With the progress of information technology and intelligent technology,the intelligent development of urine testing instruments is facing new opportunities.Using the disease cybernetics theory model to analyze the business process and current urine testing instruments of clinical urine analyzer,a generational theoretical model of urine testing instruments has been constructed,which is conducive to guiding the intelligent development direction of urine testing instruments.The study divides urine testing instruments into one to four generations of products,with the first-generation of products being operated by doctors.The second-generation products are currently available for laboratory technicians to use various urine analyzers.The third-generation products further optimize the testing process and intelligence,without the need for inspectors to operate.The fourth-generation products are unmanned and do not require sampling.It can be seen that with the development of technology,urine analysis has indeed become more convenient,but after all,various instruments have their limitations.Therefore,the establishment of a theoretical model for the generation of urine testing instruments should be applied in clinical urine testing,which can not only improve the efficiency of urine analysis but also improve its quality.

A suitable animal model of hypertrophic scar is of great importance for studying pathogenesis of hypertrophic scar and exploring more efficacious treatment. Researchers have tried to establish hypertrophic scar models in various animals, and the rabbit ear hypertrophic scar model is the most widely used one. In recent years, novel models such as the rat tail hypertrophic scar model and ethanol-induced rabbit ear hypertrophic scar model have been proposed. These models inherit the advantages of traditional models while simplifying the manufacturing process, presenting significant research potential. This paper provides the research advances on animal models of hypertrophic scar in nude mice, mice, rats, rabbits, pigs, guinea pigs, and dogs, offering insights for the researchers in selecting appropriate models, refining existing models, or creating new animal models.

Objective:To investigate the clinical effects of expanded frontal flap and flip scar flap in repairing partial nasal defect.Methods:A retrospective observational study was conducted. From January 2012 to January 2022, 26 patients with partial nasal defects who met the inclusion criteria were admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, including 19 males and 7 females, aged 5 to 61 years. The surgery was performed in 4 stages. In the first stage, a rectangular skin and soft tissue expander (hereinafter referred to as expander) with suitable rated capacity was planted in frontal region and expanded by injecting water regularly. In the second stage, flip scar flap was grafted to reconstruct nasal inner lining, whose area was about 10% larger than the area of defect. The expanded frontal flap with pedicle was transferred to repair the nasal defect, whose pedicle was supraorbital vessel or supratrochlear vessel on the contralateral side of the defect, and the area of expanded flap was 20% larger than the nasal defect area after resection and flipping of scar flap. The donor site of expanded flap was sutured directly. After 3 weeks of flap transferring, the flap was delayed in the third stage. After 1 week of delaying operation, the pedicle of flap was cut off in the fourth stage. The number, rated capacity, injection volume, and expansion time of embedded expanders were recorded. The occurrences of complications including infection, hematoma, ulceration of expanded flap after the first stage operation, and blood supply disorder or necrosis of flap after operation in the second and fourth stages were observed. All the patients were followed up for 1 year at least, and the color of flap, scar of frontal donor site, symmetry of bilateral eyebrows, and the nasal appearance and ventilated function of external nasal tract were observed.Results:A total of 26 expanders were embedded in 26 patients. The rated capacity of expanders ranged from 100 to 300 mL. The injection volume was 1.0 to 1.5 times of the rated capacity of expanders. The expansion time ranged from 2.5 to 4.0 months, with an average time of 3 months. There were no complications occurred after each operation. The follow-up showed that the color of flap was similar to the normal nasal skin, the scar of frontal region was not obvious, the bilateral eyebrows were basically symmetrical, the nose had excellent appearance, ventilation function of external nasal tract was not affected, while some of the patients had downward rotation or unapparent tip-defining point of nose.Conclusions:Using the flip scar flap to reconstruct the nasal inner lining and pre-expanded frontal flap to reconstruct the nasal skin, without free cartilage transplantation to repair the partial nasal defects can achieve satisfied nasal appearance post operation, without abnormal external nasal ventilation function.

Objective:To explore the choice of skin flap design and clinical effects of skin soft tissue expansion in the treatment of body surface lesions.Methods:From January 2018 to December 2020, the Department of Plastic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of the Air Force Medical University performed skin and soft tissue expansion in 148 patients with scars and nevus, including 83 males and 65 females. The age ranged from 4 to 52 years. According to the distance of the donor area, the expanded flap was divided into adjacent local flap and distal pedicled axial flap. An appropriate volume expander was embedded under the donor area flap. The expander was expanded regularly for 8-24 weeks, and the displacement of expander and other complications were avoided.Results:A total of 212 dilators were implanted in 148 patients, and the damaged area was completely repaired after 1 or 2 dilation operations. The expanded flaps were effectively used. The flap transfer was consistent with the first-stage design, with fewer auxiliary incisions, hidden and inconspicuous scars, and maximum repaired area was 22 cm×18 cm; the incidence of dilator complications (16 cases with 21 dilators) was 9.90%.Conclusions:Paying attention to the reasonable design and selection of flap in stage Ⅰ operation can make effective use of expanded flap in stage Ⅱ operation, fully repair body surface lesions, reduce auxiliary incision and achieve the best repair effect.

Objective:To explore the clinical effect of pre-expanded flap on the treatment of perioral scar.Methods:The clinical data on the treatment of perioral scar with pre-expanded flap in the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University from March 2009 to July 2019 were analyzed retrospectively. The pre-expanded flap composed of the pre-expanded local flap, the pre-expanded deltopectoral flap, the pre-expanded submental flap, and the pre-expanded frontal branch flap of the superficial temporal artery. Generally, the surgical procedure was divided into three stages, which included stage one: skin soft tissue expander implantation; stage two: pre-expanded flap design and transfer; stage three: delay of pre-expanded skin flap, and the amputation of the pedicle. The pre-expanded local flap did not require cutting off the pedicle. Selective laser hair removal was applied to pre-expanded frontal branch flap of superficial temporal artery to repair the scar. The blood circulation and the survival of the metastatic flap were observed after the operation. The appearance and function of the donor and recipient areas were followed up.Results:A total of 47 patients aged between 7 to 50 years old comprising 21 males and 26 females with perioral scars were enrolled, with an average age of 20 years old. Eight cases were treated with pre-expanded local flap. Twenty five cases were treated with pre-expanded deltopectoral flap, 3 cases were treated with pre-expanded deltopectoral flap combined with a pre-expanded local skin flap, 5 cases were treated with pre-expanded submental flap, 6 cases were treated with pre-expanded frontal branch flap of the superficial temporal artery. Postoperative follow-up time ranged from 3 to 108 months (mean 57 months). In all the patients, the perioral scars were repaired, with significant alleviation in mouth opening limitation. The color and texture of the transferred flap were similar to the surrounding skin, and the appearance was satisfactory.Conclusions:The pre-expanded flap is a good approach for the treatment of perioral scar.

Objective:To explore the clinical effect of pre-expanded flap on the treatment of perioral scar.Methods:The clinical data on the treatment of perioral scar with pre-expanded flap in the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University from March 2009 to July 2019 were analyzed retrospectively. The pre-expanded flap composed of the pre-expanded local flap, the pre-expanded deltopectoral flap, the pre-expanded submental flap, and the pre-expanded frontal branch flap of the superficial temporal artery. Generally, the surgical procedure was divided into three stages, which included stage one: skin soft tissue expander implantation; stage two: pre-expanded flap design and transfer; stage three: delay of pre-expanded skin flap, and the amputation of the pedicle. The pre-expanded local flap did not require cutting off the pedicle. Selective laser hair removal was applied to pre-expanded frontal branch flap of superficial temporal artery to repair the scar. The blood circulation and the survival of the metastatic flap were observed after the operation. The appearance and function of the donor and recipient areas were followed up.Results:A total of 47 patients aged between 7 to 50 years old comprising 21 males and 26 females with perioral scars were enrolled, with an average age of 20 years old. Eight cases were treated with pre-expanded local flap. Twenty five cases were treated with pre-expanded deltopectoral flap, 3 cases were treated with pre-expanded deltopectoral flap combined with a pre-expanded local skin flap, 5 cases were treated with pre-expanded submental flap, 6 cases were treated with pre-expanded frontal branch flap of the superficial temporal artery. Postoperative follow-up time ranged from 3 to 108 months (mean 57 months). In all the patients, the perioral scars were repaired, with significant alleviation in mouth opening limitation. The color and texture of the transferred flap were similar to the surrounding skin, and the appearance was satisfactory.Conclusions:The pre-expanded flap is a good approach for the treatment of perioral scar.

Objective:To establish a clinical prediction model for infection risk at the placement sites of skin and soft tissue expanders (hereinafter termed as expanders) and to validate the predictive value of the model.Methods:A retrospective observational study was conducted. Totally 2 934 patients who underwent skin and soft tissue dilatation surgery in the Department of Plastic Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University from January 2009 to December 2018 and met the selection criteria were included. There were 1 867 males and 1 067 females, with a median age of 18 years. Totally 3 053 skin and soft tissue expansion procedures were performed with 4 266 expanders implanted. The following indexes were selected as predictor variables, including patients' age, gender, marital status, ethnicity, hospital admission, surgical indication, disease duration, with/without history of smoking, history of drinking, history of blood transfusion, history of underlying diseases, and inability to use cephalosporin antibiotics due to allergy, number of expander in a single placement, rated volume of expander, water injection rate of expander in the first time, placement site of expander, anesthesia method, duration of operation, and with/without postoperative hematoma evacuation, and infection at the placement site of expander as the outcome variable. Univariate analysis of the data was performed using least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression to screen the potential risk factors affecting infection at the placement sites of expanders, the factors selected by the univariate analysis were subjected to binary multivariate logistic regression analysis to screen the independent risk factors affecting infection at the placement sites of expanders, and a nomogram prediction model for the occurrence of infection at the placement sites of expanders was established. The C index and Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness of fit test were used to evaluate the discrimination and accuracy of the model, respectively, and the bootstrap resampling was used for internal verification.Results:The results of LASSO regression showed that age, gender, hospital admission, surgical indication, disease duration, history of drinking, history of heart disease, history of viral hepatitis, history of hypertension, inability to use cephalosporin antibiotics due to allergy, number of expander in a single placement, rated volume of expander, placement site of expander, postoperative hematoma evacuation were the potential risk factors for infection at the placement sites of expanders (regression coefficient=-0.005, 0.170, 0.999, 0.054, 0.510, -0.003, 0.395, -0.218, 0.029, 0.848, -0.116, 0.175, 0.085, 0.202). Binary multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that male, emergency admission, disease duration ≤1 year, inability to use cephalosporin antibiotics due to allergy, rated volumes of expanders ≥200 mL and <400 mL or ≥400 mL, and expanders placed in the trunk or the limbs were the independent risks factors for infection at the placement sites of expanders (odds ratio=1.37, 3.21, 2.00, 2.47, 1.70, 1.73, 1.67, 2.16, 95% confidence interval=1.04-1.82, 1.09-8.34, 1.38-2.86, 1.29-4.41, 1.07-2.73, 1.02-2.94, 1.09-2.58, 1.07-4.10, P<0.05 or P<0.01). The C index for evaluating the discriminative degree of the model was 0.63, the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness of fit test for evaluating the accuracy of the model showed P=0.685, and the C index for internal validation by the bootstrap resampling was 0.60. Conclusions:Male, emergency admission, disease duration ≤1 year, inability to use cephalosporin antibiotics due to allergy, rated volume of expander ≥200 mL, and expanders placed in the trunk or the limbs are the independent risk factors for infection at the placement sites of expanders. The clinical prediction model for infection risk at the placement sites of expanders was successfully established based on these factors and showed a certain predictive effect.

Objective: To investigate the antagonistic effect of diallyl sulfide (DAS) against peripheral nerve injury induced by n-hexane in rats. Methods: A total of 68 adult male Wistar rats were selected, among which 50 were randomly selected and divided into blank control group, DAS control group (100 mg/kg·bw) , n-hexane model group, low-dose DAS intervention group (50 mg/kg·bw) , and high-dose DAS intervention group (100 mg/kg·bw) . A rat model of peripheral nerve injury was established by n-hexane exposure, and the rats were treated with DAS at different doses. The changes in pyrrole adducts and behavior were observed, a metabolic analysis was performed for serum pyrrole adducts, and the intervention effect was evaluated. The remaining 18 rats were randomly assigned to the n-hexane model group, the low-dose DAS intervention group, and the high-dose DAS intervention group, with 6 rats in each group, as satellite groups used for the toxicokinetic analysis of serum pyrrole adducts. Results: Compared with the blank control group, the n-hexane model group and low-and high-dose DAS intervention groups had a significant reduction in body weight since week 2 (P<0.01) . Compared with the n-hexane model group at the end of the experiment at week 7, the high-dose DAS intervention group had a significantly higher body weight (P<0.05) , while there was no significant difference in body weight between the n-hexane model group and the low-dose DAS intervention group (P>0.05) . The n-hexane model group developed gait abnormality at week 2 of poisoning, while the low-and high-dose DAS intervention groups developed gait abnormality at weeks 3 and 5 of poisoning, respectively. At the end of the experiment, the n-hexane model group and the low-and high-dose DAS intervention groups had a significantly higher gait score than the blank control group (P<0.01) . At the end of the experiment, the n-hexane model group and the low-dose DAS intervention group had significantly shorter latency in rotarod test than the blank control group (P<0.01) , while there was no significant difference in latency between the DAS control group and the high-dose DAS intervention group (P>0.05) . Compared with the n-hexane model group, the low-and high-dose DAS intervention groups had a significant increase in latency in rotarod test (P<0.01) . Compared with blank control group, the n-hexane model group and the low-dose DAS intervention group had a significant increase in mean nerve conduction velocity (P<0.01) , while there was no significant difference between the blank control group and the DAS control group or high-dose DAS intervention group (P>0.05) , and compared with the n-hexane model group, the low-and high-dose DAS intervention groups had a significant increase in nerve conduction velocity (P<0.01) . Compared with the blank control group at the end of the experiment at week 7, the n-hexane model group and the low-and high-dose DAS intervention groups had significant increases in the concentration of pyrrole adducts in serum, urine, and hair (P<0.01) , while there was no significant difference between the blank control group and the DAS control group (P>0.05) , and the high-dose DAS intervention group had a significantly lower concentration of pyrrole adducts in serum, urine, and hair than the low-dose DAS intervention group (P<0.05) . Serum pyrrole adducts reached the peak level at 9-12 hours and then started to decrease. Compared with the n-hexane model group, the high-and low-dose DAS intervention groups had a significantly shorter half-life period of serum pyrrole adducts (P<0.01) . Compared with the n-hexane model group, the high-and low-dose DAS intervention groups had a significant reduction in the area under the curve of serum pyrrole adducts (P<0.05) . Conclusion DAS can antagonize peripheral nerve injury induced by n-hexane.

Objective:To explore the clinical effect of expanded scalp flaps in repconstructing the wounds after resection of frontal and facial nevus and scar.Methods:From May 2014 to May 2019, 28 patients (5 cases of nevus and 11 cases of scar in the frontal part and 2 cases of nevus, 9 cases of scar and 1 case of verrucous nevus in facial part) were repaired with expanded scalp flaps. According to the size of the lesion, the expander was selected and placed under the galea aponeurotica. After tissue expansion, the wound was reconstructed by random designed or pedicled skin flaps. The pedicled skin flaps took the branch of superficial temporal artery as the pedicle. The pedicle was cut off after 3 weeks. Hair removal by laser was performed 3 to 6 times 2 weeks after removing the suture.Results:In all the 28 cases, expansion in the first stage was sufficient, after skin flap transfer in the second stage, all survived without infection or local necrosis. After the pedicle division, 2 cases had small area of distal blood flow disorder, and the wound was healed after skin grafting The follow-up time ranged from 3 to 31 months. After hair removal by laser, the color and texture matched well with the normal skin in the adjacent area. No contracture and pigmentation occurred, and the effect was satisfactory.Conclusions:The scalp is a good donor site for expansion with sufficient tissue and few secondary deformities. The expanded scalp flap has good blood supply for repairing frontal and facial lesions, after hair removal by laser, the effect is good, and it is worth popularizing and applying.