America, Africa and China showed that both C and R strains were found in the American populations, while only C strain was found in the Chinese and African populations. Moreover, population genomics analysis showed that populations from Africa and China have close relationship with significantly genetic differentiation from American populations. Taken together, FAWs invaded into China were most likely originated from Africa. Comparative genomics analysis displayed that the cytochrome p450 gene family is extremely expanded to 425 members in FAW, of which 283 genes are specific to FAW. Treatments of Chinese populations with twenty-three pesticides showed the variant patterns of transcriptome profiles, and several detoxification genes such as AOX, UGT and GST specially responded to the pesticides. These findings will be useful in developing effective strategies for management of FAW in China and other invaded areas.
Animals ; China ; Genomics ; Humans ; Male ; Pesticides ; Spodoptera/genetics* ; Transcriptome

Objective:To investigate the effect of infliximab (IFX) on neurological function in mice after traumatic brain injury (TBI) and the role of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)/inducible nitric oxide lyase (iNOS) signaling in it.Methods:Seventy-two healthy adult male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into sham-operated group, TBI group, and TBI+IFX group ( n=24). The mouse TBI models were established by controlled cortical impact method. IFX (dissolved in normal saline at a concentration of 2.5 mg/mL and a dose of 10 μg/g) was administered intraperitoneally into the mice of TBI+IFX group 30 min after modeling once daily for 3 d; mice in the sham-operated group and TBI group were given the same amount of saline intraperitoneally at the same time points for 3 d. Neurological deficits (Garcia scores) were assessed one, 3 and 7 d after modeling; blood-brain barrier permeability was detected by Evans blue staining, and brain tissue water content was measured by dry and wet weight method; Nissl staining was used to detect the percentage of injured neurons in brain tissues; the percentage of apoptotic neurons was detected by Tunel staining; immunofluorescent double-labeling was used to detect the expressions of caspase-3 and neuronal nuclear antigen (NeuN) in neurons; immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the microglia marker ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule-1 (IBa-1) expression; ELISA was used to detect the expressions of inflammatory factors (tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α, interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-6, interferon [IFN]-γ) and free radicals (oxygen free radicals [ROS], nitrogen free radicals [RNS]) in the brain tissues; and immunofluorescent staining and Western blotting were used to detect the expressions of nuclear factor (NF)-κB/inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Results:(1) One, 3 and 7 d after modeling, the Garcia scores showed significant differences among the three groups ( P<0.05); as compared with the TBI group, the TBI+IFX group had significantly increased Garcia scores 3 and 7 d after modeling ( P<0.05). (2) Three d after modeling, as compared with those in the TBI group, Evans blue leakage ([18.45±1.32] μg/g vs. [16.38±1.25] μg/g), brain water content ([81.56±0.96]% vs. [79.97±0.79]%), percentage of injured neurons ([79.50±5.85]% vs. [68.81±7.47]%), and percentage of apoptotic neurons ([41.93±7.49]% vs. [30.59±8.60]%) in mice of the TBI+IFX group were significantly deceased ( P<0.05). Three d after modeling, immunofluorescent double labeling showed that the relative caspase-3 expression in the TBI+IFX group (0.76±0.16) was significantly decreased as compared with the TBI group (1.11±0.23, P<0.05). Immunohistochemical staining and ELISA results showed that as compared with those in the TBI group, the Iba-1 staining scores, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL6 and IFN-γ levels, and ROS and RNS contents in TBI+IFX group were significantly decreased ( P<0.05). Immunofluorescent staining and Western blotting showed that as compared with the TBI group, the TBI+IFX group had significantly decreased expressions of NF-κB p65, iNOS and phosphorylated nuclear factor-κB inhibitor-α, and statistically inhibited nuclear translocation of NF-κB ( P<0.05). Conclusion:IFX can reduce inflammatory response and oxidative stress response, and play a neuroprotective role, which is related to its inhibition of downstream NF-κB/iNOS pathway activation.