PURPOSE: Dental implants present several advantages over other tooth replacement options. However, there has been little research on masticatory function in relation to implant treatment. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the improvement of masticatory function two weeks after implant restoration. METHODS: Masticatory ability was evaluated with the subjective food intake ability (FIA) and objective mixing ability index (MAI) methods. Fifty-four subjects with first and second missing molars completed the study. The subjects were asked to complete a self-reported questionnaire about 30 different food items, and to chew wax samples 10 times both before and two weeks after implant restoration. A total of 108 waxes were analyzed with an image analysis program. RESULTS: Dental implant restoration for lost molar teeth on one side increased the FIA score by 9.0% (P<0.0001). The MAI score also increased, by 14.3% after implant restoration (P<0.0001). Comparison between the good and poor mastication groups, which were subdivided based on the median MAI score before implant restoration, showed that the FIA score of the poor group was enhanced 1.1-fold while its MAI score was enhanced 2.0-fold two weeks after an implant surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Using the FIA and MAI assessment methods, this study showed that masticatory function was improved two weeks after implant restoration. In particular, the enhancement of masticatory function by implant restoration was greater in patients with relatively poor initial mastication than in those with good initial mastication.
Dental Implants ; Diagnosis ; Eating ; Humans ; Mastication ; Molar ; Tooth ; Waxes

PURPOSE: To compare the efficacy of 3 different eye ointment instillations with eyelid taping and eyelid taping alone to prevent eye complications during surgery under general anesthesia. METHODS: A total of 296 eyes of 148 patients who underwent general anesthesia for at least 60 minutes were randomly assigned to 1 of the following 4 groups: group A, eyelid taping alone; group B, eyelid taping with solcoseryl ointment; group C, eyelid taping with carbomer ointment; group D, eyelid taping with lanolin ointment. Schirmer test, tear film break-up time (TF-BUT), conjunctival hyperemia scale (CHS), National Eye Institute corneal staining scale (NSS), and ocular surface disease index (OSDI) were prospectively evaluated before and after general anesthesia. RESULTS: TF-BUT was significantly increased in the group B compared with the preoperative value (p = 0.035). CHS was significantly decreased in all 3 ointment groups (p < 0.05) after general anesthesia and the degree was significantly higher in groups B and C (p < 0.001). No corneal abrasion developed after general anesthesia. However, corneal erosion developed in 20 eyes of previously healthy subjects; 8 eyes (12.5%) in group A, 0 eye (0%) in group B, 2 eyes (2.5%) in group C, and 10 eyes (13.9%) in group D. The occurrence rates of new lesions were significantly lower in groups B and C (p = 0.035). CONCLUSIONS: Both eyelid taping alone and eyelid taping with eye ointment are effective protection methods against corneal abrasion during operation under general anesthesia. Eye ointment instillation together with eyelid taping shows not only improvement of subjective symptoms but also improvement of objective ocular surface parameters proving to be an effective ocular protection during general anesthesia.
Actihaemyl ; Anesthesia, General* ; Eyelids ; Humans ; Hyperemia ; Lanolin ; National Eye Institute (U.S.) ; Prospective Studies ; Tears

PURPOSE: To compare the efficacy of 3 different eye ointment instillations with eyelid taping and eyelid taping alone to prevent eye complications during surgery under general anesthesia. METHODS: A total of 296 eyes of 148 patients who underwent general anesthesia for at least 60 minutes were randomly assigned to 1 of the following 4 groups: group A, eyelid taping alone; group B, eyelid taping with solcoseryl ointment; group C, eyelid taping with carbomer ointment; group D, eyelid taping with lanolin ointment. Schirmer test, tear film break-up time (TF-BUT), conjunctival hyperemia scale (CHS), National Eye Institute corneal staining scale (NSS), and ocular surface disease index (OSDI) were prospectively evaluated before and after general anesthesia. RESULTS: TF-BUT was significantly increased in the group B compared with the preoperative value (p = 0.035). CHS was significantly decreased in all 3 ointment groups (p < 0.05) after general anesthesia and the degree was significantly higher in groups B and C (p < 0.001). No corneal abrasion developed after general anesthesia. However, corneal erosion developed in 20 eyes of previously healthy subjects; 8 eyes (12.5%) in group A, 0 eye (0%) in group B, 2 eyes (2.5%) in group C, and 10 eyes (13.9%) in group D. The occurrence rates of new lesions were significantly lower in groups B and C (p = 0.035). CONCLUSIONS: Both eyelid taping alone and eyelid taping with eye ointment are effective protection methods against corneal abrasion during operation under general anesthesia. Eye ointment instillation together with eyelid taping shows not only improvement of subjective symptoms but also improvement of objective ocular surface parameters proving to be an effective ocular protection during general anesthesia.
Actihaemyl ; Anesthesia, General* ; Eyelids ; Humans ; Hyperemia ; Lanolin ; National Eye Institute (U.S.) ; Prospective Studies ; Tears

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the causes, clinical manifestation and treatment principles of frontal sinus tract after the frontal approach craniotomy. METHOD: The clinic data of 13 patients with frontal skin sinus tract after the frontal approach craniotomy were retrospectively analyzed. All of them were described in the clinical record to have undergone frontal sinus mucosa pushing down or shaving and bone wax filling in the frontal sinus during the surgery, of whom 3 cases had history of frontal abscess incision drainage. All patients were performed endoscopic frontal sinus surgery and forehead skin sinus tract excision and suture. RESULT: All of the patients successfully recovered after one-stage operation, and the frontal skin sinus tract was healed. CONCLUSION The frontal approach craniotomy with postoperative frontal sinus tract was related with the improper use of bone wax tamponade and sealing of frontal sinus. The treatment principles were to remove bone wax, remove inflammatory granulation tissue around the sinus tract, and to open frontal sinus and promote frontal sinus drainage.
Craniotomy ; methods ; Drainage ; Endoscopy ; Forehead ; Frontal Sinus ; surgery ; Granulation Tissue ; surgery ; Humans ; Palmitates ; Retrospective Studies ; Waxes

The article introduces a new method for three-dimensional reproduction of edentulous dental casts, and wax occlusion rims with jaw relation by using a commercial high-speed line laser scanner and reverse engineering software and evaluates the method's accuracy in vitro. The method comprises three main steps: (i) acquisition of the three-dimensional stereolithography data of maxillary and mandibular edentulous dental casts and wax occlusion rims; (ii) acquisition of the three-dimensional stereolithography data of jaw relations; and (iii) registration of these data with the reverse engineering software and completing reconstruction. To evaluate the accuracy of this method, dental casts and wax occlusion rims of 10 edentulous patients were used. The lengths of eight lines between common anatomic landmarks were measured directly on the casts and occlusion rims by using a vernier caliper and on the three-dimensional computerized images by using the software measurement tool. The direct data were considered as the true values. The paired-samples t-test was used for statistical analysis. The mean differences between the direct and the computerized measurements were mostly less than 0.04 mm and were not significant (P>0.05). Statistical significance among 10 patients was assessed using one-way analysis of variance (P<0.05). The result showed that the 10 patients were considered statistically no significant. Therefore, accurate three-dimensional reproduction of the edentulous dental casts, wax occlusion rims, and jaw relations was achieved. The proposed method enables the visualization of occlusion from different views and would help to meet the demand for the computer-aided design of removable complete dentures.
Analysis of Variance ; Computer-Aided Design ; Dental Models ; Denture Design ; Denture, Complete ; Dimensional Measurement Accuracy ; Humans ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional ; methods ; Jaw Relation Record ; Lasers ; Mouth, Edentulous ; rehabilitation ; Waxes

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is intimately related to insulin resistance and ranges from a benign course to liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. NAFLD management mainly involves dietary modification and weight loss. Although no fully successful pharmacological intervention is available, alternative therapies to treat NAFLD have shown promising results. Experimental studies have shown that D-002, a mixture of beeswax alcohols with antioxidant effects, is hepatoprotective. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of D-002 in patients with NALFD. METHODS: Fifty patients with NAFLD were randomized to receive a placebo or D-002 (100 mg/day) for 24 weeks. The primary endpoint was a significant ultrasonography-detected reduction of liver fat infiltration versus a placebo. Secondary endpoints were decreases in the homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) index, insulin levels, serum liver enzymes, increases in plasma total antioxidant status (TAS) and improved clinical symptoms versus the placebo recipients. RESULTS: At randomization, all indicators were comparable in both groups. At study completion, seven (28.0%) D-002-patients, but none of the placebo recipients, exhibited a normal liver echo pattern on ultrasonography (p < 0.01). Also, D-002 significantly reduced (p < 0.01 vs. baseline and placebo) the HOMA index and insulin levels and increased the TAS, but did not affect other parameters. The proportion of D-002-patients (12/25, 48.0%) showing symptom improvement was higher (p < 0.001) than that of the placebo group (1/25, 4.0%). The treatment was safe and well tolerated. Three patients in each group withdrew from the study. CONCLUSIONS: D-002 (100 mg/day) improved ultrasonographic findings, indicators of insulin resistance, plasma TAS and clinical evolution on NAFLD patients. Further studies, however, are needed to confirm these results.
Adult ; Aged ; Antioxidants/adverse effects/isolation & purification/*therapeutic use ; Biological Markers/blood ; Blood Glucose/metabolism ; Cuba ; Double-Blind Method ; Enzymes/blood ; Fatty Alcohols/adverse effects/isolation & purification/*therapeutic use ; Fatty Liver/blood/*drug therapy/ultrasonography ; Female ; Humans ; Insulin/blood ; Lipids/blood ; Liver/*drug effects/enzymology/ultrasonography ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prospective Studies ; Time Factors ; Treatment Outcome ; Waxes/*chemistry

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the accuracy of the Root ZX in teeth with simulated root perforation in the presence of gel or liquid type endodontic irrigants, such as saline, 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 2% chlorhexidine liquid, 2% chlorhexidine gel, and RC-Prep, and also to determine the electrical conductivities of these endodontic irrigants. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A root perforation was simulated on twenty freshly extracted teeth by means of a small perforation made on the proximal surface of the root at 4 mm from the anatomic apex. Root ZX was used to locate root perforation and measure the electronic working lengths. The results obtained were compared with the actual working length (AWL) and the actual location of perforations (AP), allowing tolerances of 0.5 or 1.0 mm. Measurements within these limits were considered as acceptable. Chi-square test or the Fisher's exact test was used to evaluate significance. Electrical conductivities of each irrigant were also measured with an electrical conductivity tester. RESULTS: The accuracies of the Root ZX in perforated teeth were significantly different between liquid types (saline, NaOCl) and gel types (chlorhexidine gel, RC-Prep). The accuracies of electronic working lengths in perforated teeth were higher in gel types than in liquid types. The accuracy in locating root perforation was higher in liquid types than gel types. 5.25% NaOCl had the highest electrical conductivity, whereas 2% chlorhexidine gel and RC-Prep gel had the lowest electrical conductivities among the five irrigants. CONCLUSIONS: Different canal irrigants with different electrical conductivities may affect the accuracy of the Root ZX in perforated teeth.
Chlorhexidine ; Edetic Acid ; Electric Conductivity ; Electronics ; Electrons ; Peroxides ; Root Canal Irrigants ; Sodium Hypochlorite ; Tooth ; Urea ; Waxes

OBJECTIVES: The usage of fluoride varnish for a moderate to low caries-risk group has not been well validated. This study aimed to evaluate the preventive and therapeutic efficacies of fluoride varnish on the initiated root caries. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten premolars were sectioned into quarters, further divided into two windows, one of which was painted with Fluor Protector (1,000 ppm fluoride, Ivoclar Vivadent). An initial lesion with a well-preserved surface layer was produced by pH cycling. Scanned line analysis using energy dispersive spectrometry determined the weight percentages of Ca and P in the demineralized layer. Scanning Electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) evaluated the varnish-applied root surfaces. RESULTS: The mean lesion depth (SD) was 12.3 (2.6) microm (single cycling) and 19.6 (3.8) microm (double cycling). Double cycling extended the lesion depth, but induced no more mineral loss than single cycling (p < 0.05). The mean weight percentages of Ca and P between groups with and without varnish were not significantly different (p < 0.05). A CLSM showed varnish remained within 15 microm of the surface layer. CONCLUSIONS: When a mild acid challenge initiated root tissue demineralization, the application of low-concentration fluoride varnish did not influence the lesion depth or the mineral composition of the subsurface lesion.
Bicuspid ; Drug Combinations ; Fluorides ; Fluorides, Topical ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Paint ; Polyurethanes ; Root Caries ; Silanes ; Spectrum Analysis ; Waxes

PURPOSE: The aim of this in vitro study was to examine the curing efficiency of various resin-based materials polymerized through ceramic restorations with 3 different thicknesses. Curing efficiency was evaluated by determining the surface microhardness (VHN) of the resin specimens. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four kinds of resin materials were used. Z350 (3M ESPE Filtek(TM) Z350: A2 Shade), Z250 (3M ESPE Filtek(TM) Z250: A2 Shade) and Variolink(R) II (VL: Ivoclar vivadent, base: transparent) either with or without a self-curing catalyst (VLC: Ivoclar vivadent, catalyst: low viscosity/transparent) were filled into the silicone mold (10 mm diameter, 1 mm thick). They were cured through ceramic discs (IPS e.max Press MO-0 ingot ivoclar vivadent, 10 mm diameter, 0.5, 1 and 2 mm thicknesses) by LED light-curing units for 20 and 40 seconds. Vicker's microhardness numbers (VHNs) were measured on the bottom surfaces by a microhardness tester. Data were analyzed using a 3- way analysis of variance (ANOVA) at a significance level of 0.05. RESULTS: The thickness of ceramic disc increased, the VHNs of all four resin types were decreased (P<.05). The mean VHN values of the resins light cured for 40 seconds were significantly higher than that of LED for 20 seconds in all four resin materials (P<.05). VLC showed significantly higher VHN values than VL regardless of other conditions (P<.05). Z350 and Z250 showed higher values than VL or VLC (P<.01). CONCLUSION: Thinner ceramic disc with increased curing time resulted higher VHN values of all resin materials. The use of a catalyst produced a greater hardness with all polymerization methods. Restorative resin materials (Z350, Z250) showed higher VHN values than resin cement materials (VL, VLC).
Acrylic Resins ; Ceramics ; Composite Resins ; Fungi ; Hardness ; Light ; Polymerization ; Polymers ; Polyurethanes ; Resin Cements ; Silicones ; Waxes

PURPOSE: The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the marginal adaptation of a ceramic-pressed-to-metal restoration with traditional metal-ceramic restoration. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Duplicating the prepared resin tooth, 20 metal dies were fabricated. Twenty metal copings of 2 groups which were metal ceramic restoration and pressed to metal restoration were fabricated. The marginal opening of each coping was measured with Microscope (BX 60M-36E 41D(R): Olympus, Japan). After porcelain build-up, the marginal opening of metal ceramic restoration and pressed to metal restoration (PoM(R): Ivoclar vivadent., Liechtenstein) were also evaluated in the same method. The measurements were analyzed using Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test and Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS: Within the limits of this study, the results were as follows. 1. Metal-ceramic restorations in coping state (64.93 +/- 12.48 microm) in compared with Metal ceramic restorations after porcelain build-up (63.43 +/- 12.86 microm) had no significant difference in marginal adaptation. 2. Pressed-metal-ceramic restorations in coping state (50.00 +/- 12.28 microm) in compared with Pressed metal ceramic restorations after porcelain build-up (56.72 +/- 13.80 microm) had no significant difference in marginal adaptation. 3. Metal-ceramic restorations in compared Pressed-metal-ceramic restorations had no significant difference in marginal adaptation. CONCLUSION: Pressed-metal-ceramic restorations have the advantage of being technically less change through using of the lost-wax technique and this allows for the convenience of a full-contour ceramic wax-up as opposed to the more technique-sensitive layering method. Pressed-metal-ceramic restorations may be considered in clinic on the basis of the result of this study and the advantage of this system.
Acrylic Resins ; Ceramics ; Composite Resins ; Dental Porcelain ; Imidazoles ; Metal Ceramic Alloys ; Nitro Compounds ; Polyurethanes ; Tooth ; Waxes