OBJECTIVE To optimize the steaming and processing technology of wine-steamed Taxillus chinensis， and to characterize its quality. METHODS Using the content of avicularin， quercitrin， quercetin and appearance traits as evaluation indicators， the analytic hierarchy process （AHP）-entropy weight method was used to determine the weights of each indicator， and the comprehensive scores of those indicators were used as response values. Box-Behnken response surface method was used to investigate the effects of solid-liquid ratio （g/mL）， soaking time， and steaming time on the processing technology of wine-steamed T. chinensis， optimize the best processing technology， and verify it. Fifteen batches of T. chinensis decoction pieces from different origins were used to prepare wine-steamed T. chinensis using the best processing technology， and their qualities were characterized. RESULTS The optimal processing technology for wine-steamed T. chinensis was to take 100 g of T. chinensis decoction pieces， add 20 mL of yellow wine， seal and moisten for 2 h， steam at normal pressure for 1 h， take out and dry at 50 ℃. The surface of wine-steamed T. chinensis prepared by the optimal processing technology was reddish brown or brownish， and its powder was dark brown， with a hard or brittle texture that was easy to break， and had a slight aroma of alcohol， and an astringent taste. Results of microscopic and thin-layer identification for the stem cross-section of wine-steamed T. chinensis were the same as those of raw T. chinensis. The contents of moisture， total ash and acid-insoluble ash were 3.92%-8.75%， 2.27%-5.08%， and 0.19%-0.82%， respectively； the contents of water-soluble extract were 11.28%-18.56%， and the contents of alcohol-soluble extract were 3.36%-8.58%； the contents of avicularin， quercitrin， and quercetin were 0.22-1.64， 0.26-2.45， and 0.01-0.38 mg/g， respectively. CONCLUSIONS This study successfully optimized the processing technology of wine-steamed T. chinensis and preliminarily characterized its quality， which can provide reference for the standardized processing and establishment of quality standards for wine-steamed T. chinensis decoction mail：wyl@sxtcm.edu.cn pieces.

OBJECTIVE To optimize the steaming and processing technology of wine-steamed Taxillus chinensis， and to characterize its quality. METHODS Using the content of avicularin， quercitrin， quercetin and appearance traits as evaluation indicators， the analytic hierarchy process （AHP）-entropy weight method was used to determine the weights of each indicator， and the comprehensive scores of those indicators were used as response values. Box-Behnken response surface method was used to investigate the effects of solid-liquid ratio （g/mL）， soaking time， and steaming time on the processing technology of wine-steamed T. chinensis， optimize the best processing technology， and verify it. Fifteen batches of T. chinensis decoction pieces from different origins were used to prepare wine-steamed T. chinensis using the best processing technology， and their qualities were characterized. RESULTS The optimal processing technology for wine-steamed T. chinensis was to take 100 g of T. chinensis decoction pieces， add 20 mL of yellow wine， seal and moisten for 2 h， steam at normal pressure for 1 h， take out and dry at 50 ℃. The surface of wine-steamed T. chinensis prepared by the optimal processing technology was reddish brown or brownish， and its powder was dark brown， with a hard or brittle texture that was easy to break， and had a slight aroma of alcohol， and an astringent taste. Results of microscopic and thin-layer identification for the stem cross-section of wine-steamed T. chinensis were the same as those of raw T. chinensis. The contents of moisture， total ash and acid-insoluble ash were 3.92%-8.75%， 2.27%-5.08%， and 0.19%-0.82%， respectively； the contents of water-soluble extract were 11.28%-18.56%， and the contents of alcohol-soluble extract were 3.36%-8.58%； the contents of avicularin， quercitrin， and quercetin were 0.22-1.64， 0.26-2.45， and 0.01-0.38 mg/g， respectively. CONCLUSIONS This study successfully optimized the processing technology of wine-steamed T. chinensis and preliminarily characterized its quality， which can provide reference for the standardized processing and establishment of quality standards for wine-steamed T. chinensis decoction mail：wyl@sxtcm.edu.cn pieces.

OBJECTIVE To establish the high -performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）fingerprint of Compound huiqin granules and analyze it with chemical pattern recognition ，and determine the contents of 8 active components in the granules . METHODS Using puerarin as reference peak ，the fingerprints of 10 batches of Compound huiqin granules were drawn by HPLC method. Similarity Evaluation System for Chromatographic Fingerprint of Traditional Chinese Medicine （2012 edition）was used to evaluate the similarity and identify common peaks ；SPSS 22.0 and SIMCA 14.0 software were used for cluster analysis and principal component analysis . HPLC method was used to determine the contents of 8 active components ，such as chlorogenic acid ， puerarin，3′-methoxypuerarin，daidzin，luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucuronide，isochlorogenic acid A ，and apigenin -7-O-β-D-glucuronide and isochlorogenic acid C . RESULTS There were 26 common peaks in the fingerprints of 10 batches of Compound huiqin granules，the similarity was greater than 0.900，and 11 peaks were identified ，which were gallic acid ，neochlorogenic acid ， chlorogenic acid ，puerarin，3′-methoxypuerarin，daidzin，luteolin-7-O-β-D glucuronide ，isochlorogenic acid A ，apigenin-7-O-β-D- glucuronide，isochlorogenic acid C and daidzein . The results of cluster analysis and principle component analysis showed that 10 batches of Compound huiqin granules could be clustered into 4 categories，in which S 2，S3 and S 6 belonged to one category ，S4， S8，S10 belonged to one category ，S7 belonged to one category ，and S 1，S5，S9 belonged to one category . Average contents of 8 active components were 1.30，17.42，3.51，3.57，0.75，0.41，0.31，0.32 mg/g，respectively. CONCLUSIONS In this study ，the fingerprints and multi -component content determination method of Compound huiqin granules are successfully established ，which can provide a basis for the quality control of the granules .

OBJECTIVE：To establish the fingerprint of wine-processed Schisandra chinensis ，and to conduct cluster analysis and principal component analysis. METHODS ：HPLC method was adopted. The determination was performed on Diamonsil C 18（2） column with mobile phased consisted of methanol-water （gradient elution ）at the flow rate of 1 mL/min. The detection wavelength was set at 250 nm，and the column temperature was 30 ℃；the injection volume was 10 μL. With schisandrol A as the reference peak，HPLC fingerprints of 15 batches of samples were drawn and their similarity were evaluated with Similarity Evaluation System of TCM Chromatographic Fingerprint （2012 edition）. The common peaks were determined. Cluster analysis and principal component analysis were performed by using SPSS 22.0 statistical software. RESULTS ：There were 20 common peaks in 15 batches of samples ，and the similarities were 0.983-0.999；a total of 8 common peaks were identified ，namely 5-hydroxymethyl furfural，schisandrol A ，schisandrol B ，schisantherin A ，schisantherin B ，deoxyschizandrin，γ-schizandrin，pseudo-γ-schizandrin. The results of cluster analysis showed that 15 batches of wine-processed S. chinensis could be clustered into 4 categories. Among them，S1-S4 and S 14 were clustered into one category ，S9-S11 were clustered into one category ，S5，S7-S8，S12-S13 were clustered into one category ，and S 6 and S 15 were clustered into one category. The results of principal component analysis showed that the cumulative variance contribution rate of first four principal component s was 85.381％；the classification results were basically consistent with the results of cluster analysis. Compared with S. chinensis ，5-hydroxymethyl furfural was newly found in S. chinensis after wine-processing ，with high content ；but there was no significant difference in the other chromatographic peaks. CONCLUSIONS：The established HPLC fingerprint is simple and easy to operate ，combined with cluster analysis and principal component analysis ，can be used for quality control of wine-processed S. chinensis decoction pieces.

Objective:To evaluate the performance of the Cepheid Xpert Xpress Flu/RSV assay (Xpert) in the detection of children infected with influenza virus (Flu) or respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).Methods:Nasopharyngeal specimens were collected from children who showed symptoms of respiratory infection and tested FluA, FluB and RSV by Xpert and sequencing assay respectively side by side. Discordant result were tested with a laboratory-developed real-time PCR for resolution.Results:A total of 388 nasopharyngeal swabs (NAPs) from children with acute respiratory tract infection were analyzed and the result showed 91.75-94.85% agreement between two tests. The sensitivity of FluA, FluB and RSV detected by Xpert and sequencing assay were 99.21% (125/126) vs. 92.86% (117/126), 100.00% (109/109) vs. 84.40% (92/109) and 100.00% (52/52) vs. 40.38% (21/52), respectively. The specificity of FluA, FluB and RSV detected by Xpert were all lower than that of the sequencing assay: 95.42% (250/262) vs 99.24% (260/262), 99.28% (277/279) vs 99.64% (278/279) and 99.70% (335/336) vs 100.00% (336/336). The positive predictive values (PPV) of FluA, FluB and RSV detected by Xpert were lower than those of the sequencing assay: 91.30% (126/138) vs. 98.33% (118/120), 98.18% (108/110) vs. 98.92% (92/93) and 98.11% (52/53) vs. 100.00% (21/21), respectively. The negative predictive values (NPV) of FluA, FluB and RSV detected by Xpert were higher than those of the sequencing assay: 99.60% (251/252) vs. 96.67% (261/270), 99.64% (279/280) vs. 94.27% (280/297) and 100.00% (337/337) vs. 91.60% (338/369).Conclusions:The Cepheid Xpert Xpress Flu/RSV assay is a sensitive, reliable and rapid assay for the detection of FluA, FluB and RSV in pediatrics.

Objective:To investigate the pathogenic characteristics of viral encephalitis or meningitis in children living in Shijiazhuang city and surrounding areas, and to study the relationship between pathogenic and clinical findings.Methods:A total of 132 cerebrospinal fluid specimens were randomly collected from hospitalized children diagnosed with viral encephalitis or meningitis (January 2018 to December 2018) in the Department of Neurology of Hebei Children′s Hospital in Shijiazhuang city and surrounding areas. The nucleic acids of four viruses in cerebrospinal fluid were detected by real-time quantitative PCR. SPSS 21.0 software was used for statistical analysis.Results:Among the 132 cases, 78 were boys and 54 were girls, with a sex ratio of 1.44∶1. However, in the gender composition of children in each age group, there was no significant difference (χ 2=3.901, P=0.272). Of the 132 children, 121 had signs of fever, 109 had symptoms of headache, 92 had symptoms of vomiting, 17 had abnormal electroencephalogram(EEG), and 15 had abnormal head magnetic resonance imaging(MRI). 132 cerebrospinal fluid specimens were tested for pathogenic pathogens, and 80 of them were successfully detected. There was 1 case of human herpesvirus type I(HHV-I), 2 cases of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and 77 cases of enterovirus(EV). The age group of 1~3 years′s EV detection rate was 66.67%, it is the highest, but overall, the EV detection rate, there was no significant difference among the four age groups (χ 2=3.147, P=0.369). The detection rate of EV in summer and autumn were 65.52% and 70.83%, respectively, which were significantly higher than those in spring and winter (33.33% and 0.00%), and there was a significant difference (χ 2=22.504, P=0.000). There was no significant difference in the positive rates of fever, headache and vomiting between EV-positive and non-EV-positive children ( P>0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of abnormal EEG and abnormal head MRI between EV-positive and non-EV-positive children ( P>0.05). Conclusions:In 2018, EV was the main pathogen of viral encephalitis and meningitis in children in Shijiazhuang city and surrounding areas, and EV detection rate was high in summer and autumn.

Objective:To investigate the mechanism of activation of NOD-like receptors protein (NLRP)3 in the process of human adenovirus type 7 (HAdV-7) infection.Methods:THP-1 cells were treated with adenosine triphosphate (ATP), an NLRP3 inhibitor MCC950, and a caspase-1 inhibitor Ac-YVDK-cmk, ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate (APDC), N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), cathepsin B-selective inhibitor CA-074-me, glibenclamide and potassium chloride (KCl) respectively. THP-1 cells without infection were used as the control group and those infected with HAdV-7 were used as the experimental group. The expression of NLRP3, caspase-1 and IL-1β in the supernatant was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Q-PCR and western blot(WB).Results:Immunofluorescence detection showed that HAdV-7 infected THP-1, while WB showed that HAdV-7 infection could induce the pro-IL-1β protein expression in cells, and caspase-1 cleavage induce IL-1β maturation and release to the outside of cells. The expression of IL-1β in the supernatant of cells was significantly increased as detected by ELISA (MOI=0.5, P=0.0008). After inhibition of caspase-1 expression, the expression of IL-1 β in the supernatant was significantly inhibited ( P=0.0025). The expression of pro-IL-1β and NLRP3 mRNA in HAdV-7 infected cells was up-regulated (NLRP3: P=0.0004; pro-IL-1β: P=0.0007), and WB showed that HAdV-7 could up regulate the expression of pro-IL-1β and NLRP3 protein in the cells. After THP-1 was treated with NLRP3 specific inhibitor MCC950 the expression of IL-1β in the supernatant of HAdV-7 infected cells were significantly inhibited ( P=0.002) 7). Toll-like receptor (TLR)2, TLR4 and TLR7/9 signal transduction inhibitors were used respectively to inhibit HAdV-7 infection of THP-1. The result showed that TLR4 signal transduction was inhibited, and the expression level of IL-1 β in cell supernatant was significantly decreased ( P=0.0122). Using reactive oxygen species (ROS) inhibitor, cathepsin B inhibitor, or K + outflow inhibitor to inhibit the infection of THP-1 differentiated macrophages by HAdV-7, the result showed that when cathepsin B was inhibited ( P=0.0292), or K + outflow was inhibited (KCl, P=0.0022; glibenclamide, P=0.0275), the expression level of IL-1 β in the supernatant was significantly decreased. Conclusions:HAdV-7 infection of THP-1 cells can activate NLRP3 inflammasome. The first signal of NLRP3 activation is transmitted by TLR4, and the second signal is mainly activated by K + outflow and cathepsin B release.

Objective:To evaluate a multiplex fluorescent probe real-time PCR kit in the viral pathogen detection among children with acute lower respiratory tract infections.Methods:This study used multiplex fluorescent probe real-time PCR method to detect viral pathogens in 300 nasopharyngeal swabs from children with acute lower respiratory tract infection in Beijing Children′s Hospital (influenza A/B virus, respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, parainfluenza virus type I and parainfluenza virus type ⅡI), and liquid chip method was used for comparison. In addition, 136 positive-nasopharyngeal aspirates determined by immunofluorescence test were verified by the multiplex fluorescent probe real-time PCR method .Results:For the 300 nasopharyngeal swabs, 173 and 159 were determined positive by real-time PCR and liquid chip kit, respectively. In addition, real-time PCR method found 22 cases of mixed infection samples with two or more viral pathogens compared with the immunofluorescence method .Conclusions:The multiplex fluorescent probe real-time PCR method has high sensitivity and specificity, and has good application value for the detection of children′s acute lower respiratory tract viral pathogens.

Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is an acute infectious disease caused by enteroviruses existing worldwide. Enterovirus 71 (EV-A71), Coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16) and Coxsackievirus A6 (CV-A6) are the major pathogens of HFMD in the mainland of China. The pathogenic spectrum of HFMD has changed significantly in China. It is related to the epidemic pattern of enterovirus and may also be affected by the application of EV-A71 vaccine. This review focuses mainly on the epidemic patterns, the pathogenic spectrum and the molecular epidemiology of HFMD in the mainland of China.

Acid food indicators can be used as pH indicators for evaluating the quality and freshness of fermented products during the full course of distribution. Iron oxide particles are hardly suspended in water, but partially or completely agglomerated. The agglomeration degree of the iron oxide particles depends on the pH. The pH-dependent particle agglomeration or dispersion can be useful for monitoring the acidity of food. The zeta potential of iron oxide showed a decreasing trend as the pH increased from 2 to 8, while the point of zero charge (PZC) was observed around at pH 6.0-7.0. These results suggested that the size of the iron oxide particles was affected by the change in pH levels. As a result, the particle sizes of iron oxide were smaller at lower pH than at neutral pH. In addition, agglomeration of the iron oxide particles increased as the pH increased from 2 to 7. In the time-dependent aggregation test, the average particle size was 730.4 nm and 1,340.3 nm at pH 2 and 7, respectively. These properties of iron oxide particles can be used to develop an ideal acid indicator for food pH and to monitor food quality, besides a colorant or nutrient for nutrition enhancement and sensory promotion in food industry.
Food Industry ; Food Quality ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Iron* ; Nutritive Value* ; Particle Size ; Water