The purpose of this study was to understand the effect of gender on the traits of wool. One-year-old male and female Chinese merino sheep (JunKen type) were used to screen differentially expressed proteins in skin tissues by quantitative proteomics using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and data independent acquisition (DIA) strategy. This was followed by GO function annotation, KEGG metabolic pathway and protein network interaction analysis on the differential proteins obtained. The result showed that there were 674 differentially expressed proteins between male and female groups, whereas 280 proteins were up-regulated and 394 proteins were down-regulated in the male group. Through further comparison and analysis, there were 43 differentially expressed proteins related to skin hair follicle development and wool phenotype, 30 up-regulated and 13 down-regulated. The GO annotation analysis of differentially expressed proteins were mainly enriched in 37 processes of molecular function such as oxygen binding, chondroitin sulfate binding, heme binding, glutathione peroxidase activity and glutathione transferase activity; 120 biological processes such as cellular oxidant detoxification, regulation of muscle contraction, notch signaling pathway, calcium ion transmembrane transport and glutathione metabolism; and 31 processes related to cellular components such as mast cell granule, nucleus, sarcoplasmic reticulum and endoplasmic reticulum lumen. KEGG analysis showed that the differentially expressed proteins were involved sixteen signaling pathways, among which MAPK and p53 signaling pathways were closely related to wool growth and development. The protein network interaction analysis discovered that COL1A1 was closely related to MMP2, SPARC, THBS1 and other differentially expressed proteins, which might play a key role in wool growth and development. Thus, this study obtained basic data for revealing the molecular mechanism of sheep wool traits of different gender.
Animals ; Male ; Female ; Proteomics ; Chromatography, Liquid/methods* ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry/methods* ; Wool ; China

PURPOSE: Although there are significant risks, retrobulbar anesthesia is commonly used for eye surgery. We report two cases of Purtscher-like retinopathy, a rare complication. CASE SUMMARY: (Case 1) A 76-year-old female visited our hospital because of decreased vision. She underwent right cataract surgery with retrobulbar anesthesia. After 7 days, she had decreased visual acuity (VA) and a constricted visual field. Multiple white spots and cotton wool spots around the optic nerve and post pole, macular edema (ME), and subretinal fluid (SRF) were found using a fundus examination. A non-perfusion area and staining of the vascular wall were seen using fluorescence angiography. Although carotid arterial angiography, thrombolysis, and intravenous injection of high-dose steroids were performed, the ME and SRF persisted. After intravitreal aflibercept was injected twice (2-month interval), the ME and SRF decreased and remained stable. (Case 2) A 61-year-old male underwent left cataract surgery with retrobulbar anesthesia. After anesthesia, the VA of the left eye was 10 cm finger count. The fundus examination showed multiple hemorrhage blots and retinal hemorrhages, and hyperfluorescence around the optic nerve and post pole; vascular wall staining revealed a Purtscher-like retinopathy. Left carotid arterial angiography, thrombolysis, and intravenous injection of high-dose steroids were then performed. After treatment, the VA of the left eye, ME, and SRF were improved at the 4-month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: We report rare complications of retrobulbar anesthesia, with active and timely treatment having a positive impact on the visual prognosis.
Aged ; Anesthesia ; Angiography ; Cataract ; Dental Caries ; Female ; Fingers ; Fluorescein Angiography ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Injections, Intravenous ; Macular Edema ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Optic Nerve ; Prognosis ; Retinal Hemorrhage ; Steroids ; Subretinal Fluid ; Visual Acuity ; Visual Fields ; Wool

PURPOSE: To report a patient diagnosed with bilateral lupus chorioretinopathy who received focal laser photocoagulation. CASE SUMMARY: A 20-year-old female presented with decreased vision in her left eye. She had been treated with systemic corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, plasmapheresis and hemodialysis during systemic lupus erythematosus flare-up. Retinal hemorrhage and cotton wool spots were observed in both eyes on funduscopic examination. Optical coherence tomography showed bilateral serous retinal detachment. Flurorescein angiography (FA) revealed multiple leakages of dye in both maculae. Despite improvements of the systemic disease, subretinal fluid was not resolved. Focal laser photocoagulation was applied to multiple leakage spots identified on FA in both eyes and serous detachment improved. After several months, additional focal laser photocoagulation was performed because there was a small amount of subretinal fluid, which was completely resolved.
Adrenal Cortex Hormones ; Angiography ; Female ; Humans ; Immunomodulation* ; Immunosuppressive Agents ; Light Coagulation* ; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic ; Plasmapheresis ; Renal Dialysis ; Retinal Detachment ; Retinal Hemorrhage ; Subretinal Fluid ; Tomography, Optical Coherence ; Wool ; Young Adult

PURPOSE: To report a case of Purtscher's retinopathy with diffuse serous macular detachment. CASE SUMMARY: A 63-year-old male patient presented to the hospital with decreased visual acuity. Three days prior to visiting the hospital, he had an blunt injury to the thoracic region caused by a steel beam, and his best corrected visual acuity was 20/50 in the right eye and 20/160 in the left eye. On slit lamp examination nothing unusual was observed in either eye, but fundus examinations showed retinal hemorrhages and a cotton wool spots on the posterior pole of the left eye and nothing unusual in the right eye. On fluorescein angiography, severe nonperfusion was observed at the posterior pole of the left eye. On optical coherence tomography, there was diffuse serous retinal detachment at the posterior pole and inferior retina of the left eye while mild subretinal fluid was observed at the posterior pole of the right eye. Under the suspicion of Purtscher's retinopathy in both eyes, oral prednisolone (40 mg) was prescribed and the dosage was gradually reduced. Six weeks after the treatment, best corrected visual acuity improved to 20/20 in the right eye, and 20/30 in the left eye. Additionally, subretinal fluid in the right eye completely disappeared. CONCLUSIONS: Purtscher's retinopathy is known as an ocular disease occurring after traumatic events. However, serous detachment of the macula has rarely been observed in Purtscher's retinopathy, and herein we report a case with diffuse serous macular detachment which responded to oral steroid treatment.
Eye ; Fluorescein Angiography ; Humans ; Male ; Prednisolone ; Retina ; Retinal Detachment ; Retinal Hemorrhage ; Steel ; Subretinal Fluid ; Tomography, Optical Coherence ; Visual Acuity ; Wool ; Wounds, Nonpenetrating

BACKGROUND: Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) was once regarded as a disorder of the adult population, while ACD in children was considered rare. However, ACD in children may be more common than previously realized and more recently, it has been estimated that more than 20% of the pediatric population is affected by ACD. However, in Korea results of patch testing in the pediatric population has not yet been reported. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to analyze allergens responsible for ACD in Korean children and investigate the influence of sex, involved site, and atopic dermatitis on contact allergen sensitization. We also wanted to compare the results between the pediatric and the adult group. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of all patch test results from our data base between 2009 and 2011 was performed. A total of 234 patients were patch tested. The pediatric population was defined as patients 18 years and younger, and total 30 pediatric patients were included. RESULTS: A total of 30 patch tested cases (male 12, female 18) were analyzed. Overall, 66.7% of pediatric patients had at least one positive reaction and common allergens were nickel sulfate (33.3%), thimerosal (13.0%), and black rubber mix (10.0%) in order of frequency. There were no significant differences between contact allergen sensitivity and sex or involved sites. However, in the atopic group, the positive reactions to wool alcohols were significantly higher than in the non-atopic group (p=0.0076). In adults, common allergens were nickel sulfate (34.8%), p-tert butylphenol formaldehyde resin (11.8%), cobalt chloride (11.3%) and thimerosal (11.3%) in order of frequency. This was not significantly different to the pediatric group. CONCLUSION: ACD in children is not uncommon and patch testing in suspected children revealed 66.7% of positive reaction.
2-Naphthylamine ; Adult ; Alcohols ; Allergens ; Child ; Cobalt ; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact ; Dermatitis, Atopic ; Female ; Formaldehyde ; Humans ; Korea ; Nickel ; Patch Tests ; Pediatrics ; Phenylenediamines ; Retrospective Studies ; Rubber ; Thimerosal ; Wool

We report two cases of progressive localized retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) defect following cotton wool spots and a dot hemorrhage, 63-year-old woman with RNFL defect in inferior temporal retina of the right eye and 43-year-old man with RNFL defect in superior temporal retina of the right eye. Case 1 showed a dot hemorrhage adjacent to RNFL defect in the right eye and a new slit-like localized RNFL defect in the left eye 5 months later. The visual field in the left eye demonstrated corresponding field defect 9 months later. Case 2 showed a slit-like RNFL defect starting from cotton wool spots in the right eye and corresponding visual field defect. Cotton wool spots and dot hemorrhages represented ischemic damages at the nerve fiber layer. Two noticeable cases showed the progression of RNFL defect caused by repetitive localized microvascular ischemic events, resulting in visual field loss.
Adult ; Eye ; Female ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Nerve Fibers ; Retina ; Retinaldehyde ; Visual Fields ; Wool

PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical features of retinopathy in chronic hepatitis B patients treated with peginterferon. METHODS: Chronic hepatitis B patients treated with peginterferon were evaluated during regular routine ophthalmic examinations including fundus examination before and during the 1-year follow-up after treatment. A total of 88 patients were included in the study. RESULTS: Retinopathy developed in 11 (12.5%) out of 88 patients at a mean of 7 weeks after initiation of treatment. Peginterferon treatment was continued in all patients and retinal abnormalities including cotton wool spot, retinal hemorrhage and microaneurysm resolved without visual impairment. The incidence of hypertension between the retinopathy group and the group without retinopathy was significantly different (P = 0.020). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of retinopathy with peginterferon in chronic hepatitis B patients was low and the prognosis was benign. Thus, routine screening for peginterferon retinopathy is not necessary.
Follow-Up Studies ; Hepatitis B, Chronic ; Hepatitis, Chronic ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Incidence ; Mass Screening ; Prognosis ; Retinal Hemorrhage ; Retinaldehyde ; Vision Disorders ; Wool

PURPOSE: To investigate the clinical characteristics of retinopathy associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and its risk factors. METHODS: Medical records of patients who were diagnosed with SLE were reviewed retrospectively. The presence of retinal hemorrhage, vasculitis and a cotton wool patch were regarded as lupus retinopathy, but concomitant diabetic retinopathy and hypertensive retinopathy were excluded from the study. The correlation between the development of lupus retinopathy and the presence of positive autoantibodies was also investigated. RESULTS: Ocular morbidity was found in 173 of 260 (66%) SLE patients. Retinopathy was detected in 52 eyes of 33 patients (12%), which included 36 eyes of 21 patients (63%) with classic retinopathy and 11 eyes of 10 patients (30%) with vaso-occlusive retinopathy. The presence of classic retinopathy coincided with the flare-up of lupus activity and completely resolved without visual impairment. However, vaso-occlusive retinopathy was not related with lupus activity, and resulted in significant visual impairments of 20/200 or less in six eyes of five patients. The disease activity of lupus assessed by the maximum SLE disease activity index was higher in patients with retinopathy (p<0.05), and the prevalence of antiphospholipid antibody was higher in patients with vaso-occlusive retinopathy than in patients with classic retinopathy (66.7% vs. 37.5%, p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Vaso-occlusive retinopathy in SLE can result in permanent visual impairment. Patients with high SLE activity or positive anti-phospholipid antibodies have a high possibility of developing SLE retinopathy and should be referred for ophthalmologic examination.
Antibodies ; Antibodies, Antiphospholipid ; Autoantibodies ; Diabetic Retinopathy ; Eye ; Humans ; Hypertensive Retinopathy ; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic ; Medical Records ; Prevalence ; Retinal Hemorrhage ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Vasculitis ; Vision Disorders ; Wool

PURPOSE: To investigate the clinical characteristics of retinopathy associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and its risk factors. METHODS: Medical records of patients who were diagnosed with SLE were reviewed retrospectively. The presence of retinal hemorrhage, vasculitis and a cotton wool patch were regarded as lupus retinopathy, but concomitant diabetic retinopathy and hypertensive retinopathy were excluded from the study. The correlation between the development of lupus retinopathy and the presence of positive autoantibodies was also investigated. RESULTS: Ocular morbidity was found in 173 of 260 (66%) SLE patients. Retinopathy was detected in 52 eyes of 33 patients (12%), which included 36 eyes of 21 patients (63%) with classic retinopathy and 11 eyes of 10 patients (30%) with vaso-occlusive retinopathy. The presence of classic retinopathy coincided with the flare-up of lupus activity and completely resolved without visual impairment. However, vaso-occlusive retinopathy was not related with lupus activity, and resulted in significant visual impairments of 20/200 or less in six eyes of five patients. The disease activity of lupus assessed by the maximum SLE disease activity index was higher in patients with retinopathy (p<0.05), and the prevalence of antiphospholipid antibody was higher in patients with vaso-occlusive retinopathy than in patients with classic retinopathy (66.7% vs. 37.5%, p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Vaso-occlusive retinopathy in SLE can result in permanent visual impairment. Patients with high SLE activity or positive anti-phospholipid antibodies have a high possibility of developing SLE retinopathy and should be referred for ophthalmologic examination.
Antibodies ; Antibodies, Antiphospholipid ; Autoantibodies ; Diabetic Retinopathy ; Eye ; Humans ; Hypertensive Retinopathy ; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic ; Medical Records ; Prevalence ; Retinal Hemorrhage ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Vasculitis ; Vision Disorders ; Wool

PURPOSE: To report a case of pseudoexfoliation in the unaffected eye in a patient with ophthalmic artery occlusion. CASE SUMMARY: A 49-year-old female presented with sudden vision loss in her right eye. On the initial examination, best corrected visual acuity was 20/500 in the right eye, and 20/20 in the left eye. Intraocular pressure in both eyes was 17 mmHg. Fundus examination showed retinal edema and a cotton wool spot in the right eye. There was a filling delay of choroidal and retinal vessels in the fluorescein angiography. On the slit lamp examination, there was pseudoexfoliation material around the pupil margin and lens capsule in the unaffected eye but no evidence of glaucoma. At the six-month follow-up, best corrected visual acuity in the right eye improved to 20/30 and a retinal nerve fiber layer defect was found at the spot of the previous cotton wool spot. On the visual field examination, visual defects corresponded with a retinal nerve fiber layer defect. CONCLUSIONS: Pseudoexfoliation may be related to a systemic vascular disorder.
Choroid ; Exfoliation Syndrome ; Eye ; Female ; Fluorescein Angiography ; Follow-Up Studies ; Glaucoma ; Humans ; Incidental Findings ; Intraocular Pressure ; Middle Aged ; Nerve Fibers ; Ophthalmic Artery ; Papilledema ; Pupil ; Retinal Vessels ; Retinaldehyde ; Vision, Ocular ; Visual Acuity ; Visual Fields ; Wool