Abnormal healing after skin injury may lead to pathological scar. The emergence of pathological scar not only affects the cosmetic appearance, but also causes psychological and physiological dysfunction in severe cases. The study on the mechanism of pathological scar is of great significance for the treatment of scar. Among them, animal scar model is one of the important method to study pathological scar at present. The ideal animal model of scar should be as close as possible to human pathological scar in histology, cytology and other aspects. This article systematically expounds the rodent model, rabbit ear model and porcine model of traditional scar animals, and the new technology animal scar model, combined with the recent research which has been widely used in the field of scar.

The gummy smile means excessive gingival display, which impairs patients’ appearance, psychological status, and social relationships. With the development of orthodontics, orthognathics, periodontics, and plastic surgeries, the treatment of the gummy smile turned into comprehensive multidisciplinary approaches. The etiology and recently developed approaches will be reviewed in this article.

The gummy smile means excessive gingival display, which impairs patients’ appearance, psychological status, and social relationships. With the development of orthodontics, orthognathics, periodontics, and plastic surgeries, the treatment of the gummy smile turned into comprehensive multidisciplinary approaches. The etiology and recently developed approaches will be reviewed in this article.

Abnormal healing after skin injury may lead to pathological scar. The emergence of pathological scar not only affects the cosmetic appearance, but also causes psychological and physiological dysfunction in severe cases. The study on the mechanism of pathological scar is of great significance for the treatment of scar. Among them, animal scar model is one of the important method to study pathological scar at present. The ideal animal model of scar should be as close as possible to human pathological scar in histology, cytology and other aspects. This article systematically expounds the rodent model, rabbit ear model and porcine model of traditional scar animals, and the new technology animal scar model, combined with the recent research which has been widely used in the field of scar.

The gummy smile means excessive gingival display, which impairs patients’ appearance, psychological status, and social relationships. With the development of orthodontics, orthognathics, periodontics, and plastic surgeries, the treatment of the gummy smile turned into comprehensive multidisciplinary approaches. The etiology and recently developed approaches will be reviewed in this article.

The gummy smile means excessive gingival display, which impairs patients’ appearance, psychological status, and social relationships. With the development of orthodontics, orthognathics, periodontics, and plastic surgeries, the treatment of the gummy smile turned into comprehensive multidisciplinary approaches. The etiology and recently developed approaches will be reviewed in this article.

Objective:To explore the soft tissue composition underlying upper eyelid puffiness and the experience in treating it with tailor-made procedure during upper blepharoplasty.Methods:In a retrospective study from January 2017 to December 2018, 165 patients with upper eyelid puffiness underwent full-incision upper blepharoplasty. During the procedure, the anterior wall of orbital septum was exposed, and the volume of the retro-orbicularis oculus fat (ROOF) and preaponeurotic fat was observed. The orbital septum would be opened if lacrimal gland prolapse was suspected. The puffy upper eyelid would be targeted with tailor-made procedure such as partial ROOF resection, removal or transposition of the preaponeurotic fat, as well as lacrimal gland refixation.Results:All 165 cases were healed by first intention. No relapse was found after a 6 to 24 months follow-up. Persistent mild pain and local skin tightness epiphora chemosis were presented in isolated cases with self-resolution within a short time. There were no severe adverse reaction or complications occurred during the operation and follow-up.Conclusions:The tailor-made procedure during upper blepharoplasty targets the soft tissue anatomy underlying upper eyelid puffiness. It is safe and effective in maintaining a natural look of upper eyelids while retaining the appropriate amount of adipose tissue in the upper eyelid.

Objective:The differentially expressed genes were screened from microarray data in the patients with non-syndromic craniosynostosis, and a protein interaction network was established to screen and predict hub genes related to the disease.Methods:The data set of GSE50796 were downloaded from the GEO database, which included seven samples of the closed cranial suture tissues from the non-syndromic craniosynostosis patients, and seven samples of the unclosed cranial suture tissues from the non-syndromic craniosynostosis patients. Analyze the differentially expressed genes were collected and analyzed with GEO2R, a GEO database online tool. P<0.05 and |logFC|> 2 were set as filter criteria. The ggplot2 of R package was applied for GO enrichment analysis, and the KEGG pathway analysis was completed with Enrichr. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was performed via GSEA 3.0 to analyze the correlation between gene sets and phenotypes. Secondly, the STRING database was used to analyze the interaction relationships between differentially expressed proteins in different tissues, and then Cytoscape and related plug-ins were used to establish the differentially expressed protein interaction network and screen the hub genes. Meanwhile, the key modules, important biological processes, and multiple co-expression relationships were analyzed. Results:A total of 255 differentially expressed genes based on the above screening conditions were obtained. The regulation of neural development screened by GO enrichment analysis, the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway screened by KEGG enrichment analysis, the important biological pathways (DNA replication, cell cycle, cytokine and receptor interaction) screened by GSEA enrichment analysis, and the positive regulation of osteoblast differentiation screened by ClueGO analysis, might be closely related to the etiology of non-syndromic craniosynostosis. The up-regulated hub genes such as CLEC12A, MS4A3 and DNTT in the group with closed sutures were screened by protein-protein interaction network and literature analysis, which might play a vital role in the pathogenic processes of non-syndromic craniosynostosis.Conclusions:With the multi-dimensional enrichment analysis of the differentially expressed genes and the establishment of protein interaction networks, we have deepened our understanding of differentially expressed genes, important biological processes and signaling pathways involved in the pathogenesis of non-syndromic craniosynostosis. The selected hub genes may become early diagnostic markers and potential molecular therapeutic targets.

To use dermal scaffolds to cover the wound can accelerate the wound repair and healing. Rapid vascularization is the basis for dermal scaffolds to function and a necessary condition for these implants to survive in vivo. This review summarizes the latest research on vascularization of dermal scaffolds in recent years. Through explaining the process of angiogenesis, the cytokines regulating angiogenesis and the latest research on the vascularization of various materials and 3D-printed materials, we explore the ideas and method to solve the deficiency of dermal scaffold vascularization.

Objective:The differentially expressed genes were screened from microarray data in the patients with non-syndromic craniosynostosis, and a protein interaction network was established to screen and predict hub genes related to the disease.Methods:The data set of GSE50796 were downloaded from the GEO database, which included seven samples of the closed cranial suture tissues from the non-syndromic craniosynostosis patients, and seven samples of the unclosed cranial suture tissues from the non-syndromic craniosynostosis patients. Analyze the differentially expressed genes were collected and analyzed with GEO2R, a GEO database online tool. P<0.05 and |logFC|> 2 were set as filter criteria. The ggplot2 of R package was applied for GO enrichment analysis, and the KEGG pathway analysis was completed with Enrichr. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was performed via GSEA 3.0 to analyze the correlation between gene sets and phenotypes. Secondly, the STRING database was used to analyze the interaction relationships between differentially expressed proteins in different tissues, and then Cytoscape and related plug-ins were used to establish the differentially expressed protein interaction network and screen the hub genes. Meanwhile, the key modules, important biological processes, and multiple co-expression relationships were analyzed. Results:A total of 255 differentially expressed genes based on the above screening conditions were obtained. The regulation of neural development screened by GO enrichment analysis, the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway screened by KEGG enrichment analysis, the important biological pathways (DNA replication, cell cycle, cytokine and receptor interaction) screened by GSEA enrichment analysis, and the positive regulation of osteoblast differentiation screened by ClueGO analysis, might be closely related to the etiology of non-syndromic craniosynostosis. The up-regulated hub genes such as CLEC12A, MS4A3 and DNTT in the group with closed sutures were screened by protein-protein interaction network and literature analysis, which might play a vital role in the pathogenic processes of non-syndromic craniosynostosis.Conclusions:With the multi-dimensional enrichment analysis of the differentially expressed genes and the establishment of protein interaction networks, we have deepened our understanding of differentially expressed genes, important biological processes and signaling pathways involved in the pathogenesis of non-syndromic craniosynostosis. The selected hub genes may become early diagnostic markers and potential molecular therapeutic targets.