Pyroptosis is the programmed death of cells accompanied by an inflammatory response and is widely involved in the development of a variety of diseases, such as infectious diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegeneration. It has been shown that cellular scorching is involved in the pathogenesis of pulmonary arterial hypertension ( PAH) in cardiovascular diseases. Patients with PAH have perivascular inflammatory infiltrates in lungs, pulmonary vasculopathy exists in an extremely inflam-matory microenvironment, and pro-inflammatory factors in cellular scorching drive pulmonary vascular remodelling in PAH patients. This article reviews the role of cellular scorch in the pathogenesis of PAH and the related research on drugs for the treatment of PAH, with the aim of providing new ideas for clinical treatment of PAH.

Objective To summarize the acupoints and parameters commonly used in the treatment of vascular cognitive impairment(VCI)by electro-acupuncture(EA)through the visual data mining technique to provide a reference basis for clinical treatment.Methods The clinical studies of EA on the treatment of VCI were searched in CNKI,Wanfang,VIP,CBM,PubMed,Embase,Cochrane Library,web of science and other major databases.The literature is managed by Note Express and the database is established by Excel.The frequency of selected acupoints,frequency,meridian tropism,parameter frequency and frequency of used acupoints are counted.Factor analysis is carried out by SPSS 21.0 software.SPSS Modeler 18.3 software is used to analyze association rules and co-occurrence network,and the analysis results are visualized by Cytoscape 3.9.1 software.Results Finally,155 papers were included,containing 155 acupoint prescriptions and 157 parameter prescriptions.Acupoint prescriptions involved 100 acupoints with a total frequency of 856 times;parameter prescriptions involved 33 parameters with a total frequency of 788 times.Conclusion At present,there is a big difference between the clinical studies,and there is no recognized acupoint and parameter for EA treatment of VCI.By further summarizing the law of EA acupuncture point and parameter,the study has sorted out the law of commonly used acupoints,meridian tropism,compounding and parameter selection for EA treatment of VCI.It was concluded that the selection of acupoints mainly started from the three aspects of deficiency,phlegm and stasis,focusing on the combination of local and distal selection of acupoints,through the identification of internal organs and meridians,to achieve the simultaneous regulation of the heart,spleen and kidney,and to take into account both the symptoms and the root cause,and to play the roles of opening the orifices to wake up mind,calming mind and benefiting intellect,strengthening the spleen and tonifying the kidneys,and invigorating blood circulation to remove stasis.The parameters of EA are recommended to be sparse and dense wave,low frequency,as tolerated by the patient,30 minutes/times,1 time/day,5 times/week as the main combinations,which can provide a certain reference basis for clinical decision-making.

Based on the theory of "mutual interference of clear and turbid Qi" in Huangdi Neijing（《黄帝内经》）， this study explored the pathogenesis of spleen and stomach diseases and the therapeutic effects of Banxia Xiexintang on them. It suggested that "mutual interference of clear and turbid Qi" represents a pathological state of Yin and Yang disturbance and imbalance in Qi circulation due to the mixture of clear and turbid Qi， which can elucidate the pathogenesis of spleen and stomach diseases. According to this theory， the pathogenesis of spleen and stomach diseases was summarized as Qi disorder in spleen and stomach， disharmony between Ying Qi and Wei Qi， and conflict between cold and heat. Banxia Xiexintang， as a crucial prescription for treating spleen and stomach diseases， achieves its therapeutic effects by dispersing stagnation with pungent flavor， descending adverse Qi with bitterness， regulating Ying Qi and Wei Qi， and harmonizing cold and heat. By regulating Qi circulation， balancing internal and external factors， and addressing deficiency and excess， it can rectify the pathological state of "mutual interference of clear and turbid Qi" of spleen and stomach diseases. Modern research reveals that Banxia Xiexintang can modulate gastrointestinal motility， restore mucosal immune barrier function of the digestive system， and exhibit optimal therapeutic effects when combined with both cold-cool and warm-hot medicines， aligning with its therapeutic role under the theory of "mutual interference of clear and turbid Qi". By delving into the essence of the "mutual interference of clear and turbid Qi" theory and exploring the pathogenesis of spleen and stomach diseases and the therapeutic effects of Banxia Xiexintang based on this theory， this study further elucidated the inherent connection between spleen and stomach diseases and the "mutual interference of clear and turbid Qi" theory， offering insights and theoretical references for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of spleen and stomach diseases.

As a new hypoglycemic drug,Dapagliflozin has attracted much attention because of its unique hypoglycemic mechanism. It has been used in many studies on type 2 diabetes mellitus,but the application of type 1 diabetes mellitus(T1DM)in the eastern population is rare. This article uses Dapagliflozin through a case of obese T1DM to provide new ideas for the treatment of T1DM.

Objective To study and verify the function of de novo interferon regulatory factor(IRF8)frameshift mutation detected in an etiology screening of the cohort of children with recurrent pneumonia at the molecular level.Methods The recombinant overexpression plasmids with wildtype or mutated IRF8 genes were constructed to transiently transfect HEK293T cells,or packed into lentivirus to infect two kinds of immune cell lines.Q-PCR,Western blot,immunofluorescence and other experimental assays were performed to explore the differences of expression and the regulatory effect on downstream genes associated with inflammation.Results The recombinant vectors with wildtype or mutated IRF8 genes were constructed successfully,and the efficiency of transfection by plasmids and infection by packed lentivirus was remarkable as well.Compared with wildtype,the molecular weight of IRF8 variant was slightly increased,while the expression level presents in opposition,even if on transcription level.Moreover,the localization of IRF8 variant was detected in abundance in nucleus rather than cytoplasm,and its inhibition effect was enhanced on the downstream ISRE element in comparison with the wildtype IRF8 protein.Conclusion The de novo frameshift mutation was presumed as gain-of-function(GOF)mutation.

ObjectiveTemporal heterogeneity in lung cancer presents as fluctuations in the biological characteristics, genomic mutations, proliferation rates, and chemotherapeutic responses of tumor cells over time, posing a significant barrier to effective treatment. The complexity of this temporal variance, coupled with the spatial diversity of lung cancer, presents formidable challenges for research. This article will pave the way for new avenues in lung cancer research, aiding in a deeper understanding of the temporal heterogeneity of lung cancer, thereby enhancing the cure rate for lung cancer. MethodsRaman spectroscopy emerges as a powerful tool for real-time surveillance of biomolecular composition changes in lung cancer at the cellular scale, thus shedding light on the disease’s temporal heterogeneity. In our investigation, we harnessed Raman spectroscopic microscopy alongside multivariate statistical analysis to scrutinize the biomolecular alterations in human lung epithelial cells across various timeframes after benzo(a)pyrene exposure. ResultsOur findings indicated a temporal reduction in nucleic acids, lipids, proteins, and carotenoids, coinciding with a rise in glucose concentration. These patterns suggest that benzo(a)pyrene induces structural damage to the genetic material, accelerates lipid peroxidation, disrupts protein metabolism, curtails carotenoid production, and alters glucose metabolic pathways. Employing Raman spectroscopy enabled us to monitor the biomolecular dynamics within lung cancer cells in a real-time, non-invasive, and non-destructive manner, facilitating the elucidation of pivotal molecular features. ConclusionThis research enhances the comprehension of lung cancer progression and supports the development of personalized therapeutic approaches, which may improve the clinical outcomes for patients.

Hypertriglyceridemia-associated acute pancreatitis is an inflammatory disorder of exocrine pancreas caused by metabolism disturbances of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins.Currently,hypertriglyceridemia-associated acute pancreatitis is characterized by an escalating incidence rate,a tendency for more severe cases,and a lack of therapeutic drugs.Traditional Chinese medicine has distinct advantages in treating this disease,but its theoretical framework has not yet been established.Hypertriglyceridemia-associated acute pancreatitis manifests itself as a febrile disease,aberrant accumulation of fat and turbidity may stem from dietary imbalances and visceral dysfunction in ordinary individuals.The prolonged accumulation of fat and turbidity can transform into turbid pathogen,subsequently engendering heat,constituting a pivotal pathogenic factor.Throughout the progression of the disease,the fiery pathogen consumes the fat and turbidity,resulting in the generation of toxic heat,which is a crucial mechanism in the exacerbation of the disease severity.Thus,this article posits therapeutic principles aimed at averting the transformation of fat and turbidity into turbid pathogen and counteracting toxic heat in this disease.This article reviews two key theories from traditional Chinese medicine classics relevant to hypertriglyceridemia-associated acute pancreatitis:the theory of fat-turbidity associated with hypertriglyceridemia and the febrile disease related to acute pancreatitis.Combining these traditional theories with modern research on the mechanisms that intensify hypertriglyceridemia-associated acute pancreatitis and the corresponding targets of traditional Chinese medicine,it suggests that the pathogenesis of"fat-turbidity-toxic heat"serves as the theoretical basis of traditional Chinese medicine for the aggravated severity of hypertriglyceridemia-associated acute pancreatitis.The article aims to offer new insights for the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia-associated acute pancreatitis.

Gap junction(GJ),also known as gap junction,is widely found between neurons and glial cells,and can connect neighboring cells and mediate the transmission of electrical sig-nals between neighboring cells.The GJ channel,which exists between neurons and mediates intercellular electrical signaling,is also known as an electrical synapse.Connexins(Cxs)are the molecular basis of GJ,and are expressed to different degrees in different neurons and glial cells.The presence of GJ mediates different functions among neurons and glial cells,which further influences the establishment of various mature neural circuits,re-flecting the importance of GJ in the maintenance of neural cir-cuits.This review summarizes the relationship between GJ and neural circuits in relation to the effects of GJ and different Cxs on neurons and glial cells,providing new research ideas for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders.

Traumatic supraorbital fissure syndrome (TSOFS) is a symptom complex caused by nerve entrapment in the supraorbital fissure after skull base trauma. If the compressed cranial nerve in the supraorbital fissure is not decompressed surgically, ptosis, diplopia and eye movement disorder may exist for a long time and seriously affect the patients′ quality of life. Since its overall incidence is not high, it is not familiarized with the majority of neurosurgeons and some TSOFS may be complicated with skull base vascular injury. If the supraorbital fissure surgery is performed without treatment of vascular injury, it may cause massive hemorrhage, and disability and even life-threatening in severe cases. At present, there is no consensus or guideline on the diagnosis and treatment of TSOFS that can be referred to both domestically and internationally. To improve the understanding of TSOFS among clinical physicians and establish standardized diagnosis and treatment plans, the Skull Base Trauma Group of the Neurorepair Professional Committee of the Chinese Medical Doctor Association, Neurotrauma Group of the Neurosurgery Branch of the Chinese Medical Association, Neurotrauma Group of the Traumatology Branch of the Chinese Medical Association, and Editorial Committee of Chinese Journal of Trauma organized relevant experts to formulate Chinese expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of traumatic supraorbital fissure syndrome ( version 2024) based on evidence of evidence-based medicine and clinical experience of diagnosis and treatment. This consensus puts forward 12 recommendations on the diagnosis, classification, treatment, efficacy evaluation and follow-up of TSOFS, aiming to provide references for neurosurgeons from hospitals of all levels to standardize the diagnosis and treatment of TSOFS.

Patients with severe trauma require an extremely timely treatment and transfusion plays an irreplaceable role in the emergency treatment of such patients. An increasing number of evidence-based medicinal evidences and clinical practices suggest that patients with severe traumatic bleeding benefit from early transfusion of low-titer group O whole blood or hemostatic resuscitation with red blood cells, plasma and platelet of a balanced ratio. However, the current domestic mode of blood supply cannot fully meet the requirements of timely and effective blood transfusion for emergency treatment of patients with severe trauma in clinical practice. In order to solve the key problems in blood supply and blood transfusion strategies for emergency treatment of severe trauma, Branch of Clinical Transfusion Medicine of Chinese Medical Association, Group for Trauma Emergency Care and Multiple Injuries of Trauma Branch of Chinese Medical Association, Young Scholar Group of Disaster Medicine Branch of Chinese Medical Association organized domestic experts of blood transfusion medicine and trauma treatment to jointly formulate Chinese expert consensus on blood support mode and blood transfusion strategies for emergency treatment of severe trauma patients ( version 2024). Based on the evidence-based medical evidence and Delphi method of expert consultation and voting, 10 recommendations were put forward from two aspects of blood support mode and transfusion strategies, aiming to provide a reference for transfusion resuscitation in the emergency treatment of severe trauma and further improve the success rate of treatment of patients with severe trauma.