The Pharmacopeia of the People’s Republic of China 2025 Edition (referred to as the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2025 Edition, ChP 2025) will be promulgated and implemented. This article introduces the process of development of ChP 2025 Edition (Volume Ⅱ), including the selection, the revision of general notices,the addition and revision of drug monographs, etc., and provides some analysis and examples to illustrate,which can facilitate the readers to understand and implement the ChP 2025 Edition (Volume Ⅱ).

To evaluate the therapeutic effect of baicalein topical preparation on atopic dermatitis, we first constructed two atopic dermatitis-like mouse models induced by calcipotriol and 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene to assess their therapeutic effect with skin tissue staining and other experiments. It was found that topical preparation of baicalein could alleviate epidermal thickening of diseased skin tissues, repair damaged skin barrier proteins, and inhibit T helper 2 cells (Th2) infiltration and mast cell infiltration and activation in lesional sites. Cyberpharmacology was utilized to analyze whether baicalein could treat atopic dermatitis by interfering with multiple pathogenesis-associated pathways. Results indicated that baicalein reduced the mRNA levels of inflammatory factors and inhibited the phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 and STAT1 proteins in keratinocyte cells. Together, the topical preparation of baicalein may be effective in alleviating atopic dermatitis-like symptoms in mice by down-regulating the phosphorylation level of NF-κB in keratinocytes, thereby decreasing the expression of inflammatory factors in keratinocytes, which provides an idea and a theoretical basis for the topical preparation of baicalein for the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis.

Surgical operation is the main treatment of oral and maxillofacial tumors.Dysphagia is a common postoperative complication.Swal-lowing disorder can not only lead to mis-aspiration,malnutrition,aspiration pneumonia and other serious consequences,but also may cause psychological problems and social communication barriers,affecting the quality of life of the patients.At present,there is no systematic evalua-tion and rehabilitation management plan for the problem of swallowing disorder after oral and maxillofacial tumor surgery in China.Combining the characteristics of postoperative swallowing disorder in patients with oral and maxillofacial tumors,summarizing the clinical experience of ex-perts in the field of tumor and rehabilitation,reviewing and summarizing relevant literature at home and abroad,and through joint discussion and modification,a group of national experts reached this consensus including the core contents of the screening of swallowing disorders,the phased assessment of prognosis and complications,and the implementation plan of comprehensive management such as nutrition management,respiratory management,swallowing function recovery,psychology and nursing during rehabilitation treatment,in order to improve the evalua-tion and rehabilitation of swallowing disorder after oral and maxillofacial tumor surgery in clinic.

Cryoablation therapy with explicit anti-tumor mechanisms and histopathological manifestations has a long history.A large number of clinical practice has shown that cryoablation therapy is safe and effective,making it an ideal tumor treatment method in theory.Previously,its efficacy and clinical application were constrained by the limitations of refrigerants and refrigeration equipment.With the development of the new generation of cryoablation equipment represented by argon helium knives,significant progress has been made in refrigeration efficien-cy,ablation range,and precise temperature measurement,greatly promoting the progression of tumor cryoablation technology.This consensus systematically summarizes the mechanism of cryoablation technology,indications for oral mucosal melanoma(OMM)cryotherapy,clinical treatment process,adverse reactions and management,cryotherapy combination therapy,etc.,aiming to provide reference for carrying out the standardized cryoablation therapy of OMM.

Objective To investigate the molecular mechanism of action of isoglycoside-4'-O-apigenin(1 → 2)glucoside(licraside)intervention in alleviating cholestasis.Methods Farnesol X receptor(FXR)was silenced in human HepG2 cells using lentivirus,and bilirubin and α-isothiocyanate(ANIT)were used to induce HepG2 cells to construct a hypercholate-hyperbilirubin model.The effects of licraside on cell viability,biochemical indices contents and the expression level of FXR and its downstream related proteins in the model were investigated.HepG2 cells and FXR-silenced HepG2 cells were divided into normal,model and experimental groups.Bilirubin and probenecid were added to all groups except the normal group,and 80 μmol·L-1 licraside was added to the experimental group.After 24 h of culture,cell viability and the levels of total bile acids(TBA),bilirubin and other biochemical indices were examined in each group;the protein expression levels of FXR and bile salt efflux pump(BSEP)were examined in each group by Western blot assay.Results The cell viability in HepG2 cells normal group,HepG2 cells model group,HepG2 cells experimental group,siFXR-HepG2 cells normal group,siFXR-HepG2 cells model group and siFXR-HepG2 cells experimental group were(100.00±17.15)％,(39.41±2.91)％,(70.79±3.74)％,(81.41±5.12)％,(33.49±2.69)％and(44.08±4.82)％;the levels of TBA were(7.98±5.87),(46.18±10.93),(9.25±7.20),(11.18±3.36),(38.28±5.12)and(34.79±5.39)μmol·L-1;the levels of total bilirubin were(5.21±3.27),(40.29±24.88),(5.21±2.64),(12.00±4.64),(56.36±14.85)and(15.39±5.56)μmol·L-1;the relative expression levels of FXR protein were 1.00±0.10,0.81±0.07,1.11±0.09,0.10±0.02,0.12±0.02 and 0.10±0.04;the relative expression levels of BSEP protein were 1.00±0.17,0.81±0.02,0.88±0.03,0.70±0.09,0.49±0.07 and 0.60±0.10.The differences of the above indexes in the HepG2 cells experimental group compared with the model group were statistically significant(P＜0.001,P＜0.01);except for TBA,the differences of the above indexes in siFXR-HepG2 cells experimental group compared with the model group were statistically significant(P＜0.001,P＜0.01).Conclusion Licraside can effectively reduce the biochemical indices level of hypercholate-hyperbilirubin cell model.This effect is achieved by agonizing of FXR protein expression,increase the efflux of bile acid salt and then reduce the synthesis of bile acids,and eventually achieve the effect of alleviating the cholestasis.

Objective To analyze the effects of probiotics combined with montmorillonite powder on intestinal mucosa and expressions of intestinal microorganism function-related genes in neonatal rats with rotavirus(RV)infection.Methods RV infection model was established by intragastric administration of SA11 strain rotavirus.Forty-eight suckling rats were randomly divided into normal group(0.9％NaCl),model group(0.9％NaCl),experimental group(0.06 g·mL-1 montmorillonite powder)and combined group(0.06 g·mL-1 montmorillonite powder+6.5 × 107 CFU·mL-1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae powder)with 12 rats in each group.The feces were collected for evaluation.The levels of serum tumor necrosis factor-a(TNF-a),interleukin-1 β(IL-1 β)and IL-17 were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,the levels of aquaporin(AQP)in intestinal tissues was detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction,and the counts of Bifidobacteria and Escherichia coli in feces were detected by bacterial 16srDNA fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction.Results The feces scores in normal,model,experimental and combined groups were(1.01±0.10),(2.97±0.08),(2.84±0.03)and(2.77±0.03)points;TNF-α levels were(132.54±14.63),(185.66±19.64),(165.25±17.63)and(149.95±15.76)pg·mL-1;IL-1β levels were(172.32±18.68),(265.34±27.72),(202.34±21.34)and(186.24±19.46)pg·mL-1;IL-17 levels were(118.62±12.44),(173.24±18.25),(152.32±16.72)and(122.54±13.58)pg·mL-1;Bifidobacteria counts were(6.35±0.64),(4.31±0.44),(4.93±0.50)and(5.34±0.54)CFU·g-1;Escherichia coli counts were(6.14±0.62),(8.78±0.88),(8.46±0.85)and(8.12±0.83)CFU·g-1;mRNA levels of AQP2 were 1.02±0.05,0.72±0.07,0.89±0.08 and 1.21±0.12;mRNA expression levels of AQP4 were 1.04±0.07,0.42±0.05,0.78±0.08 and 1.19±0.12;mRNA expression levels ofAQP8 were 1.00±0.06,0.63±0.06,0.91±0.09 and 1.30±0.13,respectively.There were significant differences of above indexes between the model group with the normal,experimental and combined groups(all P＜0.05).Conclusion Montmorillonite powder combined with probiotics can improve fecal properties,reduce serum inflammatory factors and correct intestinal flora disorders in neonatal rats with RV infection,which may be related to improving the expressions of intestinal A QP2,AQP4 and AQP8.

Objective To evaluate the pharmacokinetics characteristics of single-dose of Etripamil nasal spray 70 mg in healthy adult Chinese subjects.Methods This was a single-center,randomized,double-blind,placebo-controlled study.Twelve healthy adult Chinese subjects were randomized to receive single-dose of Etripamil nasal spray 70 mg(n=10)or placebo nasal spray(n=2).Blood and urine samples were collected prior and post dose.Etripamil in plasma and urine were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by WinNonlin non-compartmental model.Results Following the single-dose of Etripamil nasal spray 70 mg in healthy adult Chinese subjects,the peak concentration of Etripamil in plasma was quickly attained,with a Cmax of(66.76±56.61)ng·mL-1 and a median(range)tmax of 4.00(3.00-5.00)min.The plasma concentrations of Etripamil had fallen approximately 65％from peak value at 25 min after dosing,and close to 80％within 50 min.The AUC0-last and AUC0-∞ were(3 104.16±2 654.46)and(4 048.77±2 682.38)ng·min·mL-1,respectively.The urine excretion percentage of Etripamil during 24 h was(0.01±0.01)％.Among the 12 subjects who were treated with Etripamil or placebo,10 subjects reported a total of 29 treatment-emergent adverse events(TEAEs).All of the TEAEs were mild in severity.The most common TEAEs were rhinorrhoea and lacrimation increased.Conclusion Etripamil was quickly absorbed after intranasal administration,followed by rapid distribution and elimination(not primarily excreted by renal);Etripamil 70 mg was safe and well tolerated by the healthy Chinese adult subjects.

Objective To explore the effect of emodin on inflammatory response in preeclampsia(PE)rats by regulating the AMP activated protein kinase(AMPK)/thioredoxin-interacting protein(TXNIP)/NOD-like receptor pyrin domain-containing protein 3(NLRP3)signaling pathway.Methods PE rat model was established by subcutaneous injection of L-arginine methyl ester(100 mg·kg-1).Sixty female rats were randomly divided into control group,model group,emodin group(40 mg·kg-1 emodin),Compound B10 group(100 mg·kg-1 Compound B10),emodin+Compound B10 group(40 mg·kg-1 emodin+100 mg·kg-1 Compound B10),with 12 rats in each group.The control group and the model group were intraperitoneally injected with the same amount of 0.9％NaCl.The 24 h urine was collected,and the total urinary protein content was determined by Coomassie brilliant blue method.The protein levels of AMPK/TXNIP/NLRP3 signaling pathway were detected by Western blot.Results The total urinary protein levels of control group,model group,emodin group,Compound B10 group and emodin+Compound B10 group were(54.34±6.26),(136.37±15.43),(76.38±8.61),(215.39±25.14)and(110.93±13.92)g·L-1,respectively;urine volume were(10.59±0.92),(15.38±1.49),(11.51±1.13),(21.49±2.50)and(14.71±1.49)mL,respectively;AMPK protein levels were 0.63±0.06,1.57±0.18,0.81±0.09,2.34±0.23 and 1.38±0.15,respectively;TXNIP protein levels were 0.33±0.04,0.79±0.08,0.49±0.10,1.13±0.12 and 0.82±0.09,respectively;NLRP3 protein levels were 0.46±0.05,0.83±0.09,0.56±0.07,1.25±0.14 and 0.78±0.08,respectively.The above indexes:Model group was compared with control group,emodin group and Compound B10 group,emodin+Compound B10 group was compared with emodin group,the differences were statistically significant(all P＜0.05).Conclusion Emodin may alleviate inflammatory reaction in PE rats by inhibiting AMPK/TXNIP/NLRP3 signal axis,thereby improving placental injury.

Objective:To investigate the safety and efficacy of the TRIANGLE operation after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in locally advanced pancreatic cancer(LAPC).Methods:This study is a retrospective case series analysis. Between January 2020 and December 2022, a total of 103 patients were diagnosed as LAPC who underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy at the Pancreas Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University. Among them, 26 patients (25.2%) underwent the TRIANGLE operation. There were 15 males and 11 females,with a age of (59±7) years (range: 49 to 74 years). The pre-treatment serum CA19-9( M(IQR)) was 248.8(391.6)U/ml (range: 0 to 1 428 U/ml),and the serum carcinoembryonic antigen was 4.1(3.8)μg/L(range: 1.4 to 13.4 μg/L). The neoadjuvant chemotherapy regimens included: mFOLFIRINOX regimen in 6 cases(23.1%), GnP regimen in 14 cases(53.8%), and mFOLFIRINOX+GnP regimen in 6 cases(23.1%). The follow-up duration extended until June 2023 or until the occurrence of the patient′s death or loss to follow-up. The Kaplan-Meier method was employed to estimate the 1-year and 3-year overall survival rates. Results:After neoadjuvant chemotherapy,CA19-9 levels decreased by 92.3(40.1)%(range:2.1% to 97.7%). Evaluation of the response to treatment revealed 13 cases(50.0%) of stable disease,11 cases(42.3%) of partial response,and 2 cases(7.7%) of complete response. The surgical operation consisted of 12 cases(46.2%) of pancreaticoduodenectomy,12 cases(46.2%) of distal pancreatectomy,and 2 cases(7.7%) of total pancreatectomy. Margin determination was based on the “standardised pathology protocol” and the “1 mm” principle. No R2 and R1(direct) resections were observed,while the R0 resection rate was 61.5%(16/26), and the R1(1 mm) resection rate was 38.5%(10/26).The R1(1 mm) resection rates for the anterior margin,posterior margin,transected margin,portal vein groove margin,and uncinate margin were 23.1%(6/26),19.2%(5/26),12.5%(3/24),2/14, and 1/12, respectively. The overall postoperative complication rate was 57.8%(15/26),with major complications including grade B/C pancreatic fistula 25.0%(6/24,excluding 2 cases of total pancreatectomy),delayed gastric emptying in 23.1%(6/26),wound complications 11.5%(3/26),postoperative hemorrhage 7.7%(2/26), chylous fistula 7.7%(2/26) and bile fistula 3.8%(1/26). No reoperation was performed during the perioperative period(<90 days). One patient died on the 32 nd day postoperatively due to a ruptured pseudoaneurysm. A total of 25 patients were followed up,with a follow-up time of 21(24)months(range: 8 to 42 months). During the follow-up period,8 cases(32.0%) died due to tumor recurrence and metastasis,while 17 patients(68.0%) remained alive,including 11 cases of disease-free survival,5 cases of distant metastasis,and 1 case of local recurrence. The overall survival rates at 1- and 3-year after the initiation of neoadjuvant chemotherapy were 95.8% and 58.9%, respectively. The overall survival rates at 1- and 3-year after surgery were 77.7% and 57.8%, respectively. Conclusion:Performing pancreatoduodenectomy according to the Heidelberg triangle protocol in LAPC patients after neoadjuvant chemotherapy might increase the R0 resection rate without increasing perioperative mortality or the incidence of major postoperative complications.

Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma as a traditional Chinese herbal medicine has now been recognized and paid attention to by the pharmaceutical community.Modern phytochemical studies have shown that Panax notoginseng saponin is the main chemical compo-nent of Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma.Modern pharmacological studies and clinical applications have revealed that it has anti-cancer,antioxidant and cardiovascular disease effects.In this study,we reviewed the research progress of the main chemical components and pharmacological effects of Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma,with the aim of providing assistance for the clinical application and later stud-ies of Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma.