Pregnancy is a critical period in every woman's life. The health of both the mother and her unborn child is at stake, with poor access to needed prenatal care services. Obtaining prenatal care is affected by the pregnancy literacy of the expectant mother. However, the assessment tool for health literacy among Filipino pregnant women is limited. This paper aimed to examine existing maternal health literacy instruments. Hopefully, an adopted tool can be found for assessing prenatal health literacy. After examining existing maternal health literacy tools, 18 questions were suggested that can be further modified before they are used for Filipino pregnant women to assess their prenatal health literacy.
Human ; Female ; Prenatal Care ; Pregnant Women

OBJECTIVES

To validate a method in detecting SARS-CoV-2 via RT-qPCR in pregnant and non-pregnant samples other than nasopharyngeal swabs and/or oropharyngeal swabs such as cervical, rectal, amniotic fluid, placental, umbilical cord blood, and breastmilk.

We performed a validation experiment using MGI easy extraction kits and BGI PCR kits on non-conventional specimens, including cervical, rectal, amniotic fluid, placental, umbilical cord blood, and breastmilk to detect and confirm the presence of SARS-CoV-2. In addition, we tested the validated method on 572 purposively sampled field-collected non-conventional specimens from a cohort of 109 unvaccinated pregnant and 47 unvaccinated non-pregnant women to assess which candidate non-conventional maternal- and fetal-associated specimens may contribute to maternal-fetal viral vertical transmission.

Positive detection of SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA in non-conventional specimens was demonstrated and verified. Of the 572 non-conventional samples tested, 1.8% (10/572) were positively validated by RT-qPCR for SARS-CoV-2 in the maternal-associated specimens particularly the rectal (5), placental (1), and cervical (4) swabs among six pregnant and four non-pregnant individuals. In contrast, no SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA was detected in fetal-associated specimens.

The results of the validation study may serve as an additional diagnostic screening layer to support maternal-child care. Furthermore, viral detection in these non-conventional maternal specimens may also be utilized to provide guidance in the clinical management of neonates, and pregnant women during delivery.

Protein S deficiency causing arterial ischemic stroke during pregnancy is uncommon. Delay or omission of treatment with perfusion therapies may worsen outcomes for both the mother and the fetus. In this paper, we report a case of an early pregnant woman with protein S deficiency and multiple history of chronic cerebrovascular disease who underwent successful thrombolysis and mechanical thrombectomy. The patient is a 35-year-old woman, eight weeks pregnant, with a history of protein S deficiency and chronic cerebrovascular disease, presenting with rightsided weakness and aphasia. Initial National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale was 10 with cranial magnetic resonance imaging findings of acute infarcts on the left caudate, lentiform nucleus, insula, and frontal lobe with a large vessel occlusion on the proximal M1 segment of the left middle cerebral artery. Intravenous thrombolysis and mechanical thrombectomy were performed with complete recanalization. The patient improved and delivered without any complications after 8 months. Protein S deficiency can contribute to arterial thrombosis including ischemic stroke. Arterial ischemic stroke and large vessel occlusion can cause significant disability if not treated appropriately. Reperfusion therapies in pregnant women show favorable outcomes and should be performed if the benefits outweigh the risks.

Various studies have highlighted that women are at a higher risk of becoming victims of cyberbullying, with the severity of cyberbullying among women in many countries increasing and the urgency of having necessary intervention steps by governments and legal institutions in place. Nonetheless, the taboo of discussing mental health and individual struggles has hindered victims from disclosing their cyberbullying experiences they have gone through or are still currently experiencing due to the fear of being discriminated against. Therefore, this study aimed to explore cyberbullying from a victim’s perspective among women with heavy social media usage, as well as their coping strategies. A qualitative research design was utilised to understand the cyberbullying experience and coping strategies among five young women aged between 20 to 26 years old. Participants were recruited through social media. Collected data were analysed using thematic analysis which revealed three cyberbullying themes: “harassment”, “relational aggression” and “trolling”, three initial reaction themes: “anger”, “sadness” and “confusion”, two crossroad themes: “helplessness” and “sense of control” that either lead to the relapse of cyberbullying experience or coping strategies, and three coping strategy themes: “social coping”, “emotion-focused coping” and “problem-focused coping” and lastly, cognitive reappraisal. The findings provide comprehensive insights into understanding cyberbullying experiences and coping strategies among women with heavy social media usage. Understanding the effectiveness of various forms of coping allows mental health professionals to support their clients by finding out the implemented coping strategy and expanding on other forms of coping to build a more holistic support for their clients.
Coping Skills ; Cyberbullying ; Social Media ; Women

Objective: To investigate the relationship between positive anti-Ro/Sjögren syndrome antigen type A (SSA) antibody and anti-La/Sjögren syndrome antigen type B (SSB) antibody in pregnant women and neonatal adverse outcomes. Methods: This study was a retrospective study, and 145 deliveries of 136 anti-Ro/SSA and anti-La/SSB antibody positive pregnant women were selected who had prenatal examination and delivered in Peking University First Hospital from January 2017 to June 2022. According to whether adverse neonatal outcomes occurred, 145 deliveries were divided into adverse outcome group (26 cases) and no adverse outcome group (119 cases). According to the time when anti-Ro/SSA and anti-La/SSB antibodies were found positive, 145 deliveries were divided into the antibody positive during pregnancy group (69 cases) and the pre-pregnancy antibody positive group (76 cases). The pregnancy outcomes, treatment and maternal and infant antibody levels of pregnant women between the adverse outcome group and no adverse outcome group, between antibody positive during pregnancy group and the pre-pregnancy antibody positive group were compared. Results: (1) Most of the pregnant women with positive anti-Ro/SSA and anti-La/SSB antibodies were diagnosed as undifferentiated connective tissue disease, accounting for 40.4% (55/136), followed by Sjogren's syndrome (25.0%, 34/136), systemic lupus erythematosus (23.5%, 32/136), antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (6.6%, 9/136), idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (1.5%, 2/136), and 4 cases were not diagnosed. (2) The titers of anti-Ro/SSA and anti-La/SSB antibodies in the first trimester and the second trimester were compared, and there were no statistical significances (all P>0.05). (3) The proportion of high level anti-Ro/SSA antibody (>100 kU/L), positive level of anti-La/SSB antibody and positive rate of anti-La/SSB antibody in the adverse outcome group were higher than those in the no adverse outcome group, and the birth weight of newborns and live birth rate in the adverse outcome group were lower than that in the no adverse outcome group, all with statistical significances (all P<0.05). The anti-Ro/SSA antibody level, the proportion of drug treatment (hydroxychloroquine, glucocorticoid, gamma globulin), the incidence of fetal growth restriction (FGR), the rate of preterm birth, and the positive level of anti-Ro/SSA and anti-La/SSB antibodies in newborns were compared between the two groups, and there were no statistically significant differences (all P>0.05). (4) The anti-Ro/SSA antibody level of pregnant women in the pre-pregnancy antibody positive group, the proportion of hydroxychloroquine and glucocorticoid treatment, and the anti-Ro/SSA antibody positive rate of newborns were higher, while the incidence of FGR and gamma globulin treatment rate of newborns in the antibody positive during pregnancy group were higher, respectively, and the differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05). The levels of anti-La/SSB antibodies in pregnant women, anti-Ro/SSA and anti-La/SSB antibodies in newborns, the positive rate of anti-La/SSB antibodies in newborns and the incidence of adverse outcomes were compared between the antibody positive during pregnancy group and the pre-pregnancy antibody positive group, and there were no statistical significances (all P>0.05). Conclusions: High concentrations of anti-Ro/SSA antibodies and co-positive anti-La/SSB antibodies during pregnancy may increase the incidence of adverse neonatal outcomes. There is no significant difference in the incidence of adverse neonatal outcomes between antibody positive pregnant women and antibody positive pregnant women who were first found during pregnancy after comprehensive treatment in the rheumatology and immunology department.
Infant, Newborn ; Humans ; Female ; Pregnancy ; Sjogren's Syndrome/drug therapy* ; Pregnant Women ; Hydroxychloroquine/therapeutic use* ; Retrospective Studies ; Glucocorticoids ; Premature Birth/epidemiology* ; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/drug therapy* ; Pregnancy Outcome ; gamma-Globulins

Objective: To investigate the perinatal maternal and fetal adverse outcomes of cesarean section in the different duration of the second stage of labor. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted on the clinical data of 154 pregnant women with singleton head pregnancy who underwent cesarean section at different times of the second stage of labor due to maternal and fetal factors in the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2021. According to the duration of the second stage of labor, they were divided into <2 h group (54 cases), 2-<3 h group (61 cases), and ≥3 h group (39 cases). The general data of pregnant women and neonates, preoperative maternal and neonatal conditions related to labor stages, surgical indications, surgical procedures, and perioperative maternal and neonatal adverse outcomes were compared among the three groups. Results: (1) General Information: there were no significant differences in maternal age, gravidity and parity, proportion of primipara, gestational age at delivery, body mass index before delivery, pregnancy complications, labor analgesia rate and the duration of the first stage of labor among the three groups (all P>0.05). The differences of the gender composition, birth weight and incidence of macrosomia of the three groups were also not statistically significant (all P>0.05). (2) Maternal and fetal status and surgical indications: the incidence of intrapartum fever and type Ⅱ and Ⅲ fetal heart rate monitoring in the <2 h group were higher than those in the 2-<3 h group and the ≥3 h group, and the preoperative fetal head position in the ≥3 h group was lower than that in the 2-<3 h group, with statistically significant differences (all P<0.05). The proportion of cesarean section due to "fetal distress" was 40.7% (22/54) in the <2 h group, which was higher than that in the 2-<3 h group (4.9%, 3/61) and the ≥3 h group (2.6%, 1/39). The proportions of surgical indication of "relative cephalo-pelvic disproportion" were 98.4% (60/61) and 94.9% (37/39) in the 2-<3 h group and ≥3 h group, respectively, and the surgical indication of "fetal head descent arrest" were 41.0% (25/61) and 59.0% (23/39), respectively. Compared with <2 h group [63.0% (34/54), 13.0% (7/54)], the differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05). There were no significant difference in surgical indications between 2-<3 h group and ≥3 h group (all P>0.05). (3) Intraoperative conditions and perioperative complications of cesarean section: the puerperal morbidity rate of <2 h group was 37.0% (20/54), which was higher than those of 2-<3 h group (18.0%, 11/61) and ≥3 h group (7.7%, 3/39), the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in operation time, intraoperative blood loss, incidence of fetal head inlay, uterine incision tear, modified B-Lynch suture for uterine atony, postpartum hemorrhage, perioperative blood transfusion, preoperative hemoglobin (Hb) level, perioperative Hb change, and postoperative hospital stay among the three groups (all P>0.05). (4) Adverse neonatal outcomes: non-hemolytic neonatal hyperbilirubinemia in ≥3 h group was 35.9% (14/39), which was significantly higher than that in <2 h group (13.0%, 7/54; P<0.05). Among the neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) within 1 week after birth, the proportion of neonates admitted to NICU due to neonatal hyperbilirubinemia in ≥3 h group (15/19) was significantly higher than that in <2 h group (9/17) and 2-<3 h group (10/19), and the differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05). However, there was no significant difference between the <2 h group and the 2-<3 h group (P>0.05). There was no perinatal death in the three groups. Conclusions: The rate of puerperal morbidity is higher in patients who were transferred to cesarean section within 2 hours of the second stage of labor. In the early stage of the second stage of labor, the monitoring of fetal heart rate and amniotic fluid characteristics should be strengthened, especially the presence or absence of prenatal fever. In good maternal and neonatal conditions, conversion to cesarean section after 2 hours of the second stage of labor does not significantly increase the incidence of serious adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. For the second stage of labor more than 3 hours before cesarean section, it is necessary to strengthen the monitoring of neonatal bilirubin.
Infant, Newborn ; Pregnancy ; Female ; Humans ; Cesarean Section/adverse effects* ; Pregnant Women ; Fetus ; Retrospective Studies ; Labor Stage, Second ; Labor Presentation ; Hyperbilirubinemia, Neonatal/etiology*

Objective: To analyze the association between different treatment timings and adverse neonatal outcomes (premature birth, death, congenital syphilis) in syphilis-infected pregnant women. Methods: The National Management Information System for Prevention of HIV, Syphilis and HBV Mother-to-Child Transmission was used to collect information on the detection and treatment of syphilis-infected pregnant women and their newborns in Guangdong Province from October 2011 to December 2021. According to the gestational weeks of syphilis-infected pregnant women receiving penicillin treatment for the first time, they were divided into four groups: treatment in the first trimester, treatment in the second trimester, treatment in the third trimester, and no treatment during pregnancy. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the association between different treatment timings and adverse neonatal outcomes in syphilis-infected pregnant women. Results: A total of 22 483 syphilis-infected pregnant women were included. The number of pregnant women who started treatment in the first trimester, second trimester, and third trimester and did not receive treatment during pregnancy were 4 549 (20.23%), 8 719 (38.78%), 2 235 (9.94%) and 6 980 (31.05%), respectively. Compared with pregnant women who started treatment in the first trimester, pregnant women who did not receive anti-syphilis treatment during pregnancy had increased risks of neonatal preterm birth (OR=1.42, 95%CI: 1.24-1.62), death (OR=4.27, 95%CI: 1.64-14.69) and congenital syphilis (OR=12.26, 95%CI: 6.35-27.45). At the same time, the risk of congenital syphilis in the newborns of pregnant women who started anti-syphilis treatment in the second trimester (OR=2.68, 95%CI: 1.34-6.16) and third trimester (OR=6.27, 95%CI: 2.99-14.80) also increased. Conclusion: Early initiation of anti-syphilis treatment during pregnancy in patients with syphilis can improve neonatal outcomes.
Pregnancy ; Female ; Infant, Newborn ; Humans ; Pregnant Women ; Syphilis/diagnosis* ; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/drug therapy* ; Syphilis, Congenital/drug therapy* ; Premature Birth ; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/prevention & control*

Aims: Due to the world's direction of alternative medicine and herbal medication, tea leaves have been employed to inhibit certain bacteria that cause urinary tract infections (UTIs). This study aimed to evaluate the effect of green, red and black tea as antibacterial against UTIs in pregnant women and changes in blood pressure and iron level in the blood of their women. Methodology and results: Forty-eight isolates were isolated from 50 women suffering from urinary tract infections, Staphylococcus aureus (18) 37.5%, Escherichia coli (15) 31.25%, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (8) 16.6%, Klebsiella sp. (5) 10.4% and Enterobacter sp. (2) 4.16%. The sensitivity of bacteria to the antibiotics Amikacin, Amoxicillin/Clavulanic, Ampicillin/Sulbactam, Cefixime, Ceftriaxone, Ciprofloxacin, Imipenem, Nitrofurantion, Penicillin and Tetracycline were tested, while E. coli and P. aeruginosa (8), Enterobacter sp. were resistance for Ceftriaxone and Amoxicillin /Clavulanic (100%). While Enterobacter sp. is sensitive to Nitrofurantoin and Imipenem (100%). The ability of the isolates to form biofilms was tested using the Congo red agar method and the micro titrations plate method. The results showed that not all isolates have the ability to produce biofilms and red tea is the most powerful antibacterial under study. Drinking green tea for two weeks regularly in pregnant women who suffer from high blood pressure showed an improvement in blood pressure, as it became normal 118/78 and with the normal iron level in the blood at a rate of hemoglobin = 11.8, while drinking red tea did not change blood pressure measurements in pregnant women with high blood pressure. Conclusion, significance and impact of study The effect of red tea extract was stronger than other teas used in the study as an antibacterial against urinary tract bacteria. Regular consumed of green tea helps regulate blood pressure, especially for pregnant women who are at risk of hypertension during pregnancy.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Tea ; Hypertension ; Pregnant Women

OBJECTIVE: This study explored whether thyroglobulin and thyroid disease prevalence rates were higher in pregnant Chinese women with a median urinary iodine concentration of 100-149 µg/L, compared with those with a median urinary iodine concentration of 150-249 μg/L maintained through sustainable universal salt iodization. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study in which 812 healthy pregnant women were enrolled to collect samples of their household edible salt, urine, and blood during their routine antenatal care in the 18 counties in Fujian Province, China. The levels of salt iodine concentration, urinary iodine concentration (UIC), free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroid hormone (FT4), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroglobulin (Tg), thyroid peroxidase antibody and thyroglobulin antibody were assessed during the routine antenatal care visits. RESULTS: The median UIC (mUIC) in pregnant women was 130.8 μg/L (interquartile range = 91.5-198.1 μg/L) in the counties with an mUIC of 100-149 μg/L (Group I), and 172.0 μg/L (interquartile range = 123.5-244.4 μg/L) in the counties with an mUIC of 150-249 μg/L (Group II). Goiter prevalence and thyroid nodule detection rates showed no difference between Group I and Group II ( P > 0.05). Except for FT4 values, the TSH, FT4, FT3, Tg and Tg values > 40 (μg/L) and the thyroid diseases prevalence rate (TDR) showed no significant differences between Group I and Group II ( P > 0.05), whether or not iodine supplementation measures were taken. CONCLUSION Compared with an mUIC of 150-249 μg/L, not only there was no difference in thyroid morphology, but also the Tg value, rate of Tg values > 40 µg/L, and TDR were not higher in pregnant women in the counties with an mUIC of 100-149 μg/L achieved through sustainable universal salt iodization in Fujian Province, China.
Female ; Humans ; Pregnancy ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Iodine/urine* ; Pregnant Women ; Sodium Chloride, Dietary ; Thyroglobulin ; Thyroid Gland ; Thyrotropin ; East Asian People

Background: The majority of women described hysterosalpingography (HSG) as a painful procedure. There is little information on the features of HSG-associated pain and factors that predispose to increased pain experience. Objectives: This study investigated preprocedure psychological state and related demographic factors as predictors of pain perception in women undergoing HSG. Methods: The sample included 99 women selected through consecutive sampling at the Radiology Department, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria. The study utilized a cross-sectional survey design to collect data using Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Zung Self-rating Depression Scale, and Visual Analog Scale for the perception of pain and state anxiety. Results: The women with lower state anxiety reported significantly lower pain perception (X̅ = 6.69) than the women with high anxiety (X̅ = 7.93). Trait anxiety, state anxiety, and depression jointly predicted pain perception among the women undergoing HSG, with R2 = 0.117, F (3,95) = 6.797; P < 0.001. They collectively accounted for about 17.7% variance in pain perception. Conclusion Patients being prepared for the HSG procedure can be educated on concerns related to anxiety and coping strategies and be provided with anxiolytics or other medication as clinically indicated.
Demography ; Pain Perception ; Women