ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of Dihuang Yinzi on the cognitive function in the mouse model of learning and memory impairments induced by scopolamine （SCOP） and explore the treatment mechanism. MethodsA mouse model of learning and memory impairment was induced by intraperitoneal injection of SCOP. Sixty male C57BL/6J mice were randomized into six groups： control （0.9% NaCl， n=10）， model （SCOP 1 mg·kg^-1·d^-1， n=10）， low-， medium-， and high-dose Dihuang Yinzi （SCOP 1 mg·kg^-1·d^-1 + Dihuang Yinzi 5.5， 11.0， and 22.0 g·kg^-1·d^-1， n=10）， and donepezil （SCOP 1 mg·kg^-1·d^-1 + donepezil 0.84 mg·kg^-1·d^-1， n=10）. Mice were administrated with corresponding drugs for 6 weeks. Modeling started in the 4th week， and mice in other groups except the control group were injected with SCOP intraperitoneally 40 min after daily gavage. Behavioral testing began in the 5th week， 30 min after modeling each day. The Morris water maze and novel object recognition tests were carried out to evaluate the spatial learning and memory function of mice. Nissl staining was employed to observe the survival of neurons and Nissl bodies in the hippocampal CA1 region. Western blot was employed to determine the protein levels of silent information regulator 2 （SIRT2）， α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid （AMPA） receptor 1 （GluA1）， protein kinase A （PKA）， cAMP response element-binding protein （CREB）， phosphorylated-CREB （p-CREB）， postsynaptic density protein 95 （PSD95）， growth-associated protein-43 （GAP-43）， and synaptophysin （SYN） in the hippocampus. Immunofluorescence was used to detect the expression of doublecortin （DCX） in the hippocampal dentate gyrus （DG） region. ResultsCompared with the control group， the model group showed impaired learning and memory （P<0.01）， obvious neuronal damage in the hippocampal CA1 region， a reduction in neuron survival （P<0.01）， a decrease in DCX expression in the hippocampal DG region （P<0.01）， down-regulated proteins levels of GluA1， PKA， p-CREB/CREB， PSD95， SYN， and GAP-43 in the hippocampal tissue （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and an up-regulated protein level of SIRT2 （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the medium- and high-dose Dihuang Yinzi groups and the donepezil group showed improvements in learning and memory （P<0.05， P<0.01）， while the low-， medium-， and high-dose Dihuang Yinzi groups and the donepezil group had increased neuron survival （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The medium-dose Dihuang Yinzi group and the donepezil group showed increased DCX expression （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The medium- and high-dose Dihuang Yinzi groups and the donepezil group showed up-regulation in the protein levels of GluA1， PKA， p-CREB/CREB， PSD95， SYN， and GAP-43 （P<0.05， P<0.01） and down-regulation in the protein level of SIRT2 （P<0.01）. ConclusionDihuang Yinzi can improve the cognitive function in the mouse model of learning and memory impairments induced by SCOP by inhibiting the upregulation of SIRT2， activating the PKA/CREB signaling pathway， improving synaptic plasticity， and reducing hippocampal neuronal damage.

Mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer′s disease is an inevitable pathological stage in the early development of Alzheimer′s disease, which can be classified as "microlumps in the brain collaterals" in traditional Chinese medicine. Based on the theory of latent toxin blocking collaterals, this article discusses the etiology and pathogenesis, clinical sequelae, and traditional Chinese medicine intervention strategies for mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer′s disease. The onset of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer′s disease is very similar to the latent pathogen theory, which states that "the latent pathogen is latent and then develops, the poison is deep and difficult to cure, and the development can be recognized but the latent pathogen cannot be detected." Combining clinical experience, our team believes that the basic nature of the disease is a slight deficiency and a slight excess of symptoms. A slight deficiency of the five zang viscera and six fu viscera as root and a latent toxin colling collaterals of qi, fire, phlegm, and blood stasis as manifestaion. These usually start from the qi depression and develop into phlegm coagulation and blood stasis, then end up in latent toxin and gradually become the healthy qi deficiency. Therefore, the deficiency of vital qi and incubation of evil, latent toxin blocking collaterals the pathogenesis of early intervention of this disease should be carried out, upholding the idea that "the upper workman treats the disease before it is diagnosed." The principle of strengthening vital qi to eliminate pathogenic factors, slowing down and promoting pathogenic factors elimination, establishing the method of supporting correctness and wisdom, simultaneously detoxifying and clearing the blood stasis, pattern differentiation as the main and the disease differentiation as the first, combining the disease and pattern, and adjusting the macroscopic and microscopic, focusing simultaneously on eliminating and replenishing, dispel phlegm and remove blood stasis, achieve a strong vital qi and the elimination of evil, and enhance intelligence, delay or even block the progression of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer′s disease, improve patients′ quality of life, and provide a theoretical basis for the early clinical prevention and treatment of Alzheimer′s disease.

Objective To investigate the protective effect of total flavonoids of Salvia divinorum extract against acetaminophen(APAP)-induced acute liver injury(ALI)and its molecular mechanism.Methods The main chemical constituents of total flavonoids of Salvia divinorum were obtained through literature search,and their pharmacological mechanisms were predicted using bioinformatics analysis.In a mouse model of APAP-induced ALI,the protective effects of 100,200 and 400 mg/kg total flavonoids of Salvia miltiorrhiza and 150 mg/kg bifidus were evaluated by observing changes in blood biochemistry and liver histopathology and detecting expressions of the key proteins in the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.Results Network pharmacology analysis suggested that the main active components in total flavonoids of Salvia divinorum for regulating APAP-induced liver injury included quercetin,lignocerol,caruric acid,and kaempferol,for which GO function enrichment analysis yielded 632 GO entries,including 472 involving biological processes,42 involving cellular composition,and 118 involving molecular function.KEGG enrichment analysis showed that the total flavonoids of Salvia divinorum regulated APAP-induced liver injury mainly through ferroptosis-related signaling pathway.In mice with APAP-induced ALI,treatment with the total flavonoids significantly lowered ALT and AST levels,improved liver histopathology and inflammatory cell infiltration,reduced iron deposition in liver tissues,improved lipid peroxidation-related indexes,promoted the expressions of Nrf2,HO-1,SLC7A11,and GPX-4 proteins,and inhibited the expression of keap1 protein.Conclusion The total flavonoids of Salvia divinorum alleviate APAP-induced ALI in mice possibly by suppressing hepatocyte ferroptosis via activating the Nrf2/SLC7A11/GPX-4 signaling pathway.

Objective To investigate the protective effect of total flavonoids of Salvia divinorum extract against acetaminophen(APAP)-induced acute liver injury(ALI)and its molecular mechanism.Methods The main chemical constituents of total flavonoids of Salvia divinorum were obtained through literature search,and their pharmacological mechanisms were predicted using bioinformatics analysis.In a mouse model of APAP-induced ALI,the protective effects of 100,200 and 400 mg/kg total flavonoids of Salvia miltiorrhiza and 150 mg/kg bifidus were evaluated by observing changes in blood biochemistry and liver histopathology and detecting expressions of the key proteins in the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.Results Network pharmacology analysis suggested that the main active components in total flavonoids of Salvia divinorum for regulating APAP-induced liver injury included quercetin,lignocerol,caruric acid,and kaempferol,for which GO function enrichment analysis yielded 632 GO entries,including 472 involving biological processes,42 involving cellular composition,and 118 involving molecular function.KEGG enrichment analysis showed that the total flavonoids of Salvia divinorum regulated APAP-induced liver injury mainly through ferroptosis-related signaling pathway.In mice with APAP-induced ALI,treatment with the total flavonoids significantly lowered ALT and AST levels,improved liver histopathology and inflammatory cell infiltration,reduced iron deposition in liver tissues,improved lipid peroxidation-related indexes,promoted the expressions of Nrf2,HO-1,SLC7A11,and GPX-4 proteins,and inhibited the expression of keap1 protein.Conclusion The total flavonoids of Salvia divinorum alleviate APAP-induced ALI in mice possibly by suppressing hepatocyte ferroptosis via activating the Nrf2/SLC7A11/GPX-4 signaling pathway.

Objective:To observe the anti-inflammatory and glycometabolic effects of glutathione(GSH)on macrophages in collagen induced arthritis(CIA)mice.Methods:①CIA model establishment and groups:A total of 14 female DBA/1J mice were ran-domly divided into:CIA+PBS group and CIA+GSH group.The mice were sacrificed on the 50th day,collecting serum and isolating bone marrow derived macrophages(BMDM),which were marked as BMDM1.②Trained immunity model establishment and groups:BMDM were isolated from normal DBA/1J mice,and were pretreated with histone H3K27 demethylases inhibitor(GSKJ1)or PBS for 2 h.Then,serum from CIA model mice in vivo was incubated for 24 h,and the samples were grouped as follows:(CIA+GSH)+PBS group,(CIA+GSH)+GSKJ1 group,(CIA+PBS)+PBS group,(CIA+PBS)+GSKJ1 group.Lipopolysaccharide(LPS)was adopted to stimulated cells on the 6th day,which were marked as BMDM2.③RNA sequencing was used to detect differentially expressed genes(DEGs)and their function in BMDM1 and BMDM2.q-PCR was adopted to estimate the mRNA levels of PFK and Idh3g.The culture supernatants were used to measure the protein levels of TNF-α and IL-6 by ELISA.Results:①Compared with CIA+PBS group,the mice in CIA+GSH group showed lighter of joint swelling(P<0.05),less arthritis index(P<0.05),HE staining suggested less inflam-matory cell infiltration,Safranin O-fast green staining showed more chondrocytes,TRAP staining indicated reduced osteoclasts.②In BMDM1,GO analysis showed that DEGs were mainly involved in glutathione derivative metabolic process,IL-6 production,inflammatory response,innate immune response,regulation of primary metabolic process and glycolipid binding,compared with CIA+GSH and CIA+PBS group.In CIA+GSH group,the mRNA level of PFK was significantly decreased(P<0.05),while Idh3g was also significantly up-regulated(P<0.05),and the expression of TNF-α,IL-6 were both reduced(P<0.05)compared with CIA+PBS group.③In BMDM2,GO analysis showed that DEGs were also involved in inflammatory response,activation of innate immune response,regulation of tumor necrosis factor production,positive regulation of IL-6 production,regulation of glycolytic process and 1,3-β-D-glucan binding between CIA+GSH and CIA+PBS group.Furthermore,in(CIA+GSH)+PBS group,PFK was decreased(P<0.05),Idh3g was up-regulated(P<0.05),and IL-6 was also significantly down-regulated(P<0.05)compared with(CIA+PBS)+PBS group.However,there was no significant difference in the expression of Idh3g and PFK,moreover,TNF-α and IL-6 were significantly up-regulated compared with(CIA+GSH)+GSKJ1 group and(CIA+GSH)+PBS group.Conclusion:GSH can regulate glycometabolism and inflammatory response of macrophages via demethylation of histone H3K27,and it can also alleviate CIA in mice.

OBJECTIVE To establish a discriminant analysis of a mathematical model for distinguishing genuine and fake Dalbergiae Odoriferae Lignum based on the digitization of powder color. METHODS The 39 samples of Dalbergiae Odoriferae Lignum sold in the market were collected, and the L*,a*, b*, E*ab values of Dalbergiae Odoriferae Lignum powder were measured by using a color difference meter, and the authenticity of the Dalbergiae Odoriferae Lignum sold in the market was identified by using microscopic and thin layer methods, and a discriminant analysis model for the authenticity of Dalbergiae Odoriferae Lignum was established through statistical analysis. RESULTS A mathematical model for distinguishing true and false color difference of Dalbergiae Odoriferae Lignum was established by measuring the color difference value of Dalbergiae Odoriferae Lignum powder in the market. The results of distinguishing authenticity and falsehood were consistent with those of ordinary discrimination. CONCLUSION The method of rapid identification of true and false Dalbergiae Odoriferae Lignum by color difference value is effective, which can provide reference and basis for color difference identification and analysis of Chinese herbal medicines.

Objective:Using bibliometrics to study the international literature on fat transplantation in recent 10 years, and to explore the research status, hot spots and development trend in this field.Methods:Literatures related to fat transplantation research from 2011 to 2020 were searched through the core collection of Web of Science database, and the literatures were screened strictly according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Statistical analysis was conducted on the year, journal, first author, number of articles published by countries and institutions, and distribution of disciplines by bibliometrics. Citespace5.7.R5W software was used for co-citation analysis of the included literatures. Cooccurrence analysis and emergent word analysis were also carried out on the keywords in the literature. VOSviewer1.6.16 software was used to perform visual clustering of terms in the title and abstract of the included literature to reveal hot topics and research frontiers.Results:A total of 4 901 papers were included, and the number of annual publications continued to increase from 2011 to 2020. The top three publications during the study period were Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (320 papers), Aesthetic Surgery Journal (171 papers), and PLoS One (113 papers). The first authors were Rafael Denadai (13 papers), Gentile Pietro(12 papers), Khouri Roger(6 papers). The most productive countries and institutions in this field were the United States (1 646 papers), China (853 papers), and Italy (383 papers). The organizations with the largest number of publications were the University of Pittsburgh (96 papers), Shanghai Jiao Tong University (78 papers), and Milan University (63 papers). There were 87 research categories in the literature related to fat transplantation, of which surgery was involved mostly. Visual analysis of Cites Pace5.7.R5W software showed that 4 901 references had established a co-citation network consisting of 381 nodes, 608 links and 12 clusters. There were 69 599 keywords in the literature, and the top five keywords from high to low were "transplantation" "adipose tissue" "stem-cell" "tissue" , and "obesity" . In the literature, the keywords with the highest intensity of outburst was "outcome" , and the keywords with the longest duration of outburst was "cartilage" . In recent years, the five keywords with outburst were "liver disease" "trial" "stromal vascular fraction" "outcome" , and " Akkermansia muciniphila" . VOSviewer1.6.16 software visualization clustering result showed that the application of fat transplantation in plastic surgery, the source of adipose tissue and its survival mechanism in vivo, and the laboratory research on fat regeneration were the three hot spots in the field of fat transplantation technology. Conclusions:The research on fat transplantation is on the rise in the world, and research institutions at home and abroad are conducting in-depth exploration on fat transplantation. Recent research focuses on improving the long-term survival rate of fat transplantation, and the research level is gradually in-depth at the molecular level.

Objective:Using bibliometrics to study the international literature on fat transplantation in recent 10 years, and to explore the research status, hot spots and development trend in this field.Methods:Literatures related to fat transplantation research from 2011 to 2020 were searched through the core collection of Web of Science database, and the literatures were screened strictly according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Statistical analysis was conducted on the year, journal, first author, number of articles published by countries and institutions, and distribution of disciplines by bibliometrics. Citespace5.7.R5W software was used for co-citation analysis of the included literatures. Cooccurrence analysis and emergent word analysis were also carried out on the keywords in the literature. VOSviewer1.6.16 software was used to perform visual clustering of terms in the title and abstract of the included literature to reveal hot topics and research frontiers.Results:A total of 4 901 papers were included, and the number of annual publications continued to increase from 2011 to 2020. The top three publications during the study period were Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (320 papers), Aesthetic Surgery Journal (171 papers), and PLoS One (113 papers). The first authors were Rafael Denadai (13 papers), Gentile Pietro(12 papers), Khouri Roger(6 papers). The most productive countries and institutions in this field were the United States (1 646 papers), China (853 papers), and Italy (383 papers). The organizations with the largest number of publications were the University of Pittsburgh (96 papers), Shanghai Jiao Tong University (78 papers), and Milan University (63 papers). There were 87 research categories in the literature related to fat transplantation, of which surgery was involved mostly. Visual analysis of Cites Pace5.7.R5W software showed that 4 901 references had established a co-citation network consisting of 381 nodes, 608 links and 12 clusters. There were 69 599 keywords in the literature, and the top five keywords from high to low were "transplantation" "adipose tissue" "stem-cell" "tissue" , and "obesity" . In the literature, the keywords with the highest intensity of outburst was "outcome" , and the keywords with the longest duration of outburst was "cartilage" . In recent years, the five keywords with outburst were "liver disease" "trial" "stromal vascular fraction" "outcome" , and " Akkermansia muciniphila" . VOSviewer1.6.16 software visualization clustering result showed that the application of fat transplantation in plastic surgery, the source of adipose tissue and its survival mechanism in vivo, and the laboratory research on fat regeneration were the three hot spots in the field of fat transplantation technology. Conclusions:The research on fat transplantation is on the rise in the world, and research institutions at home and abroad are conducting in-depth exploration on fat transplantation. Recent research focuses on improving the long-term survival rate of fat transplantation, and the research level is gradually in-depth at the molecular level.

Objective:Standardized sample resources and high-quality clinical big data are important resources for medical research, only through resource sharing can maximize its utilization.Which can be utilized to the max only through resource sharing.Methods:This paper attempts to explore the sharing mechanism of the resource sharing platform and proposes some aspects such as the platform construction background, management regulations, legal ethical system, data sharing principles, benefit distribution, etc.This article attempts to explore the sharing mechanism based on the resource sharing platform of the respiratory disease biobank, proposes the contents that should be included in the sharing mode.Detailed information including the platform construction background, management procedures, legal and ethical system, data sharing principles and benefit distribution should take into consideration in the operating mechanism of the platform.Results:Establishing a resource sharing platform matches the development of clinical research in China.The tailored sharing model which is suitable for the field of respiratory diseases will also guide the rapid development of clinical research.Conclusions:The construction of a respiratory disease biobank sharing platform is conducive to promoting the opening and sharing of biological samples and information resources in the context of big data.

Objective:To understand the characteristics of the HIV-1 molecular networks in injected drug users (IDUs) in Guangzhou from 2008 to 2017, and provide reference for the prevention and control of AIDS in this population.Methods:The serum samples of newly diagnosed HIV-1 positive IDUs in Guangzhou from 2008 to 2017 were collected, HIV-1 RNA was extracted for pol gene amplification and sequencing. The molecular cluster in the phylogenetic tree was identified by Cluster Picker 1.2.3 for cluster analysis. TN93 model in HyPhy2.2.4 was used to calculate the gene distance between the cluster sequences. Software Cytoscape3.8.2 was used to visualize the molecular network, and χ2 test or exact probability method was used for cluster analysis and centrality analysis. Results:A total of 586 sequences were successfully amplified (73.9%, 586/793), and 80 molecular clusters were produced, with a clustering rate of 46.6% (273/586). In molecular clusters, the proportions of the strains from IDUs in Han ethnic group (48.4%, 260/537), IDUs who were local residents in Guangdong (52.7%, 146/277) and IDUs whose strain sequence subtype was CRF55_01B (93.3%, 14/15) were higher. In the molecular network, the degree range was 1-7, and nodes with degree ≥3 accounted for 12.8% (24/187), which was associated with another 81 nodes in the molecular network (43.3%, 81/187). The centrality analysis showed that the proportions of housework/unemployed with high degree centrality (19.0%, 19/100), high intermediary (22.0%, 22/100), and high proximity centrality (32.0%, 32/100) were higher in IDUs infected with HIV-1.Conclusion:The risk of HIV-1 clustering in IDUs in Guangzhou was high, suggesting that IDUs who were from both Guangdong and Guangxi and were house workers or unemployed should be viewed as the key targets, and precise intervention should be implemented to reduce the HIV-1 infection rate in this population.