Ophthalmic plastic and reconstructive surgery combines the precision of ophthalmic microsurgery with plastic and reconstructive surgical principles, allowing for subspecialized care of the eyelid, orbital, and lacrimal system. A foundation in ophthalmology allows the oculoplastic surgeon's knowledge and skills to safely and successfully protect the globe while achieving good functional and aesthetic results. Oculoplasty emerged following World War II, in which a high rate of ophthalmic and oculoplastic trauma occurred. Following this, more structured and specialized studies dedicated to clinical and surgical management led to the development of a highly specific and rapidly growing sub-specialty dedicated to eyelid, lacrimal, and orbital care. Stem cell treatments in oculoplasty has been spanned a wide array of subfields, ranging from reconstruction of the eyelid to the generation of artificial lacrimal glands and oncological therapeutics. Tissue engineering represents the future of regenerative and reconstructive medicine, with significant potential applications in ophthalmic plastic surgery. Difficulty remains in disease modeling for various disorders, owing to genetic and functional variation across patients as well as the complexity of several diseases. Progressive advances in the understanding of the immunopathogenesis of diseases such as thyroid eye disease and lacrimal gland carcinoma continue to spur clinical trials utilizing targeted therapies to enhance treatment outcomes. Continued investigation of the molecular mechanisms of disease will expand potential treatments. In the future, public awareness and interest in the field of oculoplasty will further grow, and personalized and optimized treatment will become a cornerstone of modern medicine.
Eye Diseases ; Eyelids ; Graves Ophthalmopathy ; History, Modern 1601- ; Humans ; Lacrimal Apparatus ; Microsurgery ; Ophthalmology ; Orbit ; Plastics ; Stem Cells ; Surgery, Plastic ; Thyroid Gland ; Tissue Engineering ; World War II

Austria ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Nobel Prize ; Philately ; Physiology ; history ; Prisoners ; Sweden ; World War I

Recently, new methods have been developed for estimating the current and recent changes in effective population sizes. Based on the methods, the effective population sizes of Korean populations were estimated using data from the Korean Association Resource (KARE) project. The overall changes in the population sizes of the total populations were similar to CHB (Han Chinese in Beijing, China) and JPT (Japanese in Tokyo, Japan) of the HapMap project. There were no differences in past changes in population sizes with a comparison between an urban area and a rural area. Age-dependent current and recent effective population sizes represent the modern history of Korean populations, including the effects of World War II, the Korean War, and urbanization. The oldest age group showed that the population growth of Koreans had already been substantial at least since the end of the 19th century.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; HapMap Project ; History, Modern 1601- ; Humans ; Korean War ; Linkage Disequilibrium ; Population Density* ; Population Growth ; Rural Population ; Urban Population ; Urbanization ; World War II

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to show the development of community health nursing in Korea in light of the life of Lee Keumjeon (1900~1990), who devoted her life to community health nursing. METHODS: Primary and secondary sources were collected and analyzed. RESULTS: Lee could get high level education up to college courses, which was very exceptional at that time in Korea. She got nursing and midwifery education in Severance Hospital (1929) and majored in public health nursing at Toronto University (1930). Then, she worked in mother-and-child health practice for more than 10 years. She helped the Korean Nurses' Association to publish Public Health Nursing (1933) and other nursing books. After the liberation of Korea, she became a governmental official in the public health nursing field and tried to establish the national public health nursing system. During the Korean War, she devoted herself to nursing education and practice at nursing schools and hospitals. After the war, she worked as president of the Korean Nurses' Association. In 1959, Lee was given the Nightingale award. Although she retired in 1960, she continued to devote herself to the development of nursing, and published her book Public Health Nursing (1967). CONCLUSION: Lee worked from 1920s to 1960s for the development of nursing in Korea and during the period Korean nursing showed great development to national system and professional status.
Awards and Prizes ; Community Health Nursing ; Dental Impression Materials ; Education, Nursing ; History of Nursing ; Korea ; Korean War ; Light ; Midwifery ; Public Health Nursing ; Schools, Nursing ; Child Health

PURPOSE: This study aimed at analyzing the causes of death of prisoners of war (POWs) during the Korean War (1950-1953) who fought for the Communist side (North Korea and the People's Republic of China). In 1998, the United States Department of Defense released new information about the prisoners including, 7,614 deaths of the POW during the Korean War. The data on the causes of death of the POWs during the Korean War provides valuable information on the both the public health and history of the conflict. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To analyze the causes of death of the POWs, we classified the clinical diagnosis and findings on 7,614 deaths into 22 chapters, as outlined in the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems-10th Revision (ICD-10). Second, we traced changes in the monthly death totals of POWs as well as deaths caused by common infectious diseases and external causes of death including injury over time from August 1950 to September 1953. RESULTS: The most common category of causes of deaths of POWs was infectious disease, 5,013 (65.8%) out of 7,614 deaths, followed by external causes including injury, 817 (10.7%). Overall, tuberculosis and dysentery/diarrhea were the most common causes of death. Deaths caused by acute and chronic infection, or external causes showed different patterns of increases and decline over time during the Korean War. CONCLUSION: The information and data on POWs' deaths during the Korean War reflects the critical impact of the POWs' living conditions and the effect of public health measures implemented in POW camps during the war.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; *Cause of Death ; Child ; China/epidemiology ; Communicable Diseases/epidemiology ; Democratic People's Republic of Korea/epidemiology ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Korean War ; Middle Aged ; Prisoners of War/*history

After the outbreak of the Korean war, the Kingdom of Sweden, a permanent neutral nation, dispatched the Swedish Red Cross Field Hospital(SRCFH) instead of armed forces for humanitarian support to the allied forces in South Korea. The Hospital consisted of about 170 Swedes, all volunteers. From the early part of the Korean War, SRCFH took part in the medical assistance in Busan. When the frontline advanced to northern Korea, the number of inflowing casualties to this field hospital decreased. At that time, earnest medical aid for civilians commenced, and many Koreans were treated in available beds in SRCFH. After the armistice in July 1953, SRCFH became the Swedish Hospital in Busan, serving not only the military but also civilians, and continued its humanitarian mission until April 1957 for the Korean who were suffering from a collapsed medical system inthe midst of war. When the Hospital returned to Sweden, it had treated over two million patients from twenty countries, including wounded UN allied force, Korean (south and north), Chinese prisoner of war and Korean civilian. Moreover, it left a transformative legacy, the National Medical Center in Seoul which was established in collaboration with other Scandinavian countries who dispatched medical assistance during the Korean War.
Altruism ; History, 20th Century ; Hospitals/history ; Humans ; Korea ; *Red Cross ; Sweden ; War

A mysterious disease was first reported from Korea when it had been observed during late spring 1951 in UN Forces operating in the central area close to the 38th parallel. The disease showed distinctive features which included high fever, low blood pressure, hemorrhagic tendency and acute renal failure. Historically it was apparently a similar disease to a clinical entity designated as Epidemic hemorrhagic fever in Manchuria or Hemorrhagic nephrosonephritis in Far Eastern Russia. After Lee Ho-Wang succeeded in demonstrating Hantaan virus which caused hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), many studies has revealed various biological and epidemiological aspects of the disease. But the origin of the disease in Korea still remains unknown. This article tests some hypotheses which explain the origin of the disease and reviews the relation between the Korean War and HFRS. It is concluded that the emerging of HFRS would be closely related with the establishment of the munitions supply network in early 1951 in Chinese troop.
China ; English Abstract ; Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome/*history ; History of Medicine, 20th Cent. ; Korea ; Military Medicine/*history ; Siberia ; War

Modern hospital in Korea was the space of competition and compromise among different forces such as the state power and social forces, imperialism and nationalism, and the traditional and the modern medicine. Hospital in the Japanese colonialism was the object of control for establishing the colonial medical system. Japanese colonialism controlled not only the public hospital but also the private hospital which had to possess more than 10 infectious beds in the isolation building by the Controlling Regulation of Private Hospital. In fact, the private hospital had to possess more than 20 beds for hospital management. As a result, its regulation prevented the independent development of the private hospital. But because the public hospital could not accommodate many graduates of medical school, most of them had to serve as a practitioner. Although some practitioners had more than 20 beds in their clinics, they were not officially included in the imperial medicine. By concentrating on the trend of the number of bed in the hospital, this paper differs from most previous studies of the system of hospital, which have argued that the system of hospital was converted the public-centered hospital system under the colonial medical system into the private-centered hospital system under the U. S. medical system after the Liberation in 1945. After Liberation, medical reformers discussed arranging the public and the private hospital. Lee Yong-seol, who was a Health-Welfare minister, disagreed the introduction of the system of state medicine. Worrying about the flooding of practitioners, he did not want to intervene the construction of hospital by state power. Because the private hospital run short of the medical leadership and the fundamental basis, the state still controlled the main disease in the public health and the prevention of epidemics. This means the state also played important part in the general medical examination and treatment. The outbreak of Korean War in 1950 reinforced the role of state. The leadership of the public hospital verified the trend of the quantity of bed. The number of bed in the private hospital exceeded that of the public hospital in 1966 for the first time. Furthermore, the number of bed in the public hospital doubled that of private hospital in the new general hospital of 1950s. This means the system of hospital after the Liberation was not converted the public-centered hospital system into the private-centered hospital system, but maintained the public-centered hospital system until 1960s.
Colonialism/*history ; English Abstract ; History of Medicine, 20th Cent. ; History of Medicine, 21st Cent. ; Hospitals, Public/*history ; Hospitals, Voluntary/*history ; Japan ; Korea ; United States ; War/*history

The pillages of the Korean rural villages by force under the rule of Japanese imperialism resulted in the extreme impoverishment of the Korean agricultural communities. Especially this was accelerated due to starvation, ignorance and the poor sanitary conditions on the part of the Korean farmers. The research institute of agricultural community hygiene founded by a Korean doctor, Young Choon Lee was the beginning of the rural medical institute that contributed greatly to the disease prevention and health improvements of impoverished farmers.
Academies and Institutes/*history ; Agriculture/*history ; Colonialism/*history ; English Abstract ; History of Medicine, 20th Cent. ; Japan ; Korea ; Poverty/*history ; Public Health/*history ; Rural Health/*history ; War/*history

Richard Wunsch war ein deutscher Arzt, der zur Zeit der Grundung des koreanischen Kaiserreichs nach Korea kam und bis 1905 als Kunigsarzt tatig war. Der Grund seiner Einreise nach Korea hatte einen geschichtlichen Hintergrund. Damals stand Korea unter dem groBen EinfluB von America und Japan Korea versuchte durch die Einbeziehung von RuBland und Deutschland die japanische Macht zuruckzuhalten und die Einreise von Wunsch trug dazu das japanische politische Ubergeschwicht abzunehmen. Da seine Einreise eher ein politischer Grund war, hat der Konig ihn als Konigsarzt nicht voll akzeptiert. So hat Wunsch nicht nur im Koniglichen Palast als Arzt gearbeitet, sondern auch im privaten Bereich arztlich tatig gewesen Zusatzlich hat er sich fur die Seuchenbekampfung eingesetzt Insbesondere im Jahr 1902, als Cholera ausbrach, hat er MaBnahmen gegen die ansteckende Krankheiten getroffen die viel konkreter waren als die von Korea. Obwohl Richard Wusch vertragsmaBig als Konigsarzt seine Aufgaben gut erfullen sollte, hat er auch personlich viele Patienten arztlich behandelt. So hat er zum Beispiel wahrend des Krieges zwischen RuBland und Japan viele verletzte Soldaten arztlich behandelt und seine operativen Techniken den anderen Arzten beigebracht. Wunsch interessierte sich auch fur die medizische Ausbildung. So versuchte er eine medizinische Schule zu grunden was leider aufgrund der schlechten finanziellen Lage nicht erf llt werden konnte. Da sein Besuch nach Korea mehr ein politischer Grund war, wurde seine Tatigkeit politisch uberwacht. Nachdem Japan im Krieg RuBland besiegte, ergrief auch die politische Macht in Korea. Nach dieser Macht bernehme lieB Japan nicht mehr zu daB Wunsch als Konigsarzt weiterhin tatig ist. So muBte Wusch 1905 Korea verlassen und starb 1911 in China.
Germany ; *Government ; History of Medicine, 19th Cent. ; History of Medicine, 20th Cent. ; International Cooperation/*history ; Korea ; *Medicine ; Physicians/*history ; *Politics ; War/*history