Purpose: Intensive care unit (ICU) bed availability is key to critical patient care. In many countries, older patients generally account for a significant proportion of hospitalizations and ICU admissions. Therefore, considering the rapidly increasing aging population in South Korea, it is important to establish whether the demand for critical care is currently met by available ICU beds. Materials and Methods: We evaluated a 9-year trend in ICU bed supply and ICU length of stay in South Korea between 2011 and 2019 in a population-based cross-sectional analysis, using data from the Korean Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service and Statistics database. We described the changes in ICU bed rates in adult (≥20 years) and older adult (≥65 years) populations. ICU length of stay was categorized similarly and was used to predict future ICU bed demands. Results: The ICU bed rate per 100000 adults increased from 18.5 in 2011 to 19.5 in 2019. In contrast, the ICU bed rate per 100000 older adults decreased from 127.6 in 2011 to 104.0 in 2019. ICU length of stay increased by 43.8% for adults and 55.6% for older adults. In 2019, the regional differences in the ICU bed rate nearly doubled, and the ICU length of stay increased six-fold. The ICU bed occupancy rate in South Korea is expected to rise to 102.7% in 2030. Conclusion The discrepancy between the demand and supply of ICU beds in South Korea requires urgent action to anticipate future ICU demands.

BACKGROUND: Recently, three-dimensional (3D) printing has been hailed as a disruptive technology in dentistry. Among 3D printers, a digital light processing (DLP) 3D printer has certain advantages, such as high precision and relatively low cost. Therefore, the latest trend in resin crown manufacturing is the use of DLP 3D printers. However, studies on the internal fitness of such resin crowns are insufficient. The recently introduced 3D evaluation method makes it possible to visually evaluate the error of the desired area. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the internal fitness of resin crowns fabricated a by DLP 3D printer using the 3D evaluation method.METHODS: The working model was chosen as the maxillary molar implant model. A total of 20 resin crowns were manufactured by dividing these into two groups. One group was manufactured by subtractive manufacturing system (PMMA), while the other group was manufactured by additive manufacturing system, which uses a DLP 3D printer. Resin crowns data were measured using a 3D evaluation program. Internal fitness was calculated by root mean square (RMS). The RMS was calculated using the Geomagic Verify software, and the mean and standard deviation (SD) were measured. For statistical analysis, IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows ver. 22.0 (IBM Corp., USA) was used. Then, independent t-test was performed between the two groups.RESULTS: The mean±SD of the RMS were 41.51±1.51 and 43.09±2.32 for PMMA and DLP, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between PMMA and DLP.CONCLUSION: Evaluation of internal fitness of the resin crown made using a DLP 3D printer and subtractive manufacturing system showed no statistically significant differences, and clinically acceptable results were obtained.
Crowns ; Dentistry ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional ; Methods ; Molar ; Polymethyl Methacrylate ; Printing, Three-Dimensional

PURPOSE: This study aimed to estimate the effects of a health mentoring program on fasting blood sugar, total cholesterol, triglyceride, physical activity, self care behavior and social support changes among community-dwelling vulnerable elderly individuals with diabetes. METHODS: A non-equivalent control group pre-post-test design was used. Participants were 70 community-dwelling vulnerable elderly individuals with diabetes. They were assigned to the experimental (n=30) or comparative (n=30) or control group (n=28). The experimental group participated in the health mentoring program, while the comparative group participated in health education program, the control group did not participate in any program. Data analyses involved a chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, a generalized linear model, and the Bonferroni correction, using SPSS 23.0. RESULTS: Compared to the control group, the experimental and comparative groups showed a significant decrease in fasting blood sugar, total cholesterol, and triglyceride. Compared to the comparative and control groups, the experimental group showed significant improvement in self care behavior. However, there were no statistical differences in physical activity or social support among the three groups. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that the health mentoring program is an effective intervention for community-dwelling vulnerable elderly individuals with diabetes. This program can be used as an efficient strategy for diabetes self-management within this population.
Aged* ; Blood Glucose ; Cholesterol ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Fasting ; Health Education ; Humans ; Linear Models ; Mentors* ; Motor Activity ; Self Care ; Statistics as Topic ; Triglycerides ; Vulnerable Populations

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of maternal socioeconomic status, maternal oral health behaviors, and oral health behaviors of children, on the prevalence of early childhood caries in children aged 5 years. The Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data collected between 2007 and 2014 were applied to this study, and the study sample included 824 children who received oral examinations and participated in the health behavior survey. The factor that affected the prevalence of early childhood caries were confirmed by maternal and child factors. The data were analyzed using multiple linear regression. The mothers' age, income level, and job status affected the prevalence of early childhood caries. There was a significant difference in the analysis considering the factors of motherhood and children in the prevalence of early childhood caries according to mother's age, education level, income level, and the child's oral examination. The prevalence of early childhood caries was higher in children who received oral examinations than in those who did not. When the mother's educational level was higher than college education, it was found that the index of child, i.e., there was a difference in the prevalence of early childhood caries according to the mother's educational and income levels. These results indicate that maternal socioeconomic characteristics are correlated with the oral health of children. Therefore, oral health education programs that include mothers for the prevention of early dental caries in children may improve the dental health of children. In addition, specific oral health policies are necessary to address the differences in the oral health between the income groups.
Child ; Dental Caries ; Diagnosis, Oral ; Education ; Health Behavior ; Humans ; Linear Models ; Mothers ; Nutrition Surveys ; Oral Health* ; Prevalence* ; Social Class

To investigate the pattern of drug-resistance of human influenza virus (A/H1N1) isolated in Korea during 2001~2002, the sequence analysis of hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes and cell-based assay against neuraminidase inhibitor (NI) were performed. Analyses on the nucleotide sequences of NA genes showed that Korean isolates had 98.2 to 98.5% homology with that of the vaccine strain in 2001~2002 season, A/New Caledonia/20/99-like strain. However, there were no significant amino acid substitutions related to the drug-resistance such as E119V, R152K, I222R/Q, H274Y, and R292K. In the sequences of HA gene, no differences were observed on the major antigenic sites as well as the motifs related to the drug resistance. 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) value against oseltamivir, one of NA inhibitors widely used in the treatment for the influenza, was determined by WST-1 assay. The SI values of Korean isolates against oseltamivir were 7.2 to 383.3, showing that these isolates displayed relatively low SI value against the drug. This result provides the useful information for the surveillance of drug-resistant influenza virus and the control of influenza in Korea.
Amino Acid Substitution ; Base Sequence ; Drug Resistance ; Hemagglutinins* ; Influenza, Human* ; Korea* ; Neuraminidase* ; Orthomyxoviridae* ; Oseltamivir* ; Seasons ; Sequence Analysis

BACKGROUND: This study was designed to assess the effects of rilmenidine on the autonomic nervous system, and to evaluate whether it prevents bupivacaine-induced cardiovascular toxicity during intravenous bupivacaine infusion in anesthetized cats. METHODS: Thirty male cats were randomly divided into a control group (n = 15) and a rilmenidine group (n = 15). Following the injection of rilmenidine (10microgram/kg), systolic blood pressures (SBP) and R-R intervals (RRI) were recorded for 5 minutes. Then power spectral analyses of the SBP and RRI, and transfer function analysis were conducted to evaluate the autonomic nervous system. During the infusion of bupivacaine (0.5 mg/kg/min), blood pressures, heart rates, times to reach each events, and bupivacaine doses were measured at the first QRS modification, the first dysrhythmia, at 25% (HR25) and 50% reductions in baseline heart rate, and at 25% and 50% reductions in baseline mean arterial pressure and at final systole. RESULTS: The high frequency (HF) power of heart rate variability (HRV) was significantly elevated in the rilmenidine group versus the control group. Magnitude HF was significantly higher in the rilmenidine group than in the control group. The onset of dysrhythmia correlated significantly with the HFs of HRV and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS). Except for HR25, the rilmenidine group showed significantly higher bupivacaine doses and delayed event onsets versus the control group. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that pretreatment with rilmenidine delays the onset of dysrhythmia by increasing vagal tone and BRS and by reducing cardiovascular toxicity when bupivacaine is infused continuously to isoflurane anesthetized cats.
Animals ; Arterial Pressure ; Autonomic Nervous System* ; Baroreflex ; Bupivacaine* ; Cats* ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Isoflurane ; Male ; Systole

OBJECTIVES: This study is to compare psychopathology and their perceived parental rearing pattern of the children of mothers with major depression, bipolar disorder and those of normal control group. The correlation was also assessed between behavior problem and perceived parenting style. METHODS: The subjects were 30 children (age range 12-18) of mothers who met the DSM-IV criteria of major depressive disorder or bipolar I disorder and 30 children of normal mother group. All completed self-report questionnaires containing Child, adolescent Behavior Problem Checklist (K-CBCL), Youth Self Report (YSR) and Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI). RESULTS: 1) The mean score of the subscales of somatic complaints, anxious/depressed, internalizing problems in K-CBCL was significantly higher in the control subjects compared with that of the children of mothers with affective disorders (p<0.05). 2) In YSR, there was a tendency of increased behavior problems among the children of mothers with major depression compared with the control subjects. Compared with children of mothers with bipolar disorder, children of mothers with major depression had significantly more behavior problems (p<0.05). 3) Mothers with affective disorders tended to display less caring and fathers and mothers with affective disorders tended to display more overprotective parenting style than the control subjects. 4) There was positive correlation between paternal overprotection and behavior problems in the children of mothers with affective disorders. CONCLUSION: In summary, the author identified that the children of mothers with affective disorders have more behavior problems in social adjustment than normal control subjects. Parental rearing style is thought to have more negative influence on the children of mothers with affective disorders than normal control. It is surmised that less caring and more overprotective rearing style could influence behavior problems of their children.
Adolescent ; Adolescent Behavior ; Bipolar Disorder ; Checklist ; Child ; Depression ; Depressive Disorder, Major ; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ; Fathers ; Humans ; Mood Disorders* ; Mothers* ; Parenting ; Parents ; Psychopathology ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Self Report ; Social Adjustment

BACKGROUND: Previous data have been reported that subtype B is prevalent in South Korea, but neither the extent nor the proportion of subtypes could be evaluated. This study was designed to analyze the distribution of HIV-1 subtypes, temporal instructions and transmission dynamics between epidemiological groups. METHODS: 1,280 Koreans had been diagnosed as HIV seropositive during the period 1985 to 2000. Among them, 134 individuals were selected for this molecular epidemiological study. 134 DNAs were isolated from uncultured or cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells. V3-V5 (0.7 kb) fragment of HIV-1 env gene was amplified by nested polymerase chain reaction and was sequenced. RESULTS: HIV-1 isolates from thirty-seven homosexuals were all subtype B (100%). On the other hand, 66 isolates from 94 heterosexuals were subtype B (70%) and 28 were non B subtypes (30%:13 A, 4 C, 2 D, 8 E, 1 G). Only subtype B strains were isolated from 73 males who were infected with HIV inside Korea while 16 B and 20 non B subtype strains were isolated from 36 males who were HIV infected outside of Korea. However, B and non B strains were isolated half and half from females who were infected inside Korea except one. CONCLUSION: The HIV-1 subtype B strains are prevalent in Korea from the early HIV infection until present in both homo and heterosexuals. Non B strains have been transmitted from men who were infected outside Korea to their spouses and casual partners. So, we need further study to monitor subtype B and non B HIV transmission in epidemiological groups of Korea.
DNA ; Female ; Genes, env ; Hand ; Heterosexuality ; HIV ; HIV Infections ; HIV-1* ; Hominidae ; Homosexuality ; Humans ; Korea* ; Male ; Molecular Epidemiology ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Spouses

PURPOSE: To measure the mean size of the various portions of the corpus callosum in normal Korean children, using MR imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Our subjects were 166 children (male : female=100 : 66) aged under 15 whose findings on MR imaging and neurologic examination were normal. Using midsagittal T1-weighted imaging, we measured the length of the brain and corpus callosum, the height of the latter, and the thickness of its genu, body, transitional zone and splenium. The measurements were statistically analysed according to age and sex. RESULTS: Brain length and the size of the various portions of the corpus callosum tended to increase relatively rapidly during the first three years of life, but the rate of growth tended to decrease according to age. The mean length of the brain and corpus callosum and the mean thickness of the splenium of the corpus callosum did not differ according to sex. The mean thickness of the genu, body and transitional zone of the corpus callosum was greater in males than in females. The ratio of the length of the corpus callosum to the anteroposterior diameter of the brain was significantly greater in females than in males (alpha = 0.05). CONCLUSION: Using MR imaging, we measured the mean sizes of the various portions of the corpus callosum in normal children ; these values may provide a useful basis for determing changes occurring in its structure.
Brain ; Child* ; Corpus Callosum* ; Female ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Neurologic Examination

BACKGROUND: The studies about that hypertension commonly associated with dyslipidemia and that dyslipidemic hypertension increased mortality compared with hypertension only and dyslipidemia only, suggests an important clinical entity. Therefore, this study aimed to identify prevalence and describe potential insulin resistance of dyslipidemic hypertension, and compare about them with two other groups(dyslipidemia only, hypertension only). METHODS: The data in this study was analyzed from 1,296 persons who had visited Health examination center in Ewha Womans University Mok-dong Hospital from Jan. to April, 1996. Prevalence of dylipidemia, hypertension and dislipidemic hypertension were measured. Average age, and frequency of male, obesity and NIDDM in three groups were measured. Odds ratios of sex, obesity, smoking, and DM according to two age group consisting of persons before and after 50 years were calculated for three groups. RESULTS: Frequency of dyslipidemia only was 27% and of hypertension only was 8%.; conjoint frequency(dyslipidemic hypertension) was 7%, which is 1.5 times greater than expected value(4.7%) if the two diseases were independent. In characteristics for age, sex, obesity and NIDDM, All three groups(dyslipidemic hypertension, dyslipidemia only, hypertension only) w-normal subjects. Dyslipidemic hypertension was more likely to be obese and had a greater frequency of NIDDM than two other group(dyslipidemia only, hypertension only). Odds ratio was contrasted with three groups for sex, smoking, obesity, NIDDM stratified by age to more indentify association with insulin resistance. Sex was associated with male in two groups(dyslipidemia only, dyslipidemic hypertension) of younger group and dyslipudemia only group of older group, but associated with female in hypertension only and dyslipidemic hypertension of older group. Smoking was associated with dyslipidemia only group of younger group. Obesity was associated with increased odds of dyslipidemia only(2.03) and hypertension only(2.02), dyslipidemic hypertension (4.38) in younger group, and dyslipidemic hypertension(2.24) in older group, but associated with decreased odds with dyslipidemia only(0.56). NIDDM was associated with increased odds of dyslipidemia only(2.39) and dyslipidemic hypertension(3.32) in youger group. CONCLUSIONS: Dyslipidemic hypertension is common and more often than would be dictated by chance alone, which is consistent with a distinct syndrome. Dyslipidemia and hypertension were associated with potential insulin resistant states of obesity and DM in this study. So, treatment of dislipidemic hypertension should focus on weight control and exercise, which increase insulin sensitivity.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Dyslipidemias ; Female ; Humans ; Hypertension* ; Insulin ; Insulin Resistance ; Male ; Mortality ; Obesity ; Odds Ratio ; Prevalence* ; Smoke ; Smoking