Background: Botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) injection is being widely used off-label for muscular hypertrophy, including deltoid muscle hypertrophy. However, very few studies have evaluated the optimal dosage and its clinical response. Objective: This study aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of different doses of Prabotulinum toxin A (PBoNT) for treating deltoid muscle hypertrophy. Methods: Twelve particiapants with bilateral deltoid muscle hypertrophy were enrolled and randomly received either 16 U or 32 U of PBoNT. In each participant, the same dose was administered to both deltoid muscles. Both participants and evaluators were blinded. Deltoid muscle thickness and upper arm circumference were measured on day 0, and weeks 2, 4, and 12 after the PBoNT injection. Results: Upper arm circumference significantly decreased in both groups; however, deltoid muscle thickness was reduced in the 16 U group only. No major complications were reported in both groups. However, a few minor complications were reported in the 16 U injection group. Conclusion Both 16 U and 32 U of PBoNT intramuscular injections are safe and effective in treating deltoid hypertrophy.

Purpose: There are few reports on outcomes following surgical repair of recurrent rectal prolapse. The purpose of this study was to examine surgical outcomes for recurrent rectal prolapse. Methods: We conducted a multicenter retrospective study of patients who underwent surgery for recurrent rectal prolapse. This study used data collected by the Korean Anorectal Physiology and Pelvic Floor Disorder Study Group. Results: A total of 166 patients who underwent surgery for recurrent rectal prolapse were registered retrospectively between 2011 and 2016 in 8 referral hospitals. Among them, 153 patients were finally enrolled, excluding 13 patients who were not followed up postoperatively. Median follow-up duration was 40 months (range, 0.2–129.3 months). Methods of surgical repair for recurrent rectal prolapse included perineal approach (n = 96) and abdominal approach (n = 57). Postoperative complications occurred in 16 patients (10.5%). There was no significant difference in complication rate between perineal and abdominal approach groups. While patients who underwent the perineal approach were older and more fragile, patients who underwent the abdominal approach had longer operation time and admission days (P < 0.05). Overall, 29 patients (19.0%) showed re-recurrence after surgery. Among variables, none affected the re-recurrence. Conclusion For the recurrent rectal prolapse, the perineal approach is used for the old and fragile patients. The postoperative complications and re-recurrence rate between perineal and abdominal approach were not different significantly. No factor including surgical method affected re-recurrence for recurrent rectal prolapse.

BACKGROUND: Because many cosmetic surgery clinics are not adequately equipped to handle emergent conditions, patients often come to a university hospital when problems occur during or after cosmetic surgery. However, few in-depth studies have been conducted of this issue. Therefore, we investigated emergency department visits due to complications associated with cosmetic surgery. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was conducted of 38 patients who visited the emergency department of the authors' institution due to complications associated with cosmetic surgery from July 2014 to June 2017. RESULTS: There were more women than men (30 women vs. 8 men). Their mean age was 32.4 years (range, 19–57 years). Upon presentation to the emergency department, patients' vital signs and mental status were usually normal (27 normal vs. 11 abnormal). The types of surgery included blepharoplasty, rhinoplasty, malar/orthognathic surgery, mammaplasty, liposuction, fat grafting, and filler and botulinum toxin injections. Most patients required hospitalization (26 admitted vs. 12 discharged). Eight of the hospitalized patients required intensive care unit care, of whom two died and three experienced brain death or had permanent neurologic sequelae. CONCLUSIONS: The complications were usually minor problems, despite the need for hospitalization, but some complications were life-threatening. We recommend close monitoring and maintaining an adequate injection capacity for intravenous sedative anesthesia. When any symptom or sign of a complication occurs, it is best to transfer the patient to a university hospital as soon as possible. Taking a careful medical history is always needed, even for minor procedures.
Anesthesia ; Blepharoplasty ; Botulinum Toxins ; Brain Death ; Cardiomyopathies ; Emergencies ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Epinephrine ; Female ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Intensive Care Units ; Lipectomy ; Male ; Mammaplasty ; Retrospective Studies ; Rhinoplasty ; Surgery, Plastic ; Transplants ; Vital Signs

PURPOSE: Little is known about the clinical value of peripheral blood immune profiling. Here, we aimed to identify colorectal cancer (CRC)-related peripheral blood immune cells and develop liquid biopsy-based immune profiling models for CRC diagnosis. METHODS: Peripheral blood from 131 preoperative patients with CRC and 174 healthy controls was analyzed by flow cytometry and automated hematology. CRC-related immune factors were identified by comparing the mean values of immune cell percentages and counts. Subsequently, CRC diagnostic algorithms were constructed using binary logistic regression. RESULTS: Significant differences were observed in percentages and counts of white blood cells, lymphocytes, neutrophils, regulatory T cells, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) of patients and controls. The neutrophil/lymphocyte and Th1/Th2 ratios were also significantly different. Likewise, the percentages and counts of peripheral blood programed death 1, cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4, B-and T-lymphocyte attenuator, and lymphocyte activation gene-3 were higher in patients with CRC. The binary logistic regression model included 12 variables, age, CD3+%, NK%, CD4+CD279+%, CD4+CD25+%, CD4+CD152+%, CD3+CD366+%, CD3+CD272+%, CD3+CD223+%, CD158b−CD314+CD3−CD56+%, Th2%, and MDSCs cells/µL, for the prediction of cancer. Results of retrospective and prospective evaluation of the area under the curve, sensitivity, and specificity were 0.980 and 0.940, 91.53% and 85.80%, and 93.50% and 86.20%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Peripheral blood immune profiling may be valuable in evaluating the immunity of CRC patients. Our liquid biopsy-based immune diagnostic method and its algorithms may serve as a novel tool for CRC diagnosis. Future largescale studies are needed for better characterization of its diagnostic value and potential for clinical application.
Blood Cells ; Colorectal Neoplasms* ; CTLA-4 Antigen ; Diagnosis ; Early Detection of Cancer ; Flow Cytometry ; Hematology ; Humans ; Immunologic Factors ; Leukocytes ; Logistic Models ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Lymphocytes ; Methods ; Neutrophils ; Prospective Studies ; Retrospective Studies ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; T-Lymphocytes ; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is present in a high proportion of patients with kidney transplantation. Compared with uninfected kidney transplant recipients, HCV infected kidney recipient have higher prevalence of liver disease and worse allograft survival after transplantation. Interferon monotherapy before transplantation is standard therapy for HCV-infected kidney transplant candidates. If HCV infection is discovered after transplantation, interferon monotherapy is considered due to the limited critical situation. However, in this patient, who was a kidney recipient, HCV infection was treated after kidney transplantation with peginterferon-α and rivabirin. As a result, the patient achieved sustained virologic response.
Allografts ; Hepacivirus ; Hepatitis C, Chronic* ; Hepatitis, Chronic* ; Humans ; Interferons ; Kidney Transplantation* ; Kidney* ; Liver Diseases ; Prevalence ; Ribavirin ; Transplant Recipients

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Vocal polyps are caused by inflammation induced by stress or irritation. Many patients with vocal polyps complain voice discomfort. For vocal polyps, surgery such as laryngeal microsurgery has been the mainstay of management. We analyzed the clinical features of vocal polyps, and how the size and location of vocal polyps affect the outcomes of surgery. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 42 patients from March 2014 to December 2015, who were diagnosed as unilateral single vocal polyp. When we operated on a vocal polyp with laryngeal microscopy, we measured their size and location. The quality of voice was evaluated by GRABS scale, jitter, shimmer, NHR (noise to harmonic ratio), MPT (maximum phonation time), and VHI (voice handicap index) before operation and 4 weeks after operation. RESULTS: When we divided the patients into large-sized vocal polyp group (the longest length >3 mm) and small-sized vocal polyp group (the longest length ≤3 mm), all parameter differences tend to be greater at large sized vocal polyp. However, these differences were not statistically significant (p>0.05). When we divided into two groups depending on the volume of vocal polyp, no distinct tendency was found. When we compared the location (anterior, mid and posterior) of vocal polyp with the improvement of voice quality, more change was found at mid portion vocal polyp, except the difference of VHI. However, these differences were also not statistically significant (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: All parameter differences tend to be greater at large vocal polyp and polyp of the mid location.
Humans ; Inflammation ; Microscopy ; Microsurgery* ; Phonation ; Polyps* ; Retrospective Studies ; Voice Quality* ; Voice*

Primary cutaneous mucinous carcinoma (PCMC) is a rare low-grade malignant neoplasm derived from the eccrine glands. PCMC most commonly arises in the head and neck, with the eyelid being the most common site of origin. This case report describes a 51-year-old male with a painless, pigmented superficial nodular lesion over his right lower eyelid. The lesion was considered to be benign, and the initial treatment was simple excision with a 3-mm margin. However, histologic examination revealed the diagnosis of PCMC, and the patient underwent re-excision of the tumor site with an additional 3-mm margin from the initial scar. Histologic study of this second margin was free of any malignant cells. The patient experienced no postoperative complication or recurrence after 2 years. In our case, the skin lesion had benign morphologic findings and was strongly suspected to be a benign mass. Physicians should be aware of this tumor and be able to differentiate it from benign cystic or solid eyelid lesions.
Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous* ; Cicatrix ; Diagnosis ; Eccrine Glands ; Eyelids* ; Head ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Mucins* ; Neck ; Postoperative Complications ; Recurrence ; Skin ; Skin Neoplasms

Primary cutaneous mucinous carcinoma (PCMC) is a rare low-grade malignant neoplasm derived from the eccrine glands. PCMC most commonly arises in the head and neck, with the eyelid being the most common site of origin. This case report describes a 51-year-old male with a painless, pigmented superficial nodular lesion over his right lower eyelid. The lesion was considered to be benign, and the initial treatment was simple excision with a 3-mm margin. However, histologic examination revealed the diagnosis of PCMC, and the patient underwent re-excision of the tumor site with an additional 3-mm margin from the initial scar. Histologic study of this second margin was free of any malignant cells. The patient experienced no postoperative complication or recurrence after 2 years. In our case, the skin lesion had benign morphologic findings and was strongly suspected to be a benign mass. Physicians should be aware of this tumor and be able to differentiate it from benign cystic or solid eyelid lesions.
Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous* ; Cicatrix ; Diagnosis ; Eccrine Glands ; Eyelids* ; Head ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Mucins* ; Neck ; Postoperative Complications ; Recurrence ; Skin ; Skin Neoplasms

OBJECTIVE: The anterior approach for C7-T1 disc herniation may be challenging because of obstruction by the manubrium and the narrow operative field. This study aimed to investigate the clinical and neurological outcomes of anterior approach for C7-T1 disc herniation. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated 13 patients who underwent the anterior approach for C7-T1 disc herniation by a single surgeon within a period of 11 years (2003-2014). The minimum follow-up duration was 6 months. We describe the clinical presentation, radiographic findings, neurological outcome, and related complications. RESULTS: Of 372 patients with single-level anterior discectomy and fusion or artificial disc replacement for cervical disc herniation, 13 (3.5%) had C7-T1 disc herniation. The main clinical presentation was unilateral motor weakness in intrinsic hand muscles (11 patients), along with numbness, pain, and tingling sensation that radiate down the arm to the little finger. Most of the patients improved after surgery via the anterior approach. Ten patients underwent successful anterior discectomy and fusion by the standard supramanubrial Smith-Robinson approach, but 2 needed additional manubriotomy and sternotomy. In 1 patient, we performed surgery at a wrong level because the correct level was difficult to identify intraoperatively. Two patients had transient vocal dysfunction, but none had major complications related to injuries of the great vessels such as the thoracic duct or esophagus. CONCLUSION: For patients who require direct anterior decompression for C7-T1 disc herniation, the anterior approach is relatively feasible. However, care should be taken to overcome physical constraints by the manubrium and slope.
Arm ; Decompression ; Diskectomy ; Esophagus ; Fingers ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hand ; Humans ; Hypesthesia ; Intervertebral Disc Displacement* ; Manubrium ; Muscles ; Retrospective Studies ; Sensation ; Sternotomy ; Thoracic Duct ; Total Disc Replacement

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To analyze the clinical correlation between perverted nystagmus and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) abnormal findings and to evaluate whether perverted nystagmus is clinically significant results of brain abnormal lesions or not. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We performed medical charts review from January 2008 to July 2014, retrospectively. Patients who were suspected central originated vertigo at Frenzel goggles test were included among patients who visited our hospital. To investigate the correlation with nystagmus suspected central originated vertigo and brain MRI abnormal findings, we confirmed whether performing brain MRI or not. Then we exclude that patients not performed brain MRI. RESULTS: The number of patients with perverted nystagmus was 15, upbeating was 1 and down-beating was 14. Among these patients, 5 patients have brain MRI abnormal findings. However, 2 patients with MRI abnormal findings were not associated correctly with perverted nystagmus and only 3 patients with perverted nystagmus were considered central originated vertigo and further evaluation and treatment was performed by the department of neurology. CONCLUSIONS: Perverted nystagmus was considered to the abnormalities at brain lesions, especially cerebellum, but neurologic symptoms and further evaluation were needed for exact diagnosis of central originated vertigo.
Brain* ; Cerebellum ; Diagnosis ; Dizziness ; Eye Protective Devices ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Neurologic Manifestations ; Neurology ; Nystagmus, Pathologic ; Retrospective Studies ; Vertigo