A new artificial somatic-autonomic neuroanastomosis has been established in male rats with spinal cord injury (SCI). Anorectal manometry and neural retrograde tracing were conducted in this animal model to analyze the mechanisms and the effects on recovery of anorectal function. The left L4 ventral root (L4VR) was intradurally micro-anastomosed to the L6 ventral root (L6VR) to establish the new regenerated neural pathway. Three months later the spinal cord was completely transected at the T9-10 level. Eight weeks later the model rats were randomly divided into two groups. The rats in the group 1 (n=8) were applied for anorectal manometry, and those in the group 2 (n=4) were used for neural retrograde tracing study with fluorogold (FG) and dextran tetramethylrhodamine (TMR). The results of anorectal manometry showed the new reflex pathway could induce rectum to contract and simultaneously electric activity of external anal sphincter (EAS) to become weak or disappearing (indicating synergetic relaxation of EAS). FG and TMR dual labeled neurons with round and elliptical shape were mainly observed in L4 angulus anterior of model rats. The regenerated neural pathways were effective to improve the rectum external sphincter synergetic status and restore the anorectal function.

A new artificial somatic-autonomic neuroanastomosis has been established in male rats with spinal cord injury(SCI).Anorectal manometry and neural retrograde tracing were conducted in this animal model to analyze the mechanisms and the effects on recovery of anorectal function.The left L4 ventral root(L4VR)was intradurally micro-anastomosed to the L6 ventral root(L6VR)to establishthe new regenerated neural pathway.Three months later the spinal cord was completely transected at the T9-10 level.Eight weeks later the model rats were randomly divided into two groups.The rats in the group 1(n=8)were applied for anorectal manometry,and those in the group 2(n=4)were used for neural retrograde tracing study with fluorogold(FG)and dextran tetramethylrhodamine(TMR).The results of anorectal manometry showed the new reflex pathway could induce rectum to contract and simultaneously electric activity of external anal sphincter(EAS)to become weak or disappearing (indicating synergetic relaxation of EAS).FG and TMR dual labeled neurons with round and elliptical shape were mainly observed in L4 angulus anterior of model rats.The regenerated neural pathways were effective to improve the rectum external sphincter synergetie status and restore the anorectal function.

A protocol for the isolation, purification and culture of motor neurons from newborn rat spinal cord was described and the effect of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) on the growth of neurite of motor neurons was investigated in vitro. Spinal motor neurons (SMNs) were dissociated from ventral spinal cord of postnatal day 1 rats. The culture system for SMNs was established by density gradient centrifugation, differential adhesion, and use of serum-free defined media and addition of exogenous GDNF. After 72-h culture, the cells displayed the characteristic morphology of motor neurons, exhibited extensive neuritic processes and were positive for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) expression. The neurite length of SMNs in GDNF groups was significantly longer than that in control group (P<0.05). This protocol can be adapted for various postnatal motor neurons studies.

ificantly longer than that in control group (P<0.05). This protocol can be adapted for various postnatal motor neurons studies.

Objective:To study the mechanism of stem brain functional reorganization in a spinal bifida patient compli-cated with congenital urinary incontinence after treatment with artificial nerve arc. Methods=Compared the stem brain func-tional map in the patient pre-and post-operatively with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Results: No activa-tion was found in the patient before operation while strong activation was found after operation. Conclusions: The micturi-tion center was formed in the stem brain after construction of artificial nerve arc.

AIM:To investigate the activation and inactivation of nuclear factor kappa B(NF-κB)when tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand(TRAIL)is applied to induce the apoptosis of androgen-independent prostate cancer cell line PC-3M.METHODS:After the treatment of TRAIL or LPS at different doses,we tested the nuclear translocation of NF-κB by cell immunohistochemical staining and electrophoretie mobility shift assay(EMSA),and evaluated the level of IκB by RT-PCR under pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate(PDTC)treatment.RESULTS:EMSA and cell immunohistochemical analysis showed that the translocation of NF-κB was significantly activated when PC-3M cells were treated with TRAIL or LPS(P＜0.05).The pretreatment of PDTC upregulated the expression of IκB and blocked the nuclear translocation of NF-κB.CONCLUSION:TRAIL remarkably stimulates the activation of nuclear NF-κB in androgen-independent prostate cancer cells.On the other hand,the translocation of NF-κB can be significantly and efficiently inhibited in PC-3M cells by pretreatment with PDTC.The increased expression of IκB might be a clue for this inhibition,which means the possible way to enhance the effect of TRAIL in the apoptosis of prostate cancer cells.

Connexin-43 (Cx43) expression in prostate cancer (PCa) cells and the potency of gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) in the cells were investigated, with an attempt to elucidate the reason why the so-called "bystander effect" mediated by thymidine kinase (TK) suicide gene therapy on PCa cells is not of significance and to explore the role of GJIC in PCa carcinogenesis. mRNA and protein expression of Cx43 in a PCa cell line PC-3m was detected by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and strapt-avidin-biotin-enzyme complex (SABC) immunohistochemical staining, and inherent GJIC of PC-3m cells was assayed by scrape-loading and dye transfer (SLDT) assay. The expression of Cx43 in human normal and malignant prostate tissues was determined by SABC immunohistochemistry as well. It was found that Cx43 mRNA and protein expression in PC-3m cells was slightly reduced as compared with positive controls and the location of Cx43 protein was aberrant in cytoplasm rather than on membrane. Assessment of paraffin sections demonstrated that the expression of Cx43 protein in PCa cells was abnormally located and markedly diminished as compared with normal prostatic epithelial ones, displaying a negative correlation to the pathological grade (chi2=4.025, P<0.05). Additionally, capacity of inherent GJIC in PC-3m cells was disrupted, which was semi-quantified as (+) or (-). It was indicated that both down-regulated expression of Cx43 mRNA and aberrant location of Cx43 protein participated in the mechanisms leading to deficient GJIC in PC-3m cells. Lack of efficient GJIC is a molecular event, which may contribute not only to limited extent of "bystander effect", but also to initiation and progression of prostatic neoplasm.

Connexin-43 (Cx43) expression in prostate cancer (PCa) cells and the potency of gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) in the cells were investigated, with an attempt to elucidate the reason why the so-called "bystander effect" mediated by thymidine kinase (TK) suicide gene therapy on PCa cells is not of significance and to explore the role of GJIC in PCa carcinogenesis.mRNA and protein expression of Cx43 in a PCa cell line PC-3m was detected by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and strapt-avidin-biotin-enzyme complex (SABC) immunohistochemical staining, and inherent GJIC of PC-3m cells was assayed by scrape-loading and dye transfer (SLDT) assay. The expression of Cx43 in human normal and malignant prostate tissues was determined by SABC immunohistochemistry as well. It was found that Cx43 mRNA and protein expression in PC-3m cells was slightly reduced as compared with positive controls and the location of Cx43 protein was aberrant in cytoplasm rather than on membrane. Assessment of paraffin sections demonstrated that the expression of Cx43 protein in PCa cells was abnormally located and markedly diminished as compared with normal prostatic epithelial ones, displaying a negative correlation to the pathological grade (χ2=4.025, P＜0.05). Additionally, capacity of inherent GJIC in PC-3m cells was disrupted, which was semi-quantified as (+) or (-). It was indicated that both down-regulated expression of Cx43 mRNA and aberrant location of Cx43 protein participated in the mechanisms leading to deficient GJIC in PC-3m cells. Lack of efficient GJIC is a molecular event, which may contribute not only to limited extent of "bystander effect", but also to initiation and progression of prostatic neoplasm.

Summary: To study whether the sympathetic nerves coordinate with the parasympathetic nerves during micturition in the rat. We used antegrade neural tracing with biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) injected into the pontine micturition center (PMC) to label the terminals in the L6-S1 cord. Preganglionic parasympathetic neurons (PPNs) in the L6-S1 segment were labelled by retrograde transport of Fluorogold (FG) from the major pelvic ganglion (MPG).We detected retrograde neurons in L6-S1 using retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) from the intermediolateral cell column (IML) of the L1-L2 segment where sympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPNs) are located. Immunohistochemical methods showed that PPNs were identified to be choline acetyltransferase-immunoreactive (ChAT-IR). HRP-labelled neurons were not ChAT-IR and located dorsal to PPNs. BDA-labelled terminals were located mainly in the bilateral IML of L6-S1, some of which had synaptic contact with the HRP-labelled neurons. In addition, there were some wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) labelled terminals in the ipsilateral IML of the L1-L2 segment after WGA-HRP was microinjected into SPN. We conclude that PMC may control the preganglionic neurons of sympathetic nerves through the interneurons located dorsal to PPNs.

The effectiveness and safety of ureteroscopic holmium: YAG laser lithotripsy for managing ureteral calculi was evaluated. Ureteroscopic holmium. YAG laser lithotripsy was performed in 168 ureteral calculi (upper 27 cases, middle 33 cases and lower 108 cases). The results showed that the stone-free rate was 92.6% in the upper ureteral calculi, 93.9% in the middle ureteral calculi and 94.4% in the lower ureteral calculi, respectively. The complication rate was 4.8% (8 cases). It was suggested that ureteroscopic holmium: YAG laser lithotripsy is a highly effective and safe treatment modality for managing ureteral calculi.
Adult ; Aged ; Female ; Holmium ; Humans ; Lithotripsy, Laser ; methods ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Ureteral Calculi ; therapy ; Ureteroscopy