Background::The incidence rate of lung cancer in women has significantly increased over the past decade, and previous evidence has indicated a significant relationship between the elevated levels of sex hormones and the risk of lung cancer. Therefore, we hypothesized that female hormone-related cancer (FHRC) patients, including breast, endometrial, cervical, and ovarian cancer patients, may experience a higher risk of developing subsequent lung cancer. This meta-analysis aimed to identify the risk of lung cancer among FHRC patients compared to the general population.Methods::The PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and CNKI databases were searched up to May 11, 2022. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to identify the risk of subsequent lung cancer after FHRC. Subgroup analyses based on the follow-up time and tumor type were also conducted.Results::A total of 58 retrospective cohort studies involving 4,360,723 FHRC participants were included. The pooled results demonstrated that FHRC patients had a significantly increased risk of developing subsequent primary lung cancer (SIR = 1.61, 95% CI: 1.48-1.76, P <0.001). Subgroup analysis revealed an obvious trend of increasing lung cancer risk over time (SIRs for <5 years, ≥5 years, ≥10 years, ≥20 years, and ≥30 years after FHRC: 1.32, 1.59, 1.57, 1.68, and 1.95, respectively). In addition, subgroup analysis stratified by tumor type indicated an increased risk of developing subsequent lung cancer after breast (SIR = 1.25, P <0.001), endometrial (SIR = 1.40, P = 0.019), cervical (SIR = 2.56, P <0.001), and ovarian cancer (SIR = 1.50, P = 0.010). Conclusion::FHRC patients are more likely to develop lung cancer than the general population. Furthermore, the increased risk of subsequent primary lung cancer is more obvious with a longer survival time and is observed in all types of hormone-related cancer.Registration::International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols: No. INPLASY202270044; https://inplasy.com/

Artemisinin is a sesquiterpene lactone containing a peroxide group isolated from the plant Artemisia annua. It has antimalarial activity and is effective for the treatment of malaria. With the deepening of research on artemisinin， the pharmacological effects of artemisinin and its derivatives in other systems have gradually become a research hotspot. This article reviews the research progress of artemisinin and its derivatives in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Artemisinin and its derivatives in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease have shown anti-atherosclerosis， lipid- lowering， inhibition of vascular remodeling， reducing vascular pressure， improving ventricular remodeling， anti-arrhythmia， protection of vascular endothelium， prevention and treatment of diabetic cardiovascular complications and protection of myocardial cells and other pharmacological effects. It provides a new treatment strategy for common cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension， arrhythmia， coronary heart disease complications after stent implantation， hyperlipidemia， etc. However， there are few studies on the antiplatelet aggregation and antithrombotic effects of artemisinin and its derivatives， the molecular mechanisms behind many pharmacological effects have not yet been clarified， and there is little clinical application. A large number of basic studies and clinical trials are still needed to answer these questions.

Objective    To explore the relationship between metformin use and the risk and prognosis of esophageal cancer in patients with diabetes. Methods    The PubMed, Web of Science, EMbase, VIP, WanFang and CNKI databases were searched by computer to identify relevant studies from inception to August 21, 2021. Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS) was used to evaluate research quality. The STATA 12.0 software was used to conduct the statistical analysis. Results    A total of 14 studies involving 5 605 218 participants were included finally. NOS of all researches were≥6 points. The pooled results indicated that metformin use could decrease the risk of esophageal cancer in diabetics (OR=0.84, 95%CI 0.71-1.00, P=0.045), and could also prolong the overall survival of diabetics with esophageal cancer (HR=0.89, 95%CI 0.80-0.99, P=0.025). Conclusion    Metformin use can not only decrease the risk of esophageal cancer in patients with diabetes, but also improve the prognosis of diabetics with esophageal cancer significantly. However, more prospective high-quality studies are still needed to verify the conclusion.

Clostridioides difficile is a key pathogen of antibiotic related diarrhea and hospital associated infection, causing several outbreaks in Europe and North Americans and resulting in severe disease burden. However, the standardized diagnostic principle and detection specifications in C. difficile infection (CDI) survey are limited in China, and the infection rate and disease burden of CDI in China are unclear. Therefore, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention,National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, together with another 11 institutions, draft the group standard entitled "Diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection (T/CPMA 008-2020)" of Chinese Preventive Medicine Association. Based on the principle of "legality, scientificity, advancement, and feasibility", this standard clarifies risk factors, diagnosis principles, diagnoses and differential diagnoses in order to improve the accuracy of CDI diagnosis in clinical practice, guide the surveillance for CDI, and understand the infection rate and disease burden of CDI in China .

Objective:To investigate the characteristics of consonant among children with speech sound disorder (SSD) and to provide an empirical basis for the subsequent clinical evaluation and evidence-based intervention.Methods:In this retrospective research a total of 1 395 children diagnosed with SSD from the Language-Speech Clinic of the Department of Children Health Care, Children′s Hospital, Capital Institute of Pediatrics from January 2007 to December 2018 were enrolled and underwent the phonological examination on the lexical level with picture naming, according to phoneme development in Chinese mandarin. The Chi-square trend test was applied to analyze the differences and trends of the proportion of consonant error subtypes in children of different age groups. The Chi-square test was conducted to compare the proportion of consonant error subtypes in different gender.Results:The 1 395 children diagnosed with SSD included 1 044 boys and 351 girls, with an age of (5.1±0.8) years. The occurrence of consonant errors in different locations of articulation was the highest for blade-alveolar /l/ (71.8%, 1 002/1 395) and the lowest for labial/b/(9.3%, 130/1 395). The occurrence of consonant errors of labial/p/f/, supra-dental/z/c/s/, blade-alveolar/t/l/, blade-palatal/ch/r/, velar/k/h/, and lingua-palatal/q/decreased with age (all P<0.05). The occurrence of consonant errors of labial/b/m/, supra-dental/z/c/, blade-alveolar/n/l/, blade-palatal/sh/, velar/h/, and lingua-palatal/x/were higher in boys than those in girls (10.3% (108/1 044) vs. 6.3% (22/351), 11.4% (119/1 044) vs. 6.0% (21/351), 64.8% (676/1 044) vs. 51.9% (182/351), 67.8% (708/1 044) vs. 59.8% (210/351), 16.7% (174/1 044) vs. 8.8% (31/351), 73.7% (769/1 044) vs. 66.1% (232/351), 58.0% (606/1 044) vs. 47.6% (167/351), 24.0% (251/1 044) vs. 14.2% (50/351), and 39.9% (417/1 044) vs. 27.6% (97/351); χ2 =5.167, 8.533, 16.889, 7.447, 12.863, 7.412, 11.650, 14.900, and 17.099, all P<0.05). The error types of consonant were substitution, omission, and distortion. Omission was the main error type of blade-alveolar/l/(53.3%, 743/1 395), distortion was the main error type of velar/h/(11.8%, 165/1 395), and substitution was the main error type of all other consonants. Substitution with blade-palatal/ch/having the highest occurrence of error (60.2%, 840/1 395). Conclusions:The occurrence of the blade-alveolar/l/error is the highest in children with SSD, with boys demonstrating more serious articulation problems. The main error type of consonant is substitution, with blade-palatal/ch/having the highest occurrence of error. These results suggest the necessity of attending to preschoolers′ articulation development. Phonological training targeting blade-alveolar/l/and blade-palatal/ch/should be carried out as early as possible.

Objective:To investigate the expression and significance of Nek2B and β-catenin expression in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) at molecule levels.Methods:By using the methods of bioinformatics [GEO2R online tool, gene ontology (GO) function analysis, KEGG biological pathway enrichment analysis], the differentially expressed genes were screened from TNBC microarray data.Expression levels of Nek2B and β-catenin TNBC cell lines were detected by Western blot and qRT-PCR.From January 1, 2007 to December 31, 2012, eighty cases of TNBC were collected from the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University. The expression of Nek2B in TNBC tumor tissue was detected by immunohistochemistry and tissue microarray, and the relationship between Nek2B and clinical pathological characteristics of TNBC was analyzed.Results:Through bioinformatics analysis of the cDNA chip sets of 2 TNBC tumors(GSE38959,GSE27447), 998 differentially expressed genes were obtained in the initial screening, and 13 differentially expressed genes were revealed after intersection. The results of biological pathway analysis showed that the common differential expression genes were closely related to Wnt/β-catenin pathway, among which Nek2 expression showed the greatest difference and was associated with poor prognosis. Expression intensity of Nek2B and repeated β-catenin in the same TNBC cell line was consistent.The results of immunohistochemistry showed that the high expression of Nek2B was related to the high histological stage (G3;84.3% vs.37.9%, P<0.001), lymph node metastasis group (76.7% vs.54.1%, P=0.032), high Ki-67 positive index group (78.6% vs.52.6%, P=0.007) and β-catenin positive expression group (72.5% vs.27.3%, P=0.018). Conclusions:The high level of Nek2B expression is related to a poor prognosis in TNBC patients. In TNBC tissues and cells, the expression of Nek2B is correlated with β-catenin, suggesting that Nek2B may affect the occurrence and development of TNBC by regulating the Wnt/β-catenin patients signaling pathway.

Objective To investigate the prevalence of high-risk HPV subtypes in different pathological types of cervical cancer, and analyze the attribution of carcinogenic HPV subtypes in different pathological types. Methods A total of 1 541 patients with cervical cancer were treated between February 2009 and October 2016 in Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College. The median age at diagnosis was 49 years (ranged 20-82 years old). The numbers of patients with cervical cancer from North China, Northeast China, East China, Central China and other regions (including Northwest, Southwest and South China) were 961, 244, 175, 87 and 74 cases, respectively. Pathological types: 1 337 cases of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), 87 usual adenocarcinoma (ADC), 23 adenosquamous carcinoma (ASC), 20 mucinous carcinoma (MC), 19 clear cell carcinoma (CCC), 12 endometrioid carcinoma (EC), 25 neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC), 9 serous carcinoma (SC), 5 villous adenocarcinoma (VADC) and 4 minimal deviation adenocarcinoma (MDAC). The prevalence of high-risk HPV in different regions, age groups at diagnosis and pathological types in cervical cancer were analyzed. The attribution of 13 high-risk HPV subtypes in different pathological types of cervical cancer based on proportional attribution method, and the attribution of high-risk HPV subtypes prevented by 9-valent HPV vaccine in SCC and ADC were calculated. Results (1) The prevalence of high-risk HPV in 1 541 patients with cervical cancer was 86.6% (1 335/1 541). The multiple high-risk HPV infection rate in patients with SCC ≥60 years old (23.0%, 37/161) was significantly higher than those in patients aged 45-59 years old and≤44 years old [11.4% (85/747) vs 11.7% (50/429), P<0.01], and the high-risk HPV infection rates of patients with cervical cancer in North China, Northeast China, East China, Central China and other regions were respectively 86.8% (834/961), 87.7% (214/244), 83.4% (146/175), 83.9% (73/87) and 91.9% (68/74). SCC (86.8%, 1 337/1 541) and ADC (5.6%, 87/1 541) were the most common pathological types in cervical cancer. The high-risk HPV prevalence of SCC, ADC, ASC, MC, NEC and VADC were 90.1% (1 205/1 337), 74.7% (65/87), 87.0% (20/23), 65.0% (13/20), 72.0% (18/25) and 5/5 respectively. The high-risk HPV infection rates of SC, EC, CCC and MDAC were 4/9, 3/12, 2/19 and 0/4 respectively. (2) According to proportional attribution, HPV 16 (69.5%), HPV 18 (5.6%), HPV 58 (2.2%), HPV 31 (1.9%), HPV 52 (1.4%) and HPV 33 (1.3%) were the six common high-risk HPV subtypes in SCC. While, HPV 18 (44.1%), HPV 16 (20.5%), HPV 52 (2.3%), HPV 58 (1.2%) and HPV 51 (1.2%) were the main carcinogenic subtypes in ADC. The main carcinogenic high-risk HPV subtypes of ASC, NEC and MC were HPV 18 and HPV 16. The total attribution of HPV 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52 and 58 prevented by 9-valent HPV vaccine in SCC and ADC were 82.6% and 68.1% respectively; the attribution of HPV 45 in SCC and ADC were only 0.8% and 0. Conclusions SCC and ADC are the main pathological types in cervical cancer. SCC, ADC, ASC, MC, NEC and VADC are closely related to high-risk HPV infection. HPV 16 is the main carcinogenic genotypes of SCC. HPV 18 maybe play an important role in the pathogenesis of ADC.

Objective: To investigate the molecular epidemiological characteristics of Human Calicivirus (HuCV) infection among children less than 5 years in Kunming city, Yunnan province, it might be provide effective evident for prevention and control the diarrhea related with HuCV infection. Methods: Four sentinel hospitals were recruited in the study from Kunming city, Yunnan province, 850 diarrhea cases and 170 non-diarrhea subject were recruited in this study from 2014 to 2015. RT-PCR was performed to screen HuCV infection, and gene sequencing was used to ensure positive infection subtypes and genotypes. Results: The positive rate of HuCV was higher in children with diarrhea than in non-diarrhea children (11.5%, 98/85; 4.7%, 8/170, χ²=7.083, P=0.008), and the positive rate of Norovirus (NoV) GII was higher in non-diarrhea children were (11.1%, 94/85; 4.7%, 8/170, χ²=6.353, P=0.012). There was no significant difference in the positive rate of NoV GI (0.1%, 1/850; 0.0%, 0/170, P=0.833) and Sappovirus (0.4%, 3/850; 0.0%, 0/170, P=0.578) in diarrhea children and non-diarrhea children. GII.P4 (10%, n=102) was the most important genotype of NoV GII detected in diarrhea and non-diarrhea individuals. Despite no significant difference in Norovirus GII infection between different age groups (χ²=0.038, P=0.846) and sex(χ²=0.620, P=0.733), infection rate of NoV GII varied with season (χ²=9.867, P=0.020), having close relationship with diarrhea in autumn (15.6%), primarily caused by GII.4 and GII.12 genotype (χ²=8.881, P=0.031; χ²=7.917, P=0.039). Conclusions NoV GII diarrhea had higher epidemic rate, which was caused by multiple genotypes, GII.P4 was a dominant genotype, and was a major pathogenic agent of diarrhea in infants f in Kunming city.

Objective: To observe the effect of edaravone combining ulinastatin on brain protection in patients of type A aortic dissection (AAD) after total arch replacement. Methods: A total of 60 AAD patients with total arch replacement in our hospital from 2014-09 to 2016-01 were prospectively studied. Based on peri-operative application of edaravone and ulinastatin, the patients were divided into 2 groups: EU group: 1) the patients received ulinastatin 300000 U/8h and edaravone 0.5mg/Kg/12h from administration to 3 days post-operation, 2) during cardiopulmonary bypass, the patients received ulinastatin 300000 U/2h and edaravone 0.5mg/Kg; Control group, the patients had no such treatment.n=30 in each group. The following items were observed:①operative condition;②blood levels of speciifc brain injury markers as S-100 and neuron speciifc enolase (NSE) at different time points: beginning of surgery (T0), opening aorta clamp (T1), right after cardiopulmonary bypass (T2), entering ICU (T3), 24h post-operation (T4) and 3 days post-operation (T5); ③post-operative condition. Results:①Durations of operation, cardiopulmonary bypass, cardiac arrest and bilateral antegrade selective cerebral perfusion (BACP), the frequency of BACP and UACP (unilateral antegrade selective cerebral perfusion), the lowest rectal temperature and blood levels of S-100, NSE at T0 were similar between 2 groups.②Compared with Control group, EU group had decreased S-100 and NSE from T1 to T5,P<0.05.③The in-hospital and ventilation time, frequency of PND and TND, the patients with CSS score≥16 before discharge and the in-hospital death rate were similar between 2 groups,P>0.05. Conclusion: Edaravone combining ulinastatin had brain protective effect in AAD patients after total arch replacement;it may reduce blood speciifc brain injury markers while the clinical signiifcance should be further investigated.

Age-related cataract and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are the leading causes of visual loss in elder persons,and sometimes the two diseases are co-existing in those patients.Earlier studies have suggested that cataract surgery could promote the process of AMD.However,the latest research of this diseases and the advanced treatment strategy have leading the remarkable change of this field.This article reviews the morbidity and the relation of cataract surgery and progression of AMD,and how to reduce the development of AMD after cataract surgery.