Amino acid metabolism plays a critical role in the progression and development of breast cancer. Cancer cells, including those in breast cancer, reprogram amino acid metabolism to meet the demands of rapid proliferation, survival, and immune evasion. This includes alterations in the uptake and utilization of amino acids, such as glutamine, serine, glycine, and arginine, which provide essential building blocks for biosynthesis, energy production, and redox homeostasis. Notably, the metabolic phenotypes of breast cancer cells vary across molecular subtypes and disease stages, emphasizing the need for patient stratification and personalized therapeutic strategies. Advances in multi-level diagnostics, including phenotyping and predictive tools, such as AI-based analysis and body fluid profiling, have highlighted the potential for tailoring treatments to individual metabolic profiles. Enzymes, such as glutaminase and serine hydroxymethyltransferase, often upregulated in breast cancer, represent promising therapeutic targets. Understanding the interplay between amino acid metabolism and breast cancer biology, alongside the integration of personalized medicine approaches, can uncover novel insights into tumor progression and guide the development of precision therapies. This review explores the metabolic pathways of amino acids in breast cancer, with a focus on their implications for personalized treatment strategies.
Humans ; Breast Neoplasms/therapy* ; Female ; Amino Acids/metabolism*

Gonadotropin-releasing-hormone analogues (GnRHa) are widely used in the treatment of premenopausal breast cancer. The anti-tumor effect of GnRHa is similar to that of surgical castration or chemotherapy, through reversibly inhibiting ovarian function and downregulating the estrogen level in premenopausal female. At the same time, GnRHa can protect the ovarian function, avoiding premature ovarian failure. Also GnRHa can reduce the breast density and endometrial thickness, as a result of which GnRHa may be used to prevent breast cancer in the higher risk population and promote quality of life in breast cancer patients. We here review the clinical roles and research progress of GnRHa in breast cancer.

Gonadotropin?releasing?hormone analogues (GnRHa) are widely used in the treatment of premenopausal breast cancer. The anti?tumor effect of GnRHa is similar to that of surgical castration or chemotherapy, through reversibly inhibiting ovarian function and downregulating the estrogen level in premenopausal female. At the same time, GnRHa can protect the ovarian function, avoiding premature ovarian failure. Also GnRHa can reduce the breast density and endometrial thickness, as a result of which GnRHa may be used to prevent breast cancer in the higher risk population and promote quality of life in breast cancer patients. We here review the clinical roles and research progress of GnRHa in breast cancer.

Gonadotropin?releasing?hormone analogues (GnRHa) are widely used in the treatment of premenopausal breast cancer. The anti?tumor effect of GnRHa is similar to that of surgical castration or chemotherapy, through reversibly inhibiting ovarian function and downregulating the estrogen level in premenopausal female. At the same time, GnRHa can protect the ovarian function, avoiding premature ovarian failure. Also GnRHa can reduce the breast density and endometrial thickness, as a result of which GnRHa may be used to prevent breast cancer in the higher risk population and promote quality of life in breast cancer patients. We here review the clinical roles and research progress of GnRHa in breast cancer.

Twenty-three patients with pain from osteoporotic vertebral fractures,aged 65-90 yr,weighing 51-78 kg,received an image intensifier-assisted nerve-root block with a 6-8 ml mixture of 0.5 ％ lidocaine,mecobalamine 0.5 mg and betamethasone sodium phosphate injection 5.26 mg in a prone or lateral position.The VAS scores before operation,at 0,1 week,1 and 3 months after operation were 8.6 ± 0.9,1.5 ± 0.7,2.8 ± 0.9,1.6 ± 0.5 and 2.5 ± 0.7,respectively.VAS scores were significantly lower at each time pint after operation than before operation (P ＜ 0.05).According to modified MacNab standard,the effectiveness of treatment was rated as excellent/good in 87％ of the patients.No complication such as bleeding,hematoma,infection,pneumothorax,hemopneumothorax,headache was found during or after operation.Selective nerve-root block is effective in the treatment of pain resulting from osteoporotic vertebral fractures in patients.