The breakthrough progress of implantable brain-computer interfaces (iBCIs) technology in the field of clinical trials has attracted widespread attention from both academia and industry. The development and advancement of this technology have provided new solutions for the rehabilitation of patients with movement disorders. However, challenges from many aspects make it difficult for iBCIs to further implement and transform technologies. This paper illustrates the key challenges restricting the large-scale development of iBCIs from the perspective of system implementation, then discusses the latest clinical application progress in depth, aiming to provide new ideas for researchers. For the system implementation part, we have elaborated the front-end signal collector, signal processing and decoder, then the effector. The most important part of the front-end module is the neural electrode, which can be divided into two types: piercing and attached. These two types of electrodes are newly classified and described. In the signal processing and decoder section, we have discussed the experimental paradigm together with signal processing and decoder for the first time and believed that the experimental paradigm acts as a learning benchmark for decoders that play a pivotal role in iBCIs systems. In addition, the characteristics and roles of the effectors commonly used in iBCIs systems, including cursors and robotic arms, are analyzed in detail. In the clinical progress section, we have divided the latest clinical progress into two categories: functional rehabilitation and functional replacement from the perspective of the application scenarios of iBCIs. Functional rehabilitation and functional replacement are two different types of application, though the boundary between the two is not absolute. To this end, we have first introduced the corresponding clinical trial progress from the three levels: application field, research team, and clinical timeline, and then conducted an in-depth discussion and analysis of their functional boundaries, in order to provide guidance for future research. Finally, this paper mentions that the key technical challenges in the development of iBCIs technology come from multiple aspects. First of all, from the signal acquisition level, high-throughput and highly bio-compatible neural interface designing is essential to ensure long-term stable signal acquisition. The electrode surface modification method and electrode packaging were discussed. Secondly, in terms of decoding performance, real-time, accurate, and robust algorithms have a decisive impact on improving the reliability of iBCIs systems. The third key technology is from the perspective of practicality, we believe that the signal transmission mode of wireless communication is the trend of the future, but it still needs to overcome challenges such as data transmission rate and battery life. Finally, we believe that issues such as ethics, privacy, and security need to be addressed through legal, policy, and technological innovation. In summary, the development of iBCIs technology requires not only the unremitting efforts of scientific researchers, but also the participation and support of policymakers, medical professionals, technology developers, and all sectors of society. Through interdisciplinary collaboration and innovation, iBCIs technology will achieve wider clinical applications in the future and make important contributions to improving the quality of life of patients.

Objective Studies on the relationship between iodine,vitamin A(VA),and vitamin D(VD)and thyroid function are limited.This study aimed to analyze iodine and thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH)status and their possible relationships with VA,VD,and other factors in postpartum women. Methods A total of 1,311 mothers(896 lactating and 415 non-lactating)from Hebei,Zhejiang,and Guangxi provinces were included in this study.The urinary iodine concentration(UIC),TSH,VA,and VD were measured. Results The median UIC of total and lactating participants were 142.00 μg/L and 139.95 μg/L,respectively.The median TSH,VA,and VD levels in all the participants were 1.89 mIU/L,0.44 μg/mL,and 24.04 ng/mL,respectively.No differences in the UIC were found between lactating and non-lactating mothers.UIC and TSH levels were significantly different among the three provinces.The rural UIC was higher than the urban UIC.Obese mothers had a higher UIC and a higher prevalence of excessive TSH.Higher UICs and TSHs levels were observed in both the VD deficiency and insufficiency groups than in the VD-sufficient group.After adjustment,no linear correlation was observed between UIC and VA/VD.No interaction was found between vitamins A/D and UIC on TSH levels. Conclusion The mothers in the present study had no iodine deficiency.Region,area type,BMI,and VD may be related to the iodine status or TSH levels.

Objective:To examine the burden and trends of acute viral hepatitis in Guangdong Province from 1990 to 2019, and provide reference evidences for hepatitis prevention and control in the province.Methods:Data on acute viral hepatitis (hepatitis A, B, C, and E) in Guangdong from 1990 to 2019 were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 database. The incidence, prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALY) data were analyzed by age and gender, and the estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) was calculated to describe the changing trends in disease burden.Results:From 1999 to 2019, the standardized incidence, prevalence, mortality, and DALY of acute viral hepatitis in Guangdong were higher than the national averages. In 2019, 51.43% (2 245 087/4 365 221) of acute viral hepatitis cases in Guangdong Province were mainly attributed to hepatitis B, and 77.18% (106/138) of deaths were due to acute hepatitis B. In different age groups, except for acute hepatitis B, which was more common in adults, the incidence rates of other types of viral hepatitis such as hepatitis A, B, and E showed an overall decreasing trend with age. The mortality rates of different types of acute viral hepatitis, except for the <5 age group, increased with age. The overall incidence and mortality rates of acute viral hepatitis were higher in men than in women.Conclusions:The overall burden of acute viral hepatitis in Guangdong declined in 2019, but remained higher than the national level. Further efforts are needed to strengthen hepatitis prevention and screening in different population in Guangdong Province, especially in children and the elderly.

Objective To develop a health belief model(HBM)based adolescent alcohol-related cognition scale to measure adolescent alcohol-related cognition and test its reliability and validity.Methods The adolescents'alcohol-related cognitive scale was developed based on HBM model.By using purposive sampling,three general high schools in Qingpu District,Shanghai were selected.One-third of the classes from grades 10 and 11 in each school were randomly selected,and the students from these classes were surveyed as the research subjects.Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were used to analyze its reliability(internal consistency reliability and combination reliability)and validity(structural validity,convergent validity,discriminative validity and criterion validity).Results A total of 970 questionnaires were collected,of which 948 were valid,with an effective rate of 97.7%.The adolescents'alcohol-related cognitive scale contained 22 items.Five common factors were extracted from exploratory factor analysis,including perceived susceptibility,perceived severity,perceived benefits,perceived obstacles,and self-efficacy.The cumulative variance contribution rate reached 83.89%.The results of confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the overall fit of the model.The average variance extracted value(AVE)of each dimension was greater than 0.5,and the convergent validity of the model was ideal.The AVE square root of each dimension of the scale was greater than its correlation coefficient,indicating good discrimination validity.Cronbach's α coefficient of the total volume table was 0.892,indicating good overall reliability.Conclusion The adolescents'alcohol-related cognitive scale developed in this study has good reliability and validity,which can be used to measure adolescents'alcohol-related perceptions.

Epilepsy is a chronic disease characterized by recurrent,sudden,and excessive synchronous discharge of neurons in the brain,leading to transient brain dysfunction,and inflammatory responses in specific regions within the central nervous system are common features of epilepsy.In recent years,there has been increasing evidence that endoplasmic reticulum stress is involved in the pathology of epilepsy,which activates the unfolded protein response,then regulate and control nuclear factor kappa-B(NF-κB),efficiently induces glial cell activation through the release of pro-inflammatory signals,in turn affects epileptogenesis and seizures by triggering neuroinflammation.This review focuses on the close link between endoplasmic reticulum stress and glial cell activation-mediated neuroinflammation in epilepsy pathology,aiming to provide insights for a deeper understanding of epilepsy.

Human brain banks use a standardized protocol to collect,process and store post-mortem human brains and related tissues,along with relevant clinical information,and to provide the tissue samples and data as a resource to foster neuroscience research according to a standardized operating protocols(SOP).Human brain bank serves as the foundation for neuroscience research and the diagnosis of neurological disorders,highlighting the crucial rule of ensuring the consistency of standardized quality for brain tissue samples.The first version of SOP in 2017 was published by the China Human Brain Bank Consortium.As members increases from different regions in China,a revised SOP was drafted by experts from the China Human Brain Bank Consortium to meet the growing demands for neuroscience research.The revised SOP places a strong emphasis on ethical standards,incorporates neuropathological evaluation of brain regions,and provides clarity on spinal cord sampling and pathological assessment.Notable enhancements in this updated version of the SOP include reinforced ethical guidelines,inclusion of matching controls in recruitment,and expansion of brain regions to be sampled for neuropathological evaluation.

Objective To explore the treatment effects and mechanism of Fangji Huangqi Xiaozhong Prescription in metabolic syndrome phenotype osteoarthritis(MS-OA)based on PPARγ/NF-κB signaling pathway.Methods SD rats were randomly divided into sham-operation group,OA group,MS-OA group,Western medicine group,and TCM high-and low-dasage groups.The modified Hulth method was used to make the OA model,and OA model was added with high-carbohydrate high-fat diet to make the MS-OA model.TCM high-and low-dosage groups were given 15.12,7.56 g/kg Fangji Huangqi Xiaozhong Prescription for gavage.The Western medicine group was given 16.2 mg/kg of losoprofen sodium by gavage,while the other groups were given physiological saline by gavage once a day for 6 consecutive weeks.Rat body mass was measured,biochemical detection of blood lipids and blood glucose was conducted,ELISA was used to detect the contents of serum TNF-α,IL-1β,IL-10 and leptin,morphological changes in cartilage tissue were observed using safranin O-fixed green and HE staining,immunohistochemical staining was used to detect expressions of Acan,ColⅩ,MMP13,TNF-α,IL-1β and PPARγ in cartilage tissue,Western blot was used to detected the expression of PPARγ,NF-κBp65 and p-NF-κBp65 protein in cartilage tissue.Results Compared with the sham-operation group,body mass and serum TC,TG,LDL-C,TNF-α,IL-1β and leptin of MS-OA group increased significantly(P<0.01),the contents of HDL-C and IL-10 decreased(P<0.01),cartilage tissue degeneration was significant,and the Mankin score increased(P<0.01),the expression of ColⅩ,MMP13,TNF-α,IL-1β,p-NF-κBp65 protein increased(P<0.05,P<0.01),and the expression of Acan and PPARγ protein decreased(P<0.01).Compared with the MS-OA group,the contents of serum TC,TG,LDL-C,TNF-α and leptin decreased in TCM high-dosage group(P<0.05,P<0.01),the content of IL-10 increased(P<0.05),the pathological damage of cartilage tissue improved,the Mankin score decreased(P<0.01),the expressions of ColⅩ,MMP13,TNF-α,IL-1β and p-NF-κBp65 protein in cartilage tissue decreased(P<0.05,P<0.01),and the protein expressions of Acan and PPARγ protein increased(P<0.01,P<0.05).Conclusion Fangji Huangqi Xiaozhong Prescription can improve lipid metabolism disorder,improve intra-articular inflammatory environment,balance cartilage metabolism,and delay cartilage degeneration in MS-OA rats.Its mechanism may be related to the regulation of PPARγ/NF-κB signaling pathway.

To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of implantable D-shant atrial shunt device in patients with severe pulmonary arterial hypertension(PAH)and right heart failure.A 53-year-old female patient diagnosed with severe idiopathic PAH and right heart failure,her WHO FC grade was Ⅳ.The right heart catheter and implantation of D-shant atrial shunt device were performed under local anesthesia on November 30,2021.A 6 mm×4 cm peripheral artery balloon was selected to dilate the atrial septum and a D-shant atrial shunt device with a fixed 4 mm diameter orifice was implanted into the heart.The clinical symptoms and hemodynamics of the patient was improved after the intervention.Implantation of atrial shunt device as a palliative therapy to established a right to left shunt is another strategy for treating patients with severe PAH in late period,which has good effectiveness and safety.It could be the last replacement therapy to improve symptoms and prolonged lives to drug resistant and severe PAH patients.

Recently,inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS)has shown great potential in the quantitative analysis of biomolecules due to its high sensitivity,high accuracy,anti-interference ability and multi-element detection capability.Elemental tags enable specific labeling of target biomolecules with element-reporter groups,playing a critical role in the performance of bioanalysis using ICP-MS.Antibodies are highly specific to antigens on cell surfaces and are one of the most commonly used targeted delivery vehicles.Traditional random chemical coupling methods are difficult to control the coupling sites and loading numbers of element reporters,which lead to heterogeneity of antibody conjugates,affecting the specific recognition and binding ability of antibodies and antigens,and thus reducing the targeting ability and quantitative accuracy.To solve these issues,site-specific coupling of antibodies with element reporter was studied in this work.By using peptide-mediated affinity labeling technology,a short chain DNA was specifically labeled to immunoglobulin G(IgG)antibody K248,and then DNA base complementary pairing was used to realize accurate assembly of monoclonal antibodies and Eu-modified phage MS2 capsid,resulting in the preparation of highly sensitive and selective element tags.This method overcame the heterogeneity problem of element tags caused by random coupling,and ensured the targeting specificity,affinity and signal amplification ability of element tags.The element tag prepared here showed a specificity to bind/label with epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR)biomarker on the surface of cancer cells,realizing single cancer cell analysis using ICP-MS.

Objective To investigate the clinical application value of colorectal double contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in diagnosing colorectal lesions and TN staging of colorectal cancer.Methods The clinical data of 479 patients with positive colorectal doulble contrast-enhanced ultrasonography results admitted to some hospital from November 2019 to December 2022 were selected retrospectively.The distributions of colorectal lesions and TN stages of colorectal cancer diagnosed by colorectal double contrast-enhanced ultrasonography were counted using the pathological results as the gold standard.The clinical diagnostic efficacy of colorectal double contrast-enhanced ultrasonography for TN staging of colorectal cancer was analyzed,and the ROC curves of the T and N staging models for diagnosing colorectal cancer were plotted by applying the 1VSRest strategy.SAS 9.4 statistical software was used to analyze the data.Results Among the 479 patients included,there were 462 cases in which the pathological diagnosis and ultrasound diagnosis were consistent with each other,with a compliance rate of 96.5％;there were 427 cases of colorectal cancer,accounting for 89.1％.Colorectal double contrast-enhanced ultrasonography had the accuracies being 96％,82％,63％,79％and 97％respectively for T1,T2,T3,T4a and T4b stages of colorectal cancer,with the micro-mean value of the accuracy being 83％.The accuracies were 62％,68％and 80％for NO,N1 and N2 stages of colorectal cancer,with the micro-mean value of the accuracy being 70％.The micro-mean value for T staing model to diagnose colorectal cancer was 0.92,and the macro-mean value was 0.84;the micro-mean value for N staing model to diagnose colorectal cancer was 0.88,and the macro-mean value was 0.85.Conclusion Colorectal doube contrast-enhanced ultrasonography is effective for diagnosing colorectal lesions,and provides references for TN staging of colorectal cancer.[Chinese Medical Equipment Journal,2024,45(7):62-66]