Objective To observe the expression and localization of group Ⅰ metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR1/ 5) in rat superior cervical ganglion (SCG) and the effect of chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) on mGluR1/ 5 protein level. Methods Twelve male SD rats were randomly divided into control group(Ctrl)and CIH group(CIH), 6 rats in each group. After 6 weeks of modeling, the effect of CIH on mGluR1/ 5 protein level was detected by Western blotting, the expression and distribution of mGluR1/ 5 in SCG were detected by immunohistochemistry and double-immunofluorescent staining. Results mGluR1/ 5 was expressed in rat SCG. mGluR1 was distributed in neurons and small intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells, but not in satellite glial cells (SGCs), nerve fibers and blood vessels, whereas mGluR5 was mainly distributed in nerve fibers and a little in neurons, but not in SGCs, SIF cells and blood vessels. CIH increased the protein levels of mGluR1/ 5 (P<0. 01) in rat SCG. Conclusion Both mGluR1 and mGluR5 are expressed in the rat SCG, but their distribution are different, and the increased protein levels of both may be involved in CIH-induced hypertension.

Objective To investigate the effects of Rhodojaponin Ⅲ on cartilage injury in post-traumatic osteoarthritis rats and its mechanism.Methods SD rats were randomly divided into sham operation group,model group(based on cruciate ligamentectomy),low dose experimental group(after modeling,0.12 mg·kg-1 Rhodojaponin Ⅲ was given by intragastric administration),high dose experimental group(after modeling,0.24 mg·kg-1 Rhodojaponin Ⅲ was given by intragastric administration),positive drug group(2 mL/100 g glucosamine sulfate was given intragastric administration after modeling).Ten rats in each group were given continuous intragastric administration for 28 days,blood was collected from the heart,and cartilage tissue was taken from the rats.Mankin's score method was used to analyze the cartilage tissue of rats in each group,Western blot method was used to detecte the proteins level,enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)test was used to detect the expression level of serum bone formation indexes and related factors in cartilage tissue,and kit method was used to detect the expression of oxidative stress related indexes.Results The Mankin's scores of sham operation group,model group,low dose experimental group,high dose experimental group and positive drug group were 0.10±0.30,5.30±0.46,4.00±0.63,3.10±0.54 and 1.50±0.81;bone gla protein(BGP)level were(10.25±0.77),(2.39±0.34),(4.87±0.27),(7.99±0.51)and(8.55±0.71)ng·mL-1;the expression levels of cleaved cysteine aspartate proteinase-3(Cl-caspase-3)protein were 0.25±0.02,0.86±0.06,0.65±0.05,0.47±0.04 and 0.33±0.03;superoxide dismutase(SOD)activity were(109.07±7.51),(60.24±5.73),(67.99±4.73),(76.16±8.84)and(80.11±3.96)U·mg-1;the protein levels of nuclear transcription factor E2 related factors(Nrf2)were 1.03±0.08,0.33±0.04,0.43±0.05,0.75±0.10 and 0.74±0.09;heme oxygen-1(HO-1)protein expression levels were 0.88±0.08,0.27±0.04,0.39±0.04,0.56±0.10 and 0.58±0.06,respectively.Model group compared with sham operation group,low dose experimental group,high dose experimental group compared with model group;low dose experimental group compared with high dose experimental group,the differences of the above indexes were all statistically significant(all P＜0.05).Conclusion Rhodojaponin Ⅲ may inhibit oxidative stress,inflammatory response,regulate bone metabolism and improve cartilage injury in post-traumatic osteoarthritis rats by activating Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.

Objective To establish an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)method for testing the concentration of a monoclonal antibody target tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)in animal serum.Methods The critical parameters of the method including coating concentration of human TNF-α,source,concentration and stability of HRP-labeled goat anti-human immunoglobulin G(IgG)were investigated.The specificity,accuracy,precision,linearity and Limited of Determination of the method were investigated.Results The critical parameters of the method were confirmed as below:TNF-α was coated at 400 ng·mL-1;HRP labeled goat anti-human IgG antibody was diluted at 1:3.0 ×105;the diluted horseradish peroxidase labeled goat anti-human IgG antibody is well stored at 4 ℃ for 3 days.Meanwhile the method was confirmed to have good specificity,the recovery rate ranged from 84.00％to 106.82％,the coefficient of variation of different antibody concentration levels were no more than 10％;the method had a good linearity and the standard curve was y=(-8.37×103-2.37 × 106)/[1+(x/29.80)106]+2.37 × 106(R2=0.999);the limit of quantification was 1 ng·mL-1,all of which met the requirements.Conclusion A accurate and robust ELISA method was developed to test the concentration of anti-TNF-α monoclonal antibody in serum.

Objective China is among the 30 countries with a high burden of tuberculosis(TB)worldwide,and TB remains a public health concern.Kashgar Prefecture in the southern Xinjiang Autonomous Region is considered as one of the highest TB burden regions in China.However,molecular epidemiological studies of Kashgar are lacking. Methods A population-based retrospective study was conducted using whole-genome sequencing(WGS)to determine the characteristics of drug resistance and the transmission patterns. Results A total of 1,668 isolates collected in 2020 were classified into lineages 2(46.0%),3(27.5%),and 4(26.5%).The drug resistance rates revealed by WGS showed that the top three drugs in terms of the resistance rate were isoniazid(7.4%,124/1,668),streptomycin(6.0%,100/1,668),and rifampicin(3.3%,55/1,668).The rate of rifampicin resistance was 1.8%(23/1,290)in the new cases and 9.4%(32/340)in the previously treated cases.Known resistance mutations were detected more frequently in lineage 2 strains than in lineage 3 or 4 strains,respectively:18.6%vs.8.7 or 9%,P<0.001.The estimated proportion of recent transmissions was 25.9%(432/1,668).Multivariate logistic analyses indicated that sex,age,occupation,lineage,and drug resistance were the risk factors for recent transmission.Despite the low rate of drug resistance,drug-resistant strains had a higher risk of recent transmission than the susceptible strains(adjusted odds ratio,1.414;95%CI,1.023-1.954;P = 0.036).Among all patients with drug-resistant tuberculosis(DR-TB),78.4%(171/218)were attributed to the transmission of DR-TB strains. Conclusion Our results suggest that drug-resistant strains are more transmissible than susceptible strains and that transmission is the major driving force of the current DR-TB epidemic in Kashgar.

Objective Studies on the relationship between iodine,vitamin A(VA),and vitamin D(VD)and thyroid function are limited.This study aimed to analyze iodine and thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH)status and their possible relationships with VA,VD,and other factors in postpartum women. Methods A total of 1,311 mothers(896 lactating and 415 non-lactating)from Hebei,Zhejiang,and Guangxi provinces were included in this study.The urinary iodine concentration(UIC),TSH,VA,and VD were measured. Results The median UIC of total and lactating participants were 142.00 μg/L and 139.95 μg/L,respectively.The median TSH,VA,and VD levels in all the participants were 1.89 mIU/L,0.44 μg/mL,and 24.04 ng/mL,respectively.No differences in the UIC were found between lactating and non-lactating mothers.UIC and TSH levels were significantly different among the three provinces.The rural UIC was higher than the urban UIC.Obese mothers had a higher UIC and a higher prevalence of excessive TSH.Higher UICs and TSHs levels were observed in both the VD deficiency and insufficiency groups than in the VD-sufficient group.After adjustment,no linear correlation was observed between UIC and VA/VD.No interaction was found between vitamins A/D and UIC on TSH levels. Conclusion The mothers in the present study had no iodine deficiency.Region,area type,BMI,and VD may be related to the iodine status or TSH levels.

Objective:To analyze the disease burden in middle-aged and elderly population aged ≥55 in Shenzhen from 2016 to 2030 and provide evidence for the development of healthy aging strategies.Methods:The years of life lost (YLL), years lost due to disability (YLD), and the disability-adjusted life year (DALY) in this population from 2016 to 2022 were calculated. Joinpoint log-linear regression model was used to analyze the time trend. Bayesian age-period-cohort model and grey system model were used to predict YLL, YLD, and DALY in this population in 2030.Results:From 2016 to 2022, the crude DALY rate showed a transient fluctuation in age group 55-74 years, but a pronounced increase in age group ≥85 years. The proportions of YLL and YLD due to non-communicable diseases in all age groups was considerably higher than those due to communicable and nutritional diseases and injuries. In 2022, in all age groups, the YLL due to neoplasms (55-74 years old) and cardiovascular disease (≥75 years old) ranked first, and the YLD due to musculoskeletal disorder ranked first. By 2030, the causes of YLL and YLD ranking first in each age group would be remained, while the ranks of some causes would increase.Conclusions:The age specific characteristics of current and predicted disease burden differed in individuals aged ≥55 years. Therefore, it is necessary to allocate social and medical resources according to the disease burden pattern.

Purpose::Mannitol is one of the first-line drugs for reducing cerebral edema through increasing the extracellular osmotic pressure. However, long-term administration of mannitol in the treatment of cerebral edema triggers damage to neurons and astrocytes. Given that neural stem cell (NSC) is a subpopulation of main regenerative cells in the central nervous system after injury, the effect of mannitol on NSC is still elusive. The present study aims to elucidate the role of mannitol in NSC proliferation.Methods::C57 mice were derived from the animal house of Zunyi Medical University. A total of 15 pregnant mice were employed for the purpose of isolating NSCs in this investigation. Initially, mouse primary NSCs were isolated from the embryonic cortex of mice and subsequently identified through immunofluorescence staining. In order to investigate the impact of mannitol on NSC proliferation, both cell counting kit-8 assays and neurospheres formation assays were conducted. The in vitro effects of mannitol were examined at various doses and time points. In order to elucidate the role of Aquaporin 4 (AQP4) in the suppressive effect of mannitol on NSC proliferation, various assays including reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, and immunocytochemistry were conducted on control and mannitol-treated groups. Additionally, the phosphorylated p38 (p-p38) was examined to explore the potential mechanism underlying the inhibitory effect of mannitol on NSC proliferation. Finally, to further confirm the involvement of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent (MAPK) signaling pathway in the observed inhibition of NSC proliferation by mannitol, SB203580 was employed. All data were analyzed using SPSS 20.0 software (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL). The statistical analysis among multiple comparisons was performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Turkey's post hoc test in case of the data following a normal distribution using a Shapiro-Wilk normality test. Comparisons between 2 groups were determined using Student's t-test, if the data exhibited a normal distribution using a Shapiro-Wilk normality test. Meanwhile, data were shown as median and interquartile range and analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test, if the data failed the normality test. A p < 0.05 was considered as significant difference. Results::Primary NSC were isolated from the mice, and the characteristics were identified using immunostaining analysis. Thereafter, the results indicated that mannitol held the capability of inhibiting NSC proliferation in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner using cell counting kit-8, neurospheres formation, and immunostaining of Nestin and Ki67 assays. During the process of mannitol suppressing NSC proliferation, the expression of AQP4 mRNA and protein was downregulated, while the gene expression of p-p38 was elevated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, immunostaining, and western blotting assays. Subsequently, the administration of SB203580, one of the p38 MAPK signaling pathway inhibitors, partially abrogated this inhibitory effect resulting from mannitol, supporting the fact that the p38 MAPK signaling pathway participated in curbing NSC proliferation induced by mannitol.Conclusions::Mannitol inhibits NSC proliferation through downregulating AQP4, while upregulating the expression of p-p38 MAPK.

The research progress in key technologies for dynamic perception of battlefield casualties was reviewed,including unmanned equipment dynamic mapping,dynamic environment semantic segmentation and casualty detection and identification.The discussion also covered the current state of research on casualty dynamic perception equipment in aerial and ground domains.The development trends of key technologies and equipment for dynamic perception of battlefield casualties were pointed out,and references were provided for enhancing the efficacy of battlefield casualty care and improving medical service support capabilities.[Chinese Medical Equipment Journal,2024,45(9):95-108]

Antineoplastic drugs refer to the drugs that act at the cellular and molecular levels to inhibit tumor growth or eliminate tumors through pathways such as cell killing,immune regulation,and endocrine regulation.Antineoplastic drugs generally including chemotherapeutic drugs,molecular targeted therapeutic drugs,immunotherapeutic drugs,and endocrine therapeutic drugs.The management and rational application of antineoplastic drugs in medical institutions are related to the safety of patient treatment.The standard for management of antineoplastic drugs use in clinical is compiled by the Pharmaceutical Affairs Committee of China Hospital Association,which specification requirements 18 key elements in the organizational management and system,medication management,drug monitoring and evaluation of antineoplastic drug management in healthcare institutions.This standard is applicable to all levels and types of healthcare institutions carrying out oncology diagnosis and treatment.This paper describes the methodology and basic content of the standard,hoping to providing a reference for medical institutions to carry out relevant work.

Objective To evaluate the effect of delayed cleaning on the cleaning and disinfection quality of gastro-scopes after pre-treatment with different solutions.Methods According to the factorial design table,combination of the pre-treatment cleaning solutions(factor A)(including multi-enzyme cleaning solution[A1],clean water[A2])and delayed cleaning durations(factor B)(including 0 minutes after pre-treatment[B1],30 minutes after pre-treat-ment[B2],1 hour after pre-treatment[B3],and 3 hours after pre-treatment[B4])yielded eight groups(A1B1,A1B2,A1B3,A1B4,A2B1,A2B2,A2B3,A2B4).According to the usage order of gastroscopes,96 gastroscopes used in the digestive endoscopy center of a tertiary first-class hospital from May to September,2023 were randomly assigned to each group by random number table method,with 12 gastroscopes in each group.Specimens were taken at four time points:after pre-treatment,before cleaning,after cleaning,and after disinfection.Due to instant clea-ning,no specimen before cleaning were taken from A1B1 and A2B1 groups,thus only 3 specimens were taken from these two groups each.Four specimens were taken from gastroscopes in the rest groups,resulting in 360 specimens in total.The internal condition of the biopsy cavity was observed through a cavity detector during each delayed cleaning period after pre-treatment,and specimens were taken at the subsequent reprocessing processes of the gas-troscopes.The microbial conditions of the gastroscopes after pre-treatment,before cleaning,after cleaning,and af-ter disinfection were compared.Results After pre-treatment with multi-enzyme cleaning solution and clean water,there was no statistically significant difference in microbiological detection result(P＞0.05).The biopsy cavity re-mained moist during the delayed cleaning period.There was no statistically significant difference in the microbial de-tection results of factors A and B before and after delayed cleaning as well as after disinfection(all P＞0.05).There was no interaction effect between factor A and B.The distribution of bacterial colonies and disinfection qualified rate of gastroscopes after pre-treatment with two cleaning solutions were also not statistically different(both P＞0.05).Conclusion Delayed cleaning for 30 minutes,1 hour,and 3 hours after pre-treatment does not affect the cleaning and disinfection quality of gastroscopes.When clinical demand is urgent,immediate cleaning should be carried out.However,a certain buffering time(no longer than 3 hours)before cleaning is acceptable,when cleaning and disin-fection workload is heavy and timely cleaning cannot be carried out.