Objective To investigate the acute adverse reactions of craniospinal irradiation with helical tomotherapy in medulloblastoma patients and its risk factors. Methods A total of 20 patients with medulloblastoma who received craniospinal irradiation with helical tomotherapy between October 2012 and September 2016 in Air Force General Hospital were selected. The acute adverse events of 20 patients during the treatment were record. According to National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria Adverse Events (NCI-CTCAE) version 4.0, the adverse reactions were divided into the mild group (grade 0-Ⅱ) and severe group (grade Ⅲ-Ⅳ) adverse reactions. And the risk factors were also analyzed. Results The non-hematological adverse reactions included fatigue (55％), vomiting (45％) and headache (25％). The hematological adverse reactions included leukopenia (95％), thrombocytopenia (55％) and lower hemoglobin (45％), and the incidence of severe adverse reactions was 35％ (7/20), 20％ (4/20) and 0 ( 0/20 ) , respectively . Leukopenia occurred in 18 patients ( 90％) at the beginning of radiotherapy within 2 weeks, and thrombocytopenia occurred in 8 patients (40％) at the beginning of radiotherapy after 2 weeks. Single factor analysis showed that there were no statistical differences in hematological adverse events of gender, age and radiation dose of spinal cord (all P>0.05). The incidence of leukopenia for the patients who received the chemotherapy before the radiotherapy was higher than that for the patients without the chemotherapy before the radiotherapy (P< 0.05). Conclusions The hematological adverse reactions were the major acute adverse events during the craniospinal irradiation with helical tomotherapy in patients with medulloblastoma. Theincidence of leukopenia and thrombocytopenia is common, and the incidence of hematological adverse reactions is higher after the chemotherapy. Thus, the close monitoring of hemogram change and treatment of hematological adverse reactions in time during the radiotherapy should be taken into the consideration.

Objective To introduce the therapeutic procedures of helical tomotherapy based total marrow irradiation(HT-TMI), and validate the feasibility of TMI. Methods At 1 week before bone marrow transplantation,12 patients received TMI conditioning regimen at a prescriptive dose of 12 Gy in 3 times,once daily. Patient immobilization, CT simulation, target delineation, plan design and dosimetric verification were implemented in sequence according to the TMI procedures. The dosimetric paramaters of the target and normal tissues were analysed. The correlation between the dose verification and image-guided results was observed. Results Compared with total body irradiation(TBI), TMI could significantly reduce the irradiation dose to normal tissues. The median dose D50of all normal tissues except the oral cavity were lower than 6 Gy,where The D50of lens,brain,lung and liver are (1.8±0.1) Gy, (5.7±0.2) Gy, (5.2±0.2) Gy, and (4.6±0.2) Gy, respectively. Pass rate of γ Index was larger than 95% with 3mm/3% criterian for each section. The positioning error of head and neck was relatively lower than that of pelvis at x-axis,and was higher at z-axis.Conclusions Helical tomotherapy based TMI is a feasible and reasonable approach,which has evident dosimetric advantage.

Objective To explore the curative effect and adverse reaction of applying stereotactic radiotherapy to primary lesion inside chest cavity of patients with oligometastasis non-small cell lung cancer and rendering radical radiotherapy to all metastases. Methods 43 patients with≤5 metastases of non-small cell lung cancer received initial treatment during 2009-2015 in our department were analyzed;the stereotactic radiotherapy was adopted to implement radical radiotherapy on primary lesion and all metastases. The average and neutral position BED10 respectively were 101416 Gy and 102700 Gy,the number of neutral position chemotherapy period was 4. Kaplan-Meier method, survival analysis, Cox model, multi factor Prognosis analysis were used. Results By the end of January 10,2017 in 36 months' neutral position follow-up visit, the total effective rate of lesion treatment of 86%;the survival rates after 1,2 and 3 years respectively were 74%, 70% and 51%. Neutral survival time was 48 months, and the progression-free time of neutral position was 15 months. Multi-factor analysis indicated that,ECOG<2 and ECOG≥2(P=0000),BED10<100 Gy and BED10≥100 Gy ( P=0006) generated obvious influence on survival prognosis. About 90% of the patients only got 1-2 degree of adverse reaction without emerging treatment related death. Conclusions On the premise of systematic therapy of oligometastasis non-small cell lung cancer, combined with radical radiotherapy of primary lesion and metastasis can obviously improve patients ' overall survival and progression-free survival,the adverse reaction is durable.

Objective To explore the efficacy and security of helical tomotherapy (radical radiotherapy) combined with targeted therapy for stage Ⅳ non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).Methods The data of 19 patients with stage Ⅳ NSCLC were retrospectively analyzed.The efficacy and security were observed by SPSS 20.0 statistical software.Results Among 19 patients, there were 6 cases complete remission (CR), 8 cases partial remission (PR), 4 cases stable disease (SD), 2 cases progressive disease (PD).The response (CR+PR) rate was 73.7 ％ (14/19).The 1-and 2-year local control rates were 73.7 ％, 47.4 ％,respectively.The 1-year progression-free survival rate was 31.6 ％.The median survival time was 13 months, and the 1-and 2-year overall survival rates were 52.6 ％, 26.3 ％, respectively.The median survival time of females, non-smokers or targeted therapy synchronous radiotherapy was longer than that of male, smokers or targeted therapy sequential radiotherapy, respectively (21 months vs 8 months, P =0.014;21 months vs 6 months, P =0.007;18 months vs 6 months, P =0.026).There were no significant differences of age, number of metastatical organs or targeted drug categories between two groups (P ＞ 0.05).All patients could tolerate the adverse reactions without treatment-related death.Conclusion The effect of helical tomotherapy combined with targeted therapy for stage Ⅳ NSCLC is desirable.

Objective To study the dose characteristics of Body γ Knife and Tomotherapy treatment plans for hepatocellular carcinoma,and compare their differences between organs at risk (OAR) dose and the range of low dose.Methods CT simulation images of twelve patients with hepatocellular carcinoma were selected,the target volume and OAR were drew by doctor.Body γ Knife and Tomotherapy treatment plans were optimized with their own planning station.The dosimetric characteristics were evaluated by dose volume histograms and were compared.To analyze the difference between the two techniques,the paired t-test was applied.Results The Dmax and Dmean of target with Body γ Knife were higher than Tomotherapy (P =0.002,0.000),but the conformal index of PTV of Tomotherapy was superior to the Body γ Knife (P =0.001).The Dmax of spinal cord and left kidney with Body γ Knife was lower than Tomotherapy (P =0.013,0.012),and it was also in the Dean of stomach and left kidney (P =0.010,0.023).In the volume dose comparison,the V40,V35,V30,V25 and V20 of normal tissue (all Body-PTV) and liver (all liver-GTV) with Body γ Knife were higher than Tomotherapy (P =0.001,0.001,0.001,0.007,0.029),but the V10 and V5 were lower (P =0.019,0.031),the Dmax of stomach,Dmean of right kidney and liver were no statistical difference (P =0.247,0.308,0.401).Conclusions Both treatment plans could meet the clinical dosimetric need,by the same prescription dose,Dmax and Dmean of target of Body γ Knife were higher than Tomotherapy.Tomotherapy had excellent dose-target conformal and could reduce the range of V25-V40 of OAR and normal tissue,but the range of V5-V10 was increased obviously.

Objective To seek a optimization method for lung cancer planning with Helical TomoTherapy for reducing the low dose area of total lung.Methods CT images of thirty patients with unilateral lung cancer were selected.Seven plans (Groups A,B,C,D,E,F and G) were generated for each patient using an identical optimization procedure with the conditions that implemented contralateral lung with unblocked (control group),1/4 directional block,1/2 directional block,directional block,1/4 complete block,1/2 complete block and complete block,respectively.The benefits in different schemes of reducing the low dose area of normal lung tissue were estimated,in order to provide a reference treatment plan scheme in clinical.Results Groups B,C,D and E had less influence on the target than that of group A.And there were no statistical difference between the target dosimetric parameters.The median dose and average dose of group F were increased within 0.5 Gy.The conformal index of group G had great influence on the target.The low dose area of total lung were reduced effectively in Groups C,D,E,F and G,the average decrease of V5 and V10 was 8.06％-45.26％ and 6.21％-33.95％,respectively.The V20 decreased by 1.71％-3.78％ in directional block group,while V20 increased in complete block group (2.07％-5.07％).The single treatment time was increased by 8.51％-79.22％.Conclusions The results showed that the low dose area of total lung was higher for the plan without any block limitation.It could reduce the low dose area of total lung with directional block.We should lengthen the blocking arc of contralateral lung with directional block based on the fractional treatment time and the patient's physical condition.A certain arc of contralateral lung with complete block could effectively reduce low dose area.When complete block was used,it is suggested that the arc was no more than half of the contralateral lung.

Tomotherapy plans were produced using a combination of field widths (1 cm, 2.5 cm and 5 cm) and pitches (0.15, 0.30, and 0.45) for seven patients with brain metastases from lung cancer, the plans were compared with dosimetric parameters, protection of organs at risk (OAR) dose and treatment times. All plans were defined that CTV with 30Gy and GTV 50 Gy by ten fraction synchronously. The results showed that the mean dose and CI for GTV was statistical difference (P = 0.002 1, P = 0.012 8), OARs were within the normal range, the treatment time increased inversely proportional to the jaw width, but had lesser impact on the pitch. This study showed plans produced with 5 cm jaw was an effective method for patients with brain metastases from lung cancer.
Aged ; Brain Neoplasms ; diagnostic imaging ; secondary ; Female ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms ; pathology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted ; methods ; Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated ; methods ; Tomography, Spiral Computed

Objective To analyze the result of dose-escalated radiotherapy vs conventional radiotherapy for spinal metastases. Methods Ninety patients (118 lesions) underwent radiotherapy..There were 52 patients (63 lesions) in target in target radiotherapy (TIT) receiving PTV 30~40 Gy, GTV 50~60 Gy/15~25 f. 38 patients (55 lesions) received PTV 30~40 Gy/10~20 f in the conventional radiotherapy. Results The overall responses were 90.4% and 81.6%,respectively.but no significant difference was found. There were 31 and 25 improved lesions, 28 and 20 steady lesions, 4 and 10 worsening lesions,in two goups, respectively. 1-year local control rates and survival were 84.7%vs 68.6%and 49.4%vs 32.2%, respectively. The significant differences were found in 1-year local control rates and survival. The main acute adverse reactions were mainly hematologic toxicities , no significant difference was found. Conclusion TIT for spinal metastases is a more safe and effective treatment, with better efficacy and fewer side-reactions.

The present study is to elucidate the mechanisms underlying Gleevec-induced apoptosis of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) K562 cells in vitro. The apoptotic cell death and cell cycle distribution after Gleevec treatment and the effect of PDCD4 siRNA on Gleevec-induced apoptosis of K562 cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. The effect of Gleevec on p-Crkl, caspase-3, PARP and PDCD4 protein levels, and the knockdown efficacy of PDCD4 siRNA were detected by Western blotting. The results showed that Gleevec dramatically suppressed the phosphorylation level of Crkl in a dose-dependent manner and induced significant apoptosis and G0/G1 cell cycle arrest of K562 cells in time- and dose-dependent manners. In addition, Gleevec activated caspase-3 and its downstream substrates PARP, and the caspase pan inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK (50 micromol x L(-1)) markedly reduced Gleevec-induced apoptosis from 47.97% +/- 10.56% to 31.05% +/- 9.206% (P < 0.05). Moreover, Gleevec significantly increased the protein expression of programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4). PDCD4 knockdown by siRNA reduced Gleevec-induced apoptosis from 46.97% +/- 14.32% to 42.8% +/- 11.43%. In summary, Gleevec induced apoptosis in K562 cells via caspase-3 activation.

Objective To investigate the setup errors of head and neck tumor patients with head mask-ing by TomoTherapy with megavoltage CT (MVCT),and to measure the CTV -PTV margins.Methods There were 34 patients with head and neck tumor .All patients had received MVCT scanning before radiation was deliv-ered.The MVCT images were registered with the kilovoltage CT (kVCT)images,the setup errors of the left -right (x),anterior-posterior(y),superior-inferior(z)and transverse profile rotation(Roll)were obtained by matc-hing MVCT with kVCT,followed by calculating the reasonable CTV -PTV margins with the formula M=2.5∑+0.7σ.Results Six hundred and forty MVCT images in total were received for the patients ,the systemic ±random errors in x,y,z and Roll directions were ( -0.15 ±0.55) mm,(0.30 ±0.56) mm,(0.35 ±0.71) mm and (-0.07 ±0.52)°,the CTV-PTV margin in x,y and z directions were 3.31 mm,5.32 mm and 3.35 mm.Con-clusion we demonstrate a theoretic foundation for our CTV -PTV margins in head and neck tumor patients by analyzing the setup errors ,and it also can provide necessary quality assurance for precise radiation .