This paper is to illustrate the infestation and related ecological characteristics of chigger mites on the Asian house rat (Rattus tanezumi). A total of 17,221 chigger mites were collected from 2,761 R. tanezumi rats, and then identified as 131 species and 19 genera in 2 families. Leptotrombidium deliense, the most powerful vector of scrub typhus in China, was the first major dominant species on R. tanezumi. All the dominant mite species were of an aggregated distribution among different individuals of R. tanezumi. The species composition and infestations of chiggers on R. tanezumi varied along different geographical regions, habitats and altitudes. The species-abundance distribution of the chigger mite community was successfully fitted and the theoretical curve equation was Ŝ (R)=37e–(0.28R)2. The total chigger species on R. tanezumi were estimated to be 199 species or 234 species, and this further suggested that R. tanezumi has a great potential to harbor abundant species of chigger mites. The results of the species-plot relationship indicated that the chigger mite community on R. tanezumi in Yunnan was an uneven community with very high heterogeneity. Wide geographical regions with large host samples are recommended in the investigations of chigger mites.

This paper is to illustrate the infestation and related ecological characteristics of chigger mites on the Asian house rat (Rattus tanezumi). A total of 17,221 chigger mites were collected from 2,761 R. tanezumi rats, and then identified as 131 species and 19 genera in 2 families. Leptotrombidium deliense, the most powerful vector of scrub typhus in China, was the first major dominant species on R. tanezumi. All the dominant mite species were of an aggregated distribution among different individuals of R. tanezumi. The species composition and infestations of chiggers on R. tanezumi varied along different geographical regions, habitats and altitudes. The species-abundance distribution of the chigger mite community was successfully fitted and the theoretical curve equation was Ŝ (R)=37e–(0.28R)2. The total chigger species on R. tanezumi were estimated to be 199 species or 234 species, and this further suggested that R. tanezumi has a great potential to harbor abundant species of chigger mites. The results of the species-plot relationship indicated that the chigger mite community on R. tanezumi in Yunnan was an uneven community with very high heterogeneity. Wide geographical regions with large host samples are recommended in the investigations of chigger mites.

Based on the field investigations in 91 investigation sites (counties) in southwest China between 2001 and 2019, the present paper reported the chigger mites on A. agrarius mice in southwest China for the first time by using a series of statistical methods. From 715 striped field mice captured in 28 of 91 investigated sites, only 255 chiggers were collected, and they were identified as 14 species, 6 genera in 3 subfamilies under 2 families. Of 715 A. agrarius mice, only 24 of them were infested with chigger mites with low overall prevalence (PM=3.4%), overall mean abundance (MA=0.36 mites/host) and overall mean intensity (MI=10.63 mites/host). The species diversity and infestation of chiggers on A. agrarius were much lower than those previously reported on some other rodents in southwest China. On a certain species of rodent, A. agrarius mouse in southwest China seems to have a very low susceptibility to chigger infestations than in other geographical regions. Of 14 chigger species, there were 3 dominant species, Leptotrombidium sialkotense, L. rupestre and Schoengastiella novoconfuciana, which were of aggregated distribution among different individuals of A. agrarius hosts. L. sialkotense, one of 6 main vectors of scrub typhus in China, was the first dominant on A. agrarius. The species similarity of chigger mites on male and female hosts was low with CSS=0.25, and this reflects the sex-bias of different genders of A. agrarius mice in harboring different chigger species.

The chigger mite Leptotrombidium sialkotense is one of the 6 main vectors of scrub typhus in China. Before present study, L. sialkotense was found in some parts of Hunan province, China with a narrow geographical distribution. During field investigation 2016-2017, we found L. sialkotense in Jingha, southern Yunnan, China. Of 15 small mammal host species, L. sialkotense were collected from 6 species of the hosts. Rattus brunneusculus was a dominant host of L. sialkotense, from which 98.3% of the mites were collected. The chigger mite showed a relatively high infestation prevalence (PM=11.7%) and mean abundance (MA=0.5) in comparison with the rest 5 host species. These results reveal a certain host specificity of L. sialkotense to a rat R. brunneusculus. The mite L. sialkotense showed an aggregated distribution on the host (P<0.05). A positive correlation observed between L. sialkotense and the body length of hosts. There was a positive interspecific association between L. sialkotense and 2 other dominant vectors, L. deliense and L. scutellare.

A QuEChERS-ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed for qualitative screening of 169 veterinary drug residues in bear bile powder, including β-agonists and inhibitors, antibiotics (penicillins, β-lactams, sulfomamides, quinolones, chloramphenicals, tetracyclines, nitroimidazoles, macrolides, polyethers, etc.), antiviral drugs, anthelminitics, steroid hormones, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and sedatives. The samples were extracted by Na₂EDTA-McIlvaine buffer solution and 5% fomic acid-acetonitrile solution, then purified by dispersive solid phase extraction. Detection of veterinary drug residues by ultra high performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry was conducted and qualitative confirmed by ion ratios. The limits of detection of 169 veterinary drugs were 1-1 000 μg·kg^-1. The method is simple and fast, which had been used for the analysis of actual samples, and can be extended to the detection of similar matrix.

Objective To investigate the difference of late-phase of limb ischemia preconditioning (L-LIP) verse early-phase (E-LIP) on patients with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).Methods A total of 160 patients with unstable angina pectoris who were planned to undergo PCI were divided equally into two groups at random.The late-phase of limb ischemia preconditioning group (80 patients) were provided with L-LIP (three 5-minute inflations up to 200mmHg by applying the sphygmomanometer cuff around the right upper arm,followed by 5-min intervals of reperfusion,twice a day) 3 days before PCI.The Earlyphase of limb ischemia preconditioning group (80 patients) were provided with E-LIP (method as above)2 hours before PCI.Comparison of procedural parameters during PCI and the levels of cTnT,CK-MB,hs-CRP were made 24 hours after PCI.Estimation of the rate of adverse events at 1 year between the two groups was evaluated by Kaplan-Meier analysis.Results Compared to the E-LIP group,the rates of angina,arrhythmia and TIMI flow ≤ 2 during PCI were significantly lower in the L-LIP group (all P ＜ 0.05).At 24 hours after PCI,the levels of cTnT and CK-MB were declined more significantly in the L-LIP group[(11.52±2.41) pg/ml vs.(27.53±4.78)pg/ml,P =0.021;(14.11±2.87)Iu/L vs.(30.23±5.17)Iu/L,P =0.032].There was no difference in the level of hs-CRP between the 2 groups [(128±0.71)mg/dl vs.(1.33±0.69)mg/dl,P =0.742].The Kaplan-Meier survival curve showed that the incidence rate of adverse events in the L-LIP group at l year was lower than the E-LIP group (3.75％ vs.13.75％,P =0.024).Conclusions L-LIP is more effective to in protecting myocardial cell in patients with unstable angina pectoris undergoing elective PCI and may reduce the rate of future adverse event.

Bile acids play critical roles in the regulation of metabolism and absorption of lipids. The ileal apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT) located at the enterocyte brush border is responsible for the reuptake of bile acids and the maintenance of bile acid homeostasis. Recently, a number of investigations have been made concerning the regulation and control of ASBT and the relationship between ASBT and intestinal inflammation, tumorigenesis, diabetes mellitus and hyperlipemia, which suggests ASBT as a potential therapeutic target of these diseases. In this review, advances in the study of above-mentioned issues were summarized.

Background:The increasing prevalence of colorectal cancer (CRC) in China and the paucity of information about relevant expenditure highlight the necessity of better understanding the financial burden and effect of CRC diagnosis and treatment.We performed a survey to quantify the direct medical and non-medical expenditure as well as the resulting financial burden of CRC patients in China.Methods:We conducted a multicenter,cross-sectional survey in 37 tertiary hospitals in 13 provinces across China between 2012 and 2014.Each enrolled patient was interviewed using a structured questionnaire.All expenditure data were inflated to the 2014 Chinese Yuan (CNY;1 CNY =0.163 USD).We quantified the overall expenditure and financial burden and by subgroup (hospital type,age at diagnosis,sex,education,occupation,insurance type,household income,clinical stage,pathologic type,and therapeutic regimen).We then performed generalized linear modeling to determine the factors associated with overall expenditure.Results:A total of 2356 patients with a mean age of 57.4 years were included,57.1％ of whom were men;13.9％ of patients had stage Ⅰ cancer;and the average previous-year household income was 54,525 CNY.The overall average direct expenditure per patient was estimated to be 67,408 CNY,and the expenditures for stage Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲll,and Ⅳ disease were 56,099 CNY,59,952 CNY,67,292 CNY,and 82,729 CNY,respectively.Non-medical expenditure accounted for 8.3％ of the overall expenditure.The 1-year out-of-pocket expenditure of a newly diagnosed patient was 32,649 CNY,which accounted for 59.9％ of their previous-year household income and caused 75.0％ of families to suffer an unmanageable financial burden.Univariate analysis showed that financial burden and overall expenditure differed in almost all subgroups (P ＜ 0.05),except for sex.Multivariate analysis showed that patients who were treated in specialized hospitals and those who were diagnosed with adenocarcinoma or diagnosed at a later stage were likely to spend more,whereas those with a lower household income and those who underwent surgery spent less (all P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions:For patients in China,direct expenditure for the diagnosis and treatment of CRC seemed catastrophic,and non-medical expenditure was non-ignorable.The financial burden varied among subgroups,especially among patients with different clinical stages of disease,which suggests that,in China,CRC screening might be cost-effective.

Background: Esophageal cancer is associated with substantial disease burden in China, and data on the economic burden are fundamental for setting priorities in cancer interventions. The medical expenditure for the diagnosis and treatment of esophageal cancer in China has not been fully quantified. This study aimed to examine the medical expenditure of Chinese patients with esophageal cancer and the associated trends. Methods: From 2012 to 2014, a hospital-based multicenter retrospective survey was conducted in 37 hospitals in 13 provinces/municipalities across China as a part of the Cancer Screening Program of Urban China. For each esophageal cancer patient diagnosed between 2002 and 2011, clinical information and expense data were extracted by using structured questionnaires. All expense data were reported in Chinese Yuan (CNY; 1 CNY= 0.155 USD) based on the 2011 value and inflated using the year-specific health care consumer price index for China. Results: A total of 14,967 esophageal cancer patients were included in the analysis. It was estimated that the overall average expenditure per patient was 38,666 CNY, and an average annual increase of 6.27％ was observed from 2002 (25,111 CNY) to 2011 (46,124 CNY). The average expenditures were 34,460 CNY for stage Ⅰ, 39,302 CNY for stage Ⅱ, 40,353 CNY for stage Ⅲ, and 37,432 CNY for stage IV diseases (P < 0.01). The expenditure also differed by the therapy type, which was 38,492 CNY for surgery, 27,933 CNY for radiotherapy, and 27,805 CNY for chemotherapy (P < 0.05). Drugs contributed to 45.02％ of the overall expenditure. Conclusions: These conservative estimates suggested that medical expenditures for esophageal cancer in China substantially increased in the last 10 years, treatment for early-stage esophageal cancer costs less than that for advanced cases, and spending on drugs continued to account for a considerable proportion of the overall expenditure.

Objective To investigate the short-term efficacy and the influencing factorof zoledroniacid combined with ra-diotherapy and single radiotherapy in the treatmenof bone metastasiin non-small cell lung cance(NSCL) .MethodTotally 117 NSCLpatientwith bone metastase(153 lesions) receiving the bone lesion radiotherapy in the TumoCenteof ouhospital from 2009 to 2013 were selected and treated by zoledroniacid combined with radiotherapy (combined therapy group ,n=54) and the single radiotherapy (single radiotherapy group ,n=63) .The bone pain relief and influence factorwere analyzed .ResultThe effective ratein the single radiotherapy group and the combined radiotherapy group were 69 .74% and 92 .21% respectively (χ2 =13 .75 ,P＜0 .01);the multivariate Logistiregression analysishowed thathe bone pain relief wacorrelated with the treatmenmode ,moreovethe bone pain relief rate in the combined therapy group wasignificantly highethan thain the single therapy group (OR=4 .60 ,95% CI:1 .23-17 .20 ,P=0 .02) .In the subgroup analysiof treatmenmode,the patientwith osteolytile-sions(OR=26 .59 ,95% CI:3 .29-215 .12 ,P=0 .00) had betteeffec.The combined therapy group had more superiority in the as-pecof non-skeletal related eventoccurrence (OR=4 .40 ,95% CI:1 .49 -12 .99 ,P=0 .01) .Conclusion Radiotherapy combined with zoledroniacid habettecurative effeccompared with single radiotherapy in the NSCLC patientwith bone metastasi.