ObjectiveTo evaluate the clinical efficacy of Huayu Tongluo Formula （化瘀通络方， HTF） in patients with mid-stage diabetic kidney disease of blood stasis syndrome and explore its potential mechanisms. MethodsA multi-center， randomized， double-blind， placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted. Ninety patients of mid-stage diabetic kidney disease of blood stasis syndrome were divided into a control group of 46 cases and a treatment group of 44 cases. Both groups received conventional western medicine treatment， the treatment group additionally taking HTF， while the control group taking a placebo of the formula. The treatment was administered once daily for 24 weeks. The primary outcomes included 24-hour urine total protein （24 h-UTP）， serum albumin （Alb）， glycated hemoglobin （HbA1c）， and serum creatinine （Scr）.The secondary outcomes included changes in levels of endothelin-1 （ET-1）， nitric oxide （NO）， vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF）， and traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） syndrome scores before and after treatment. Clinical efficacy was evaluated based on TCM syndrome scores and overall disease outcomes. Adverse reactions and endpoint events were recorded. ResultsIn the treatment group after treatment， 24 h-UTP， ET-1， and VEGF levels significantly decreased （P＜0.05）， Alb and NO levels significantly increased （P＜0.05）； while the TCM syndrome scores for edema， lumbar pain， numbness of limbs， dark purple lips， dark purple tongue or purpura， and thin， rough pulse all significantly decreased （P＜0.05）. In the control group， no significant changes were observed in any of the indicators after treatment （P＞0.05）.Compared with the control group， the treatment group showed significant reductions in 24 h-UTP， ET-1， and VEGF levels， and increases in Alb and NO levels （P＜0.05）. The TCM syndrome scores for edema， lumbar pain， dark purple tongue or purpura， and thin， rough pulse were all lower in the treatment group than in the control group （P＜0.05）. The total effective rate of TCM syndrome in the treatment group was 59.09% （26/44）， and the overall clinical effective rate was 45.45% （20/44）. In the control group， these rates were 15.22% （7/46） and 8.7% （4/46）， respectively， with the treatment group showing significantly better outcomes （P＜0.05）. A total of 7 adverse events occurred across both groups， with no significant difference （P＞0.05）. No endpoint events occurred during the study. ConclusionOn the basis of conventional treatment of Western medicine， HTF can further reduce urinary protein levels and improve clinical symptoms in patients with mid-stage diabetic kidney disease of blood stasis syndrome. The mechanism may be related to its effects on endothelial function.

Objective To investigate the factors affecting the distribution of Pomacea and project the trends in the spread of suitable distribution areas of Pomacea in 2050 and 2070 in Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, so as to provide insights into Pomacea control in the prefecture. Methods The longitudes and latitudes of Pomacea sampling sites were captured based on Pomacea field survey data in 12 cities (counties) of Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture from 2023 to 2024. A total of 19 climatic factors (annual mean temperature, mean diurnal range, isothermality, temperature seasonality, maximum temperature of the warmest month, minimum temperature of the coldest month, temperature annual range, mean temperature of the wettest quarter, mean temperature of the driest quarter, mean temperature of the warmest month, mean temperature of the coldest month, annual precipitation, precipitation of the wettest month, precipitation of the driest month, precipitation seasonality, precipitation of the wettest quarter, precipitation of the driest quarter, mean temperature of the warmest quarter, and mean temperature of the coldest quarter) and representative concentration pathways (RCPs) were retrieved from the world climate database (www.worldclim.org). All climatic variables were employed to create a maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model. The predictive accuracy of the model was assessed with the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC), and the contributions of these 19 climatic factors to the distribution of Pomacea were analyzed in Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture using Jackknife test. In addition, the suitable distribution areas of Pomacea were predicted with the MaxEnt model in Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture in 2024 and in 2050 and 2070 under RCP4.5. Results Data pertaining to 91 Pomacea sampling sites were captured. ROC analysis revealed the MaxEnt model had an AUC value of 0.885 ± 0.088 for predicting the suitable distribution areas of Pomacea in Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture. Of the 19 climatic factors, the maximum temperature of the warmest month had the highest contribution to the distribution of Pomacea in Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, followed by mean temperature of the driest quarter, mean temperature of the wettest quarter and minimum temperature of the coldest month. The suitable distribution area of Pomacea was predicted to be 14 555.69 km² in Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture in 2024, and would expand gradually to the southeastern part of the prefecture in the future due to climatic factors. The suitable distribution areas of Pomacea were projected to expand to 21 475.61 km² in 2050 and 25 782.52 km² in 2070 in Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, respectively. Conclusions Temperature is an important contributor to the distribution of Pomacea in Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, and the suitable distribution area of Pomacea will gradually expand to the southeastern part of the prefecture in 2050 and 2070.

ObjectiveA multiplex amplification system was constructed based on the capillary electrophoresis platform for simultaneous detection of saliva, semen, and vaginal secretions using tissue-specific RNA markers. The aim of this study is to identify the tissue origin of suspicious body fluid stains found at crime scenes and determine whether the body fluid stains at the crime scene are one or several types among saliva, semen, and vaginal secretions. MethodsThirty saliva samples, forty semen samples, and forty vaginal secretion samples (half from 2015 and half from 2024) were collected from healthy adult volunteers. Through primer designing, system formulation, and PCR condition optimization, a multiplex fluorescent amplification system was constructed. The specificity, sensitivity, and detection ability for mixed samples of this system were investigated, and it was tested using real crime scene materials. In the primer design stage, to reduce the requirements for RNA template quality, the amplification products were set within 80-300 bp. In the system formulation stage, dominant and subordinate primers were mainly considered. By reducing the concentration of dominant primers and increasing that of subordinate primers, a capillary electrophoresis spectrum with an appropriate peak height ratio was finally obtained. Additionally, gradient experiments were designed to adjust the concentrations of PCR reagents and PCR amplification conditions, and multiple versions of DNA amplification enzymes were optimized to achieve the best experimental results. ResultsThrough statistical analysis, there was no significant difference in the capillary electrophoresis of the 3 types of body fluid samples from the two years (2015 and 2024), demonstrating that the sample preservation method in this study can preserve samples for a relatively long time. The composite amplification system constructed in this study exhibited high specificity for all 3 types of body fluid, with no cross-reactions between the markers of each type of body fluid. The minimum detection thresholds for the 3 types of body fluid reached 0.002 9, 0.001 5, and 0.42 mg/L, respectively. This system also had a high degree of discrimination for mixed samples, especially for semen-saliva mixtures, where each body fluid marker could still be successfully detected when the concentration ratio of semen to saliva was 100:1. Meanwhile, in the two actual cases presented in this article, the application of this composite amplification system performed outstandingly. ConclusionThe composite amplification detection system constructed in this study can achieve the correct screening of saliva, semen, and vaginal secretions, overcoming the problems such as low specificity and sensitivity of marker tests and unbalanced RFU values of each marker in previous studies. The specificity and sensitivity meet the practical work requirements, and the operation is simple. It provides an analytical and identification method for body fluid stains in actual case and is applicable to the identification of the tissue origin of biological evidence at crime scenes involving sexual assault, indecent assault, and other criminal acts. In the future, more types of body fluid markers will be screened to expand the types of body fluids detected by the system, and body fluid-specific cSNP and cInDel genetic markers will be introduced to infer the sources (individuals and types) of mixed and complex stains more accurately.

Objective: To analyze the potential categories and influencing factors of the compliance trajectory of orthokeratology lenses (OK lens) in myopic children and adolescents, so as to provide a basis for dynamic and accurate intervention of OK lens compliance in myopic children and adolescents. Methods: From January to June 2024, 310 myopic children and adolescents wearing OK lens were selected as research subjects from the Ophthalmology Medical Center of Cangzhou Central Hospital using a convenient sampling method. Data were collected at four time points: when the glasses were first fitted (T0), 2 weeks after fitting (T1), 1 month later (T2), 3 months later (T3), and 6 months later (T4). The data collection methods included general information questionnaires, compliance surveys for OK lens wearers, the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Self-report Version (BRIEF-SR), family support scales, and a self-made questionnaire on myopia control attitudes. A growth mixed model was used to identify the trajectory categories of compliance with OK lens wearing among myopic children and adolescents, and multiple Logistic regression analysis was employed to examine the influencing factors. Results: The compliance with OK lens among myopic children and adolescents were roughly divided into four developmental trajectories: C1 exemplary adherent (58 cases, 18.71%), C2 gradual progressor (130 cases, 41.94%), C3 fluctuating (85 cases, 27.42%), and C4 stubborn low follower (37 cases, 11.94%). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that, with C1 group as the reference, age (C3, OR = 0.74 ), parental education level (C4, OR =0.67), executive function (C2, OR =0.69; C4, OR =0.44), family support (C3, OR =0.75) and myopia control attitude (C2, OR =0.39) were all influencing factors for the compliance trajectory of OK lens; with C2 group as the reference, age (C3, OR = 0.55 ), parental education level (C3, OR =0.34; C4, OR =0.64), executive function (C3, OR =0.77), and family support (C4, OR =0.58) were all influencing factors for the compliance trajectory of OK lens; with C3 group as the reference, age (C4, OR = 0.68 ), and myopia control attitude (C4, OR =0.44) were both influencing factors for the compliance trajectory of OK lens ( P <0.05). Conclusions The compliance of wearing OK lens in children and adolescents with myopia can be roughly divided into four trajectories, and there is group heterogeneity. Dynamic and precise compliance intervention strategies should be given based on different trajectories and influencing factors.

OBJECTIVE To optimize the forming process of Yindan huoxue tongyu granules， and evaluate the quality of the granules. METHODS Taking forming rate， angle of repose， moisture， moisture absorption rate and dissolution rate as indexes， single factor experiment combined with Plackett-Burman design was adopted to screen key process parameters； analytic hierarchy process combined with entropy weight method and Box-Behnken response surface method were used to optimize the molding process of Yindan huoxue tongyu granules， and the forming process was verified. The relative homogeneity index， bulk density， vibration density， Hausner ratio， angle of repose， moisture and hygroscopicity were used as secondary physical indexes to establish the physical fingerprints of 10 batches of Yindan huoxue tongyu granules to evaluate particle quality consistency. RESULTS The optimal molding process of Yindan huoxue tongyu granules was as follows： mannitol as the fixed excipient， the drug-assisted ratio was 1∶1（m/m） and the drying time was 1 h； 90% ethanol was used as wetting agent and the amount of it was 32%， the drying temperature was 70 ℃. The results of validation tests showed that the average comprehensive score was 97.45， which was close to the predicted value of 97.18. The similarities between the physical fingerprints of 10 batches of Yindan huoxue tongyu granules prepared by the optimal molding process and the reference physical fingerprint were all higher than 0.99. CONCLUSIONS The molding process is stable and feasible， and the quality of Yindan huoxue tongyu granules produced is stable and controllable.

ObjectiveMaxing Shigan Tang， as a traditional prescription for treating pneumonia， has a remarkable clinical effect. This study aims to systematically investigate the molecular mechanisms of Maxing Shigan Tang in treating pneumonia by integrating its structural and transcriptomic data at the target level. MethodsNP-TCMtarget， a developed systematic network pharmacological model focusing on drug targets， was used to mine the effect targets of Maxing Shigan Tang for treating pneumonia based on the transcriptome data. The structural targets of chemical components in Maxing Shigan Tang were predicted based on the structural information. The intersection of effect targets and structural targets was taken as the direct targets of Maxing Shigan Tang for treating pneumonia， and the remaining effect targets except direct targets were taken as indirect targets. Finally， functional enrichment analysis was performed on these targets to explore the molecular mechanism of Maxing Shigan Tang in treating pneumonia. ResultsA total of 1 604 effect targets and 816 structural targets of Maxing Shigan Tang for treating pneumonia were identified. Maxing Shigan Tang exerted its therapeutic effects through 164 direct targets and 1 440 indirect targets. The functional analysis of 1 604 effect targets predicted 19 significantly enriched pathways. Comprehensive analysis of these pathways showed that these targets were mainly linked to immune and inflammatory responses， such as cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction， necrosis factor （NF）-κB signaling pathway， and helper T cell 17 differentiation. ConclusionFocusing on the hierarchical feature of drug targets and the structural and transcriptomic data， this study systematically reveals the path of herbal component-direct target-indirect target-biological effects of Maxing Shigan Tang in treating pneumonia.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy and safety of Xiaoji Hufei Formula in protecting children with close contact exposure to influenza， and to provide reference and evidence-based support for better clinical prevention and treatment of influenza in children. MethodsA multicenter， prospective， non-randomized， parallel， controlled trial was conducted from October 2021 to May 2022 in five hospitals， including Dongfang Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine. Confirmed influenza cases and influenza-like illness （ILI） cases were collected， and eligible children with close contact exposure to these cases were recruited in the outpatient clinics. According to whether the enrolled close contacts were willing to take Xiaoji Hufei formula for influenza prevention， they were assigned to the observation group （108 cases） or the control group （108 cases）. Follow-up visits were conducted on days 7 and 14 after enrollment. The primary outcomes were the incidence of ILI and the rate of laboratory-confirmed influenza. Secondary outcomes included traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） symptom score scale for influenza， influenza-related emergency （outpatient） visit rate， influenza hospitalization rate， and time to onset after exposure to influenza cases. ResultsA total of 216 participants were enrolled， with 108 in the observation group and 108 in the control group. Primary outcomes： （1） Incidence of ILI： The incidence was 12.0% （13/108） in the observation group and 23.1% （25/108） in the control group， with the observation group showing a significantly lower incidence （χ²=4.6， P<0.05）. （2） Influenza confirmation rate： 3.7% （4/108） in the observation group and 4.6% （5/108） in the control group， with no statistically significant difference. Secondary outcomes： （1） TCM symptom score scale： after onset， nasal congestion and runny nose scores differed significantly between the two groups （P<0.05）， while other symptoms such as fever， sore throat， and cough showed no significant differences. （2） Influenza-related emergency （outpatient） visit rate： 84.6% （11 cases） in the observation group and 96.0% （24 cases） in the control group， with no significant difference. （3） Time to onset after exposure： The median onset time after exposure to index patients was 7 days in the observation group and 4 days in the control group， with a statistically significant difference （P<0.05）. ConclusionIn previously healthy children exposed to infectious influenza cases under unprotected conditions， Xiaoji Hufei formula prophylaxis significantly reduced the incidence of ILI. Xiaoji Hufei Formula can be recommended as a specific preventive prescription for influenza in children.

ObjectiveMaxing Shigan Tang， as a traditional prescription for treating pneumonia， has a remarkable clinical effect. This study aims to systematically investigate the molecular mechanisms of Maxing Shigan Tang in treating pneumonia by integrating its structural and transcriptomic data at the target level. MethodsNP-TCMtarget， a developed systematic network pharmacological model focusing on drug targets， was used to mine the effect targets of Maxing Shigan Tang for treating pneumonia based on the transcriptome data. The structural targets of chemical components in Maxing Shigan Tang were predicted based on the structural information. The intersection of effect targets and structural targets was taken as the direct targets of Maxing Shigan Tang for treating pneumonia， and the remaining effect targets except direct targets were taken as indirect targets. Finally， functional enrichment analysis was performed on these targets to explore the molecular mechanism of Maxing Shigan Tang in treating pneumonia. ResultsA total of 1 604 effect targets and 816 structural targets of Maxing Shigan Tang for treating pneumonia were identified. Maxing Shigan Tang exerted its therapeutic effects through 164 direct targets and 1 440 indirect targets. The functional analysis of 1 604 effect targets predicted 19 significantly enriched pathways. Comprehensive analysis of these pathways showed that these targets were mainly linked to immune and inflammatory responses， such as cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction， necrosis factor （NF）-κB signaling pathway， and helper T cell 17 differentiation. ConclusionFocusing on the hierarchical feature of drug targets and the structural and transcriptomic data， this study systematically reveals the path of herbal component-direct target-indirect target-biological effects of Maxing Shigan Tang in treating pneumonia.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy and safety of Xiaoji Hufei Formula in protecting children with close contact exposure to influenza， and to provide reference and evidence-based support for better clinical prevention and treatment of influenza in children. MethodsA multicenter， prospective， non-randomized， parallel， controlled trial was conducted from October 2021 to May 2022 in five hospitals， including Dongfang Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine. Confirmed influenza cases and influenza-like illness （ILI） cases were collected， and eligible children with close contact exposure to these cases were recruited in the outpatient clinics. According to whether the enrolled close contacts were willing to take Xiaoji Hufei formula for influenza prevention， they were assigned to the observation group （108 cases） or the control group （108 cases）. Follow-up visits were conducted on days 7 and 14 after enrollment. The primary outcomes were the incidence of ILI and the rate of laboratory-confirmed influenza. Secondary outcomes included traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） symptom score scale for influenza， influenza-related emergency （outpatient） visit rate， influenza hospitalization rate， and time to onset after exposure to influenza cases. ResultsA total of 216 participants were enrolled， with 108 in the observation group and 108 in the control group. Primary outcomes： （1） Incidence of ILI： The incidence was 12.0% （13/108） in the observation group and 23.1% （25/108） in the control group， with the observation group showing a significantly lower incidence （χ²=4.6， P<0.05）. （2） Influenza confirmation rate： 3.7% （4/108） in the observation group and 4.6% （5/108） in the control group， with no statistically significant difference. Secondary outcomes： （1） TCM symptom score scale： after onset， nasal congestion and runny nose scores differed significantly between the two groups （P<0.05）， while other symptoms such as fever， sore throat， and cough showed no significant differences. （2） Influenza-related emergency （outpatient） visit rate： 84.6% （11 cases） in the observation group and 96.0% （24 cases） in the control group， with no significant difference. （3） Time to onset after exposure： The median onset time after exposure to index patients was 7 days in the observation group and 4 days in the control group， with a statistically significant difference （P<0.05）. ConclusionIn previously healthy children exposed to infectious influenza cases under unprotected conditions， Xiaoji Hufei formula prophylaxis significantly reduced the incidence of ILI. Xiaoji Hufei Formula can be recommended as a specific preventive prescription for influenza in children.

OBJECTIVE To establish a content determination method for multiple components in Sophora flavescens from different origins and to evaluate its quality by combining with chemometrics. METHODS Thirteen batches （No. K1-K13） of S. flavescens from different origins were selected as test samples. A high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry （HPLC-MS/MS） method was established to determine the contents of 12 components， including matrine， oxymatrine， betaine， cytisine， N-methylcytisine， sophoridine， genistein， sophoricoside， sophorone， formononetin， sophorolone Ⅰ and norkurarinone in S. flavescens. Chromatographic separation was performed on a Shim-pack GIST-HP C18 column with a mobile phase consisting of methanol （A） and water containing 0.1% formic acid （B）， using gradient elution at a flow rate of 0.25 mL/min， column temperature of 35 ℃， and an injection volume of 3 μL. Mass spectrometry was conducted using an electrospray ionization source with positive and negative ion scanning. Data were collected in segments using the multiple reaction monitoring mode. Technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution （TOPSIS） and grey relational analysis （GRA）methods were employed to compare and comprehensively evaluate the 13 batches of S. flavescens from different origins. RESULTS The methodological validation for the content determination met the relevant regulatory requirements. The contents of the 12 components were 490.66-1 231.00， 11 088.10- 18 021.50， 7.91-25.38， 903.97-1 713.64， 336.08-1 485.54，1 065.33-2 075.50， 27.52-71.80， 109.36-517.83， 6 034.55-10 632.73， 21.26-145.35， 814.84-1 911.32， 1 040.87-3 446.37 μg/g）， respectively. TOPSIS results showed that the top 7 samples in Euclidean distance ranking were K6， K12， K11， K3， K5， K10， K13. The GRA results showed that the top 7 samples in the relative correlation ranking were K12， K11， K10， K6， K13， K5， K3. CONCLUSIONS The established HPLC-MS/MS method is rapid， accurate， highly sensitive， stable and reliable. Combined with chemometrics methods， it can be used for the quality control and evaluation of S. flavescens. The comprehensive quality of samples K3， K5， K6（ from Hebei）， K10（ from Sichuan）， K11-K13（ from Shanxi）， etc. is relatively superior.