Hepatitis B virus infection and hepatitis C virus infection often progress to end-stage liver diseases such as liver cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma, which endanger the life of patients. Recent studies have shown that gut microbiota are closely associated with chronic viral liver diseases. This article reviews the association of gut microbiota with chronic hepatitis B (CHB), chronic hepatitis C (CHC), and their related liver diseases and the research advances in therapies targeting gut microbiota against CHB and its related liver diseases, in order to provide more ideas for the clinical treatment of CHB, CHC, and their related liver diseases.

Objective: To investigate the short-term outcome of patients with acute myocardial infarction complicating cardiogenic shock due to left main disease. Methods: A total of 24 patients with acute myocardial infarction complicating cardiogenic shock due to left main artery disease hospitalized in Fuwai hospital from June 2012 to May 2018 were included. The clinical data were analyzed,and the patients were divided into survivor group (11 cases) and death group (13 cases) according to survival status at 28 days post the diagnosis of shock. The patients were further divided into thrombolysis in myocardial infarction(TIMI) flow grade 0-2 group (11 cases) and TIMI flow grade 3 group (13 cases) according to TIMI flow grade after the procedure. The patients were then divided into non-three-vessel lesions group (14 cases) and three-vessel lesions group (10 cases) according to coronary angiography results. Results: Compared with survivor group, patients in death group presented with lower worst systolic blood pressure within 24 hours after admission (50(48, 70) mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa) vs. 73(70, 80) mmHg, P<0.01), lower worst diastolic blood pressure with in 24 hours after admission ((33.5±12.4) mmHg vs. (48.9±9.4) mmHg, P<0.01), higher respiratory rates ((27.3±2.5) times/min vs. (21.5±4.0) times/min, P<0.01), less 24 hours urine output ((422±266) ml vs. (1 680±863) ml, P<0.01), lower platelet counts ((161.9±81.9)×10⁹/L vs. (241.6±94.0)×10⁹/L, P=0.03), higher serum creatinine ((250.0±36.8) μmol/L vs. (132.7±34.2) μmol/L, P<0.01), higher alanine aminotransferase (288(76,846) IU/ml vs. 81(42, 109) IU/ml, P=0.04), lower artery pH (7.11±0.17 vs. 7.39±0.09, P<0.01), higher lactic acid ((10.29±3.62) mmol/L vs. (4.21±2.85) mmol/L, P<0.01), higher incidence of invasive ventilation (7/13 vs. 2/11, P=0.02), higher scores of acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE) Ⅱ (35.4±6.8 vs. 18.7±1.7, P<0.01) and simplified acute physiology score (SAPS) Ⅱ (73.5±17.4 vs. 47.0±4.3, P<0.01), and higher incidence of target vessel TIMI flow grade 0-2 (10/13 vs. 1/11, P<0.01). Kaplan-Meier survival curve analysis showed that survival rate at 28 days post the diagnosis of shock in TIMI flow grade 3 group was higher than that in TIMI flow grade 0-2 group (76.9% vs. 9.1%, log-rank test, P<0.01), and mortality rate was similar at 28 days post the diagnosis of shock between non-three-vessel lesions group and three-vessel lesions group (35.7% vs. 60.0%, log-rank test, P=0.14). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that compared with TIMI flow grade 0-2 group, the OR value of death at 28 days post the diagnosis of shock in TIMI flow grade 3 patients with acute myocardial infarction complicating cardiogenic shock due to left main disease was 0.030(95%CI 0.003-0.340, P<0.01). Conclusion Short-term outcomeof patients with acute myocardial infarction complicating cardiogenic shock due to left main disease remains poor, and final flow of TIMI grade 3 is confirmed as independent protective factor of death at 28 days post the diagnosis of shock in these patients.

Objective: To compare predictive value of the current 7 scoring systems and CADILLAC-plus scoring system for risk of short-term deathin patients with acute myocardial infarction complicating cardiogenic shock. Methods: A total of 126 acute myocardial infarction patients complicating cardiogenic shock hospitalized in Fuwai hospital from June 2014 to January 2018 were enrolled in this study, the clinical data were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were divided into survival group(49 cases) and death group(77 cases) according to survival or not at 28 days after diagnosis of cardiogenic shock.The scores of APACHE Ⅱ,APACHE Ⅲ,SAPS Ⅱ,PAMI, TIMI-STEMI,TIMI-NSTEMI,and CADILLAC were calculated within 24 hours in coronary care unit (CCU),and scores of CADILLAC-plus, which is an improved score derived from CADILLAC, was also calculated. The predictive value of the different scoring systems for 28 day smortality of acute myocardial infarction patients complicating cardiogenic shock were compared in this patient cohort. Results: Scores of APACHEⅡ,APACHEⅢ,SAPSⅡ,PAMI,TIMI-STEMI, TIMI-NSTEMI,CADILLAC,and CADILLAC-plus were all significantly higher in death group than in survival group: (28.9±10.2 vs. 21.8±8.3,94.0 (57.0,114.0) vs. 57.0 (45.4,81.5) ,62.0 (46.0,81.0) vs. 47.0 (41.5,60.5) ,7.0 (6.0,9.0) vs. 6.0 (6.0,7.5) ,10.0 (9.0,11.0) vs. 9.0 (8.0,10.0) ,4.0 (3.0,5.0) vs. 3.0 (3.0,4.0) ,10.0 (7.0,12.0) vs. 7.0 (5.0,9.0) ,and 10.0 (8.0,14.0) vs. 7.0 (5.0,10.0) , respectively, all P<0.01).The area under the curve(AUC) of receiver operating characteristic(ROC) curve for predicting 28 days death of APACHE Ⅱ,APACHE Ⅲ,SAPS Ⅱ,PAMI, TIMI-STEMI,TIMI-NSTEMI,and CADILLAC scoring systems were 0.820,0.797,0.785,0.667,0.657,0.711,and 0.821,respectively and cut-off value was 27.5,79.5,66.0,8.5,10.5,3.5,and 8.5, respectively and the sensitivity was 0.766,0.844,0.649,0.494,0.494,0.740,and 0.753, respectively and specificity was 0.816,0.755,0.837,0.204,0.796,0.571,and 0.755,respectively.The AUC of ROC of CADILLAC-plus scoring system was 0.885,cut-off value was 9.5, sensitivity was 0.896,and specificity was 0.735. The predicting efficacy of CADILLAC-plus scoring system was superior to other scoring systems. Conclusion The 7 current scoring systems are all suitable for predicting theshort-term death in acute myocardial infarction patients complicating cardiogenic shock, and the predicting efficacy of the improved CADILLAC-plus score is superior to other scoring systems in this patient cohort.

Objective: To confirmed the polymorphisms of HLA-DQ and IFNL4 were associated with HBV infection and clearance in a Chinese population. Methods: The Sequenom MassARRAY MALDI-TOF system was used to genotype the HLA-DQrs9275319 and IFNL4rs368234815, rs12971396, rs12979860, and rs8099917. A binary logistic regression test was conducted to estimate the relative risk of these SNPs with HBV infection and clearance. Haploview4.2 software and PHASE software (v2.0.2) were employed to analyze linkage disequilibrium (LD) and haplotype frequencies. The MDR program was applied to analyze interactions between SNP and SNP.Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 19.0 and P-values were corrected by Bonferroni’s corrections. Results: A total of 1,069 subjects were recruited and divided into three groups: 238 healthy controls(HC), 397 with HBV-related chronic liver disease (CLD), 434 with spontaneous clearance (SC). The rs9275319TT was most frequently identified among all groups(86.2% in the CLD group, 77.6% in the SC group, and 75.9% in the HC group).Carriage of the rs9275319 C allele was a protective factor for chronic HBV infection (the allele model: P = 0.000 3, OR,0.514; 95% CI, 0.359-0.738) and clearance (the allele model: P = 0.002, OR, 1.659; 95% CI, 1.197-2.300). HLA-DQ rs9275319 showed a significant association with HBV infection (allele model, OR, 0.514; 95% CI, 0.359-0.738, adjusted P = 0.000 3) and spontaneous clearance (allele model, OR, 1.659; 95% CI, 1.197-2.300, adjusted P = 0.002). However, there was no association between IFNL4 polymorphism and HBV infection((allele model: P = 0.082 for rs368234815; P = 0.063 for rs12971396; P = 0.517 for rs12979860; P =0.695 for rs8099917) or spontaneous clearance ((allele model: P = 0.358 for rs368234815; P = 0.105 for rs12971396; P = 0.640 for rs12979860; P = 0.640 for rs8099917;all P > 0.05). The multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) test showed there was a three-way interaction (rs12971396, rs12979860, and rs9275319) between IFNL4 and HLA-DQ polymorphisms for HBV infection (permutation P = 0.009 for the best factor model) and clearance (permutation P = 0.014 for the best factor model). Conclusion The SNP-SNP interaction between HLA-DQ and IFNL4 is associated with the regulation of HBV infection and natural clearance.

Objective To explore the medication rules of State Medical MasterYan Zhenghua. Methods The prescriptions containing Radix Paeoniae Alba that prescribed by Pro. Yan were collected to build a database based on traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)inheritance assist system. After analyzed by the statistical reports module and the data analysis module which were from TCM inheritance assist system, and the methods of data-mining that including association rules and apriori algorithm, the frequency of single medicine, the frequency of drug combination, the association rules between drugs and core drug combinations which all were including Radix Paeoniae Alba can be get from the database.Results The prescriptions including Radix Paeoniae Alba were commonly used to treat megrim, stomach-ache, acid regurgitation and other syndromes. The highest frequency used drugs were Radix PaeoniaeRubra, PericarpiumCitriReticulatae, Radix SalviaeMiltiorrhizae, Radix AngelicaeSinensis, Poria, and so on. The most frequency drug combinations were “RadxPaeoniae Alba, Radix PaeoniaeRubra”, “Radix SalviaeMiltiorrhizae, Radix Paeoniae Alba”, and “Radix Paeoniae Alba, PericarpiumCitriReticulatae”. The drug association rules that the confidence was more than once were “Radix PaeoniaeRubra - Radix Paeoniae Alba”, “OsDraconis - Concha Ostreae”, “Radix AngelicaeSinensis,RadixPaeoniaeRubra - Radix Paeoniae Alba”, and “Radix PaeoniaeRubra, HerbaTaxilli - Radix Paeoniae Alba”, and so on.Conclusions The drugs in the prescriptions containing Radix Paeoniae Alba that built by Pro. Yan mostly had the effects of enriching the blood and invigorating the circulation of blood, relieve uneasiness of mind and body tranquilization, which reflected the clearly thought when constructing prescriptions.

Objective To analyze the experience of Yang Boliang for the treatment of dysentery. Methods The prescriptions for dysentery that used by Yang Boliang were collected to build a database, and analyzed by the unsupervised data mining methods, such as apriori algorithm, entropy Clustering complex systems. Results Based on the analysis of 35 prescriptions, the most frequently used drug, the core drug combinations and the new prescriptions were mined from the database. The most frequently used drugs were tuckahoe, rhizoma pinellinae praeparata, and roasted radix puerariae. The core drug combinations were“tuckahoe- radix scutellariae-moutan bark”, “plantago seed-rhizoma pinellinae praeparata-maticated leaven”, and “charred radix aucklandiae-charred radix etrhizoma rhei-waterlily leaf”, etc. The new prescriptions were such as “plantago seed-rhizoma pinellinae praeparata-maticated leaven-charred radix rehmanniae recen-processed rhizoma Cyperi”. Conclusion Yang Boliang was well experienced in treating dysentery by using the drugs with clearing heat, and drying dampness, and clearing dampness by promoting diuresis.

Objective To explore the medication rules of State Medical MasterYan Zhenghua. Methods The prescriptions including Angelicae Sinensis Radix that built by Pro. Yan were collected to build a database based on Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) inheritance assist system(V2.0.1). After analyzed by the statistical reports module and the data analysis module which were from TCM inheritance assist system, and the methods of data-mining that including association rules and apriori algorithm, the frequency of single medicine, the frequency of drug combination, the association rules between drugs and core drug combinations which all were including Angelicae Sinensis Radix can be get from the database.Results The prescriptions including Angelicae Sinensis Radix were commonly used to treat stomach-ache, arthralgia syndrome, irregular menstruation and other syndromes. The highest frequency used drugs were Radix Paeoniae Rubra, Radix Paeoniae Alba, Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae, Rhizoma Cyperi, and so on. The most frequency drug combinations were “Angelicae Sinensis Radix, Radix Paeoniae Rubra”, “Radix Paeoniae Alba, Angelicae Sinensis Radix”, and “Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae, Angelicae Sinensis Radix”. The drug association rules that the confidence was more than 0.9 were “Fructus Jujubae-Angelicae Sinensis Radix”, “Fructus Amomi Villosi-Angelicae Sinensis Radix”, “Radix Codonopsis-Angelicae Sinensis Radix”, and “Os Draconis-Concha Ostreae”, and so on.Conclusion The drugs in the prescriptions containing Angelicae Sinensis Radix that built by Pro. Yan mostly had the effects of cooling blood, replenishing blood, and promoting blood circulation for removing blood stasis, which reflected the clear thought when making prescriptions.

Objective To explore the medication rules of state medical master Yan Zhenghua from the prescriptions. Methods After analyzed by the statistical report module and the data analysis module, the method of data-mining that including association rules and apriori algorithm was used to analyze the frequency of Poria and drug combination, the association rules between drugs and core drug combinations in Pro. Yan’s prescriptions via a database based on Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) inheritance assist system. Results The prescriptions containing Poria were commonly used to treat vertigo, stomachache, diarrhea and other syndromes. The highest frequently used drugs were Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae, Radix Paeoniae Rubra, Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae, Parched Semen Ziziphi Spinosae, and Caulis Polygoni Multiflori. The most frequently used drug combinations were “Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae, Poria”, “Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae, Poria”, and“Poria, Parched Semen Ziziphi Spinosae”. The drug association rules that the confidence coefficient was more than 0.9 were “Carina→Oyster”, “Poria, Carina→Oyster”,“Oyster, Caulis Polygoni Multiflori→Carina”, and“Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae→Poria”. Conclusion The drugs in the prescriptions containing Poria that built by Pro. Yan mostly had the effects of regulating the flow of qi, relieving uneasiness of body and mind, and cooling the blood, which reflected the clearly thought when Pro. Yan made the prescriptions.

Objective To analyze the experience of Yang Boliang for the treatment of exogenous diseases. Methods The prescriptions for exogenous diseases that used by Yang Boliang were collected to build a database, and analyzed by the unsupervised data mining methods, such as apriori algorithm, entropy Clustering complex systems. Results The most frequently used drugs were tuckahoe, stir-baked fructus gardenia, rhizoma pinellinae praeparata, radix curcumae, radix scutellariae, tetrapanacis medulla, poria cocos, caulis bambusae in taenian, lobster sauce, bitter almond, poria with hostood, fructus forsythiae and so on. The core drug combinations were “fructus forsythia- burdock- lobster sauce”, “semen sojae germinatum- radix liquiritiae-talcum- poria with hostood”, “bitter almond- balloon flower- mulberry leaf”, and so on. Conclusion Yang Boliang treated exogenous diseases by using the drugs with relieving superficies by cooling, dispelling dampness and promoting dieresis.

Objective:To study the effect of Xiaoyao Powder on Alzheimer's disease in hippocampal CA 3βregion of rats PP-2A,GSK-3βexpression.Methods:Rats were randomly divided into four groups , including model group, western medicine group,Chi-nese medicine group were treated with intraperitoneal injection of D-gal and A-β1-42 peptide bilateral hippocampal injection mold-ing, physiological group only with equal volume of sterile saline intraperitoneal and hippocampal injection molding .The model was completed, normal group, model group were perfused with saline , western medicine group and Chinese medicine group were treated with oxiracetam solution and Xiaoyao decoction , four groups of intragastric volume was 0.5 ml/100 g, 1 time a day, continuous 28 d. After intragastric administration of isolated rat brain immediately , packet marking in 4℃4%glutaraldehyde solution of glass container , stored at 4℃.Repair piece, cut from the hippocampus, embedded in paraffin, sliced.Dilution of PP-2A for 1∶200, GSK-3βdilution of 1∶150.Images were analyzed by using Image-pro Plus 5 image analysis system, data were conducted by SPSS11.5 statistical analysis software, the comparison between 4 groups by single factor analysis of variance , between the two two groups was compared by LSD-t test, the test level of α=0.05.Results:The expression of PP-2A positive cell number and the positive area , average optical density, integral optical density index , in Xiaoyao Powder orally intervention compared with the model group increased significantly (P<0.01);GSK-3βabove indices were significantly decreased than that in model group after Xiaoyao Powder after intragastric ad -ministration (P<0.01).Conclusion:Xiaoyao Powder can up regulate the expression of PP-2A and down regulate expression of GSK-3β, may be condensed A-β1-42 peptide induced hyperphosphorylation of Tau has certain inhibition .