ObjectiveTo investigate the protective effect and mechanism of action of flavonoid combination of Alpiniae Officinarum Rhizoma （A. officinarum） against Helicobacter pylori （H. pylori） gastritis in mice. MethodsAfter acclimatization for one week， 56 SPF-grade healthy C57BL/6J mice were gavaged with mixed antibiotics for three consecutive days. They were randomly divided into a normal group， model group， positive drug group （triple therapy group）， and low- and high-dose groups （100， 200 mg·kg^-1） of flavonoid combination of A. officinarum. The H. pylori gastritis mice model was established by gavage with H. pylori bacterial suspension in each group except for the normal group. After successful modeling， mice were administrated with corresponding drugs once a day for two weeks. Hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining was used to observe the pathological changes in gastric tissue. Rapid urease test paper was used to detect the positive rate of H. pylori. Silver staining was used to observe the H. pylori adherence on the surface of gastric tissue. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the protein expression of interleukin-8 （IL）-8 and myeloid differentiation factor （MyD88） in gastric tissue. The serum levels of IL-6， tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α）， IL-8， and IL-1β were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. The expressions of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B （PI3K/Akt） protein were detected by Western blot. ResultsCompared with those in the normal group， mice in the model group had lower gastric weight coefficients， higher pH of gastric juice， 100% H. pylori infection rate， and significantly changed gastric histopathology. The expressions of IL-8 and MyD88 proteins in the gastric tissue of mice in the model group were significantly elevated， and the serum levels of inflammatory factors IL-6， TNF-α， IL-8， and IL-1β were significantly up-regulated in mice. Compared with that in the model group， the gastric weight coefficient of mice in each treatment group of the flavonoid combinations of A. officinarum was elevated （P<0.01）， and the pH of gastric juice was reduced （P<0.01）. The infection rate of H. pylori was reduced. The expressions of IL-8 and MyD88 proteins in the gastric tissue of mice in the treatment groups were significantly reduced （P<0.01）， and the serum levels of inflammatory factors IL-6， TNF-α， IL-8， and IL-1β were significantly reduced in a dose-dependent manner （P<0.01）. The flavonoid combinations of A. officinarum down-regulated the expression of PI3K and Akt proteins in H. pylori gastritis-infected cells （P<0.01）. ConclusionThe protective effect of flavonoid combinations of A. officinarum against H. pylori gastritis is associated with the inhibition of H. pylori infection rate and regulation of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway， resulting in inhibiting the release of inflammatory factors.

Background Maternal atmospheric pollution during pregnancy may alter fetal intrauterine development programming, thereby increasing the risk of childhood obesity in the future. Objective To investigate the effects of atmospheric pollution exposure during pregnancy on the incidence of childhood obesity in offspring. Methods English databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and Medline) and Chinese databases (Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and VIP Information Chinese Journal Service Platform) were searched for literature reporting exposure to atmospheric pollution during pregnancy and childhood obesity published from 1 January 2000 to 31 August 2023. The quality of the included literature was evaluated using the quality assessment tools for observational cohort and cross-sectional studies recommended by the US National Institutes of Health. Results Twenty-four studies meeting the inclusion criteria were identified and the associated atmospheric pollutants included particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen oxide, carbon oxide, and sulfur oxide. In comparison to the non-exposed group, prenatal exposure to various common atmospheric pollutants were significantly associated with an elevated risk of childhood obesity in offspring. Conclusion Maternal exposure to atmospheric pollution during pregnancy is associated with an elevated risk of childhood obesity in subsequent years. Future studies should pay more attention to the effects of atmospheric pollution on the distribution of children's body fat and metabolic development, and further identify potential mechanisms of atmospheric pollutant exposure leading to childhood obesity.

Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) have the characteristics of resistance to environmental degradation, bioaccumulation and long-distance migration potential. Maternal exposure to POPs during pregnancy can enter the fetal blood circulation through the placental barrier, and have a potential impact on the functional development of the nervous system of the offspring. This in turn leads to the occurrence and development of neurological defects and diseases in adulthood. The purpose of this paper is to elucidate the effects of exposure to three major POPs (organochlorine compounds, perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers) during pregnancy on the functional development of the nervous system (social emotions, cognition, language, exercise, and adaptability) in children, and to provide reference for subsequent studies.

Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) have the characteristics of resistance to environmental degradation, bioaccumulation and long-distance migration potential. Maternal exposure to POPs during pregnancy can enter the fetal blood circulation through the placental barrier, and have a potential impact on the functional development of the nervous system of the offspring. This in turn leads to the occurrence and development of neurological defects and diseases in adulthood. The purpose of this paper is to elucidate the effects of exposure to three major POPs (organochlorine compounds, perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers) during pregnancy on the functional development of the nervous system (social emotions, cognition, language, exercise, and adaptability) in children, and to provide reference for subsequent studies.

Objective To screen the anti-Helicobacter pylori gastritis active components of the ethyl acetate extract of Alpinia officinarum Hance.Methods The"knock-out"strategy combined with high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)detection was developed to separate the components of the ethyl acetate extract of A.officinarum while obtaining the negative samples without the components.A human gastric epithelial cell(GES-1)model of H.pylori gastritis was established,and the levels of interleukin-6(IL-6),tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),interleukin-8(IL-8)and interleukin-1β(IL-1β)in the supernatant of the cells were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).Results The total flavonoid fraction,the negative fraction without total diphenylheptanoids,the negative fraction without 5-hydroxy-7-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1-phenyl-3-heptanone(DHPA),and galangin significantly reduced IL-6 levels in the supernatant of H.pylori infected GES-1 cells at a concentration of 8 μg·mL-1 with 24 h incubation.The total flavonoid fraction strongly inhibited the release of IL-6,TNF-α,IL-8,and IL-1β from H.pylori gastritis GES-1 cells at a concentration of 16 μg·mL-1.Conclusions The total flavonoid fraction is the major anti-H.pylori gastritis active component of the ethyl acetate extract of A.officinarum.The results lay the foundation for further elucidation of the material basis of A.officnarum against H.pylori gastritis.

Objective Analyze the risk factors associated with severe subarachnoid hemorrhage(SAH)and rebleeding in small intracranial aneurysms.Methods From July 2014 to January 2020,patients with SAH caused by small ruptured intracranial aneurysms admitted to the Neurosurgery Department of the First Affiliated Hospital,Chongqing Medical University were retrospectively and continuously included.Small intracranial aneurysms refer to intracranial aneurysms with a maximum diameter of less than 5 mm.Baseline data and clinical data of patients were collected,including age,gender,past history(hypertension,diabetes,coronary heart disease),smoking history,drinking history,admission Glasgow coma scale(GCS)score and Hunt-Hess grade.Patient imaging data were collected to clarify the characteristics of aneurysms,including the number of aneurysms(single or multiple),the shape of SAH responsible aneurysms(irregular aneurysms with subcapsular,polycystic,or lobulated aneurysms),and their location(anterior communicating artery,posterior communicating artery,middle cerebral artery,anterior cerebral artery,internal carotid artery,and posterior circulation).Based on the CT images of the head at admission,the distribution of SAH in patients was determined.The modified Fisher grading system was used to classify SAH into 1-4 levels,and the Hijdra score was used to assess the bleeding volume of SAH in patients.The treatment methods of patients(interventional embolization,clipping)were collected.All patients were grouped according to the modified Fisher classification,with grades 1-2 being the minor SAH group and grades 3-4 being the massive SAH group.Baseline data and clinical data and aneurysm characteristics were compared between minor SAH group and massive SAH group.Multiple Logistic regression analysis was conducted using the modified Fisher grades 3-4 as the dependent variable,and factors with P＜0.1 in baseline data that may affect SAH bleeding volume as independent variables,the risk factors associated with the massive SAH in small ruptured intracranial aneurysms were analyzed.New bleeding visible on preoperative CT of the patient,with or without neurological deterioration,is defined as rebleeding.All patients are divided into rebleeding group and non-rebleeding group based on the occurrence of rebleeding.Baseline data and aneurysm characteristics between patients with rebleeding and those without rebleeding were compared.Multivariate Logistic regression analysis was conducted with rebleeding as the dependent variable,and factors with P＜0.1 in baseline data and aneurysm characteristics were used as independent variables,the risk factors associated with rebleeding in small aneurysms were analyzed.Results A total of 363 SAH patients with small ruptured aneurysms were included in this study,including 103 males and 260 females;age range from 25 to 85 years old,with an average age of(55±11)years.According to the modified Fisher classification,there were 198 cases in the massive SAH group and 165 cases in the minor SAH group.Compared with patients in the minor SAH group,patients in the massive SAH group were older(P=0.011),with a higher proportion of males,concomitant hypertension,and smoking history(all P＜0.05).The proportion of admitted Hunt Hess grade Ⅳ to V was higher(26.3％vs.2.4％,P＜0.01),the GCS score was lower([13.1±1.8]points vs.[13.9±0.8]points,P＜0.01),and the Hijdra score was higher([19.7±5.4]points vs.[8.4±2.6]points,P＜0.01).There was no statistically significant difference in the number of aneurysms and the location and morphology of responsible aneurysms between the massive and minor SAH groups(all P＞0.05).According to whether patients experienced rebleeding before surgery,there were 30 cases in the rebleeding group and 333 cases in the non-rebleeding group.Compared with the non-rebleeding group,patients in the rebleeding group had a higher proportion of concomitant hypertension(83.3％vs.49.2％,P＜0.01)and a higher proportion of admitted Hunt Hess grades Ⅳ-V(43.3％vs.12.9％,P＜0.01),lower GCS scores(12[9,14]points vs.14[13,14]points,P＜0.01),and higher Hijdra scores(18[9,26]points vs.14[9,18]points,P=0.024).There was no statistically significant difference in the number of aneurysms,responsible aneurysm morphology,and location between the rebleeding group and the non-rebleeding group(all P＞0.05).There was no statistically significant difference between the coiling and clipping in the two group(both P＞0.05).Multiple Logistic regression analysis was conducted using modified Fisher grading 3-4 and rebleeding as dependent variables respectively.The results showed that age(OR,1.027,95％CI 1.006-1.049,P=0.012)and hypertension(OR,1.858,95％CI 1.196-2.886,P=0.006)were independent risk factors associated with massive SAH in small ruptured aneurysms.Hypertension(OR,3.775,95％CI 1.371-10.391,P=0.010)and lower GCS score(OR,0.677,95％CI 0.561-0.816,P＜0.01)were independent risk factors associated with rebleeding in small ruptured aneurysms.Conclusions Older age and concomitant hypertension are risk factors associated with massive SAH in patients with small ruptured aneurysms.Coexisting hypertension and lower GCS score are risk factors associated with rebleeding in patients with small ruptured aneurysms.

China has classified the Corona Virus Disease 2019(COVID-19) as a statutory category B infectious disease and managed it according to Category B since January 8, 2023.In view that Omicron variant is currently the main epidemic strain in China, in order to guide the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2) infection in children with the times, refer to the Diagnosis and Treatment Protocol for Novel Coronavirus Infection (Trial 10 th Edition), Expert Consensus on Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention of Novel Coronavirus Infection in Children (Fourth Edition) and the Diagnosis and Treatment Strategy for Pediatric Related Viral Infections.The Expert Consensus on the Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention of Novel Coronavirus Infection in Children (Fifth Edition) has been formulated and updated accordingly on related etiology, epidemiology, pathogenic mechanism, clinical manifestations, auxiliary examination, diagnosis and treatment, and added key points for the treatment of COVID-19 related encephalopathy, fulminating myocarditis and other serious complications for clinical reference.

Objective To establish a quality control method for detecting impurities in chloral hydrate raw materials, improve the quality standards and control limits of raw materials. Methods The determination methods of chloroform and halogenated carboxylic acid in chloral hydrate were established to monitor the change of impurities in chloral hydrate through stability. Results The research and establishment of chloroform and halogenated carboxylic acid methods met the requirements of relevant regulations for analytical methodology verification, which could accurately detect four impurities in raw materials and preparations by one method. Conclusion The study provides technical support for the improvement and optimization of the quality standards of chloral hydrate and preparations. It is very necessary to implement the impurity monitoring in preparation research and production process by the chloral hydrate impurity detection and the stability comparison of this product at high temperature and light, which could largely promote the safety of medication.

Objective:To study the role and mechanism of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) in apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide-like 3B (APOBEC3B)-mediated inhibition of hepatitis B virus(HBV) replication.Methods:The interaction between HSP70 and APOBEC3B was analyzed by co-immunopreciptation (Co-IP) and GST pull-down. After treating Huh7 cells with siHSP70 or HSP70 inhibitor VER155008 or overexpressing HSP70 in Huh7 cells, changes in the antiviral effect of APOBEC3B were detected by Southern blot and real-time PCR; the deaminase activity of APOBEC3B was tested by differential DNA denaturation PCR(3D-PCR) and clone sequencing.Results:HSP70 could bind to APOBEC3B. Overexpression of HSP70 promoted the deaminase activity and anti-HBV activity of APOBEC3B. On the contrary, knockdown of HSP70 or using HSP70 inhibitor VER155008 would attenuate the deaminase activity and anti-HBV activity of APOBEC3B.Conclusions:HSP70 could promote the anti-HBV activity of APOBEC3B by enhancing the deaminase activity of APOBEC3B.

Childhood obesity has become a global public health problem, and its incidence and development are closely related to the exposure to risk factors in early life. In recent years, more and more epidemiological research evidences have shown that breastfeeding has the modification effect on early life risk factors of childhood obesity, such as high genetic risk of obesity, maternal gestational diabetes mellitus, macrosomia and other factors. This paper reviews the research results in this field, and summarizes the modification effect of breastfeeding on childhood obesity heredity and early life environmental risk factors associated with childhood obesity, to provide a reference for the evaluation of positive effect of breastfeeding on prevention and control of obesity in specific risk groups for taking targeted measure to reduce the risk for childhood obesity.