“Runner’s high” refers to a momentary sense of pleasure that suddenly appears during running or other exercise activities, characterized by anti-anxiety, pain relief, and other symptoms. The neurobiological mechanism of “runner’s high” is unclear. This review summarizes human and animal models for studying “runner’s high”, analyzes the neurotransmitters and neural circuits involved in runner’s high, and elucidates the evidence and shortcomings of researches related to “runner’s high”. This review also provides prospects for future research. Research has found that exercise lasting more than 30 min and with an intensity exceeding 70% of the maximum heart rate can reach a “runner’s high”. Human experiments on “runner’s high” mostly use treadmill exercise intervention, and evaluate it through questionnaire surveys, measurement of plasma AEA, miRNA and other indicators. Animal experiments often use voluntary wheel running intervention, and evaluate it through behavioral experiments such as conditional place preference, light dark box experiments (anxiety), hot plate experiments (pain sensitivity), and measurement of plasma AEA and other indicators. Dopamine, endogenous opioid peptides, endogenous cannabinoids, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and other substances increase after exercise, which may be related to the “runner’s high”. However, attention should be paid to the functional differences of these substances in the central and peripheral regions, as well as in different brain regions. Moreover, current studies have not identified the targets of the neurotransmitters or neural factors mentioned above, and further in-depth researches are needed. The mesolimbic dopamine system, prefrontal cortex-nucleus accumbens projection, ventral hippocampus-nucleus accumbens projection, red nucleus-ventral tegmental area projection, cerebellar-ventral tegmental area projection, and brain-gut axis may be involved in the regulation of runner’s high, but there is a lack of direct evidence to prove their involvement. There are still many issues that need to be addressed in the research on the neurobiological mechanisms of “runner’s high”. (1) Most studies on “runner’s high” involve one-time exercise, and the characteristics of changes in “runner’s high” during long-term exercise still need to be explored. (2) The using of scales to evaluate subjects lead to the lacking of objective indicators. However, some potential biomarkers (such as endocannabinoids) have inconsistent characteristics of changes after one-time and long-term exercise. (3) The neurotransmitters involved in the formation of the “runner’s high” all increase in the peripheral and/or central nervous system after exercise. Attention should be paid to whether peripheral substances can enter the blood-brain barrier and the binding effects of neurotransmitters to different receptors are completely different in different brain regions. (4) Most of the current evidence show that some brain regions are activated after exercise. Is there a functional circuit mediating “runner’s high” between these brain regions? (5) Although training at a specific exercise intensity can lead to “runner’s high”, most runners have not experienced “runner’s high”. Can more scientific training methods or technological means be used to make it easier for people to experience the “runner’s high” and thus be more willing to engage in exercise? (6) The “runner’s high” and “addiction” behaviors are extremely similar, and there are evidences that exercise can reverse addictive behaviors. However, why is there still a considerable number of people in the sports population and even athletes who smoke or use addictive drugs instead of pursuing the “pleasure” brought by exercise? Solving the problems above is of great significance for enhancing the desire of exercise, improving the clinical application of neurological and psychiatric diseases through exercise, and enhancing the overall physical fitness of the population.

Objective To explore the implementation effect of PDCA model in medical dispute legal risk management.Methods Conduct research on medical disputes,early warning,and disposal methods before and after PDCA cycle improvement(January 2022 to December 2022)and after PDCA cycle improvement(January 2023 to August 2023).Results Before imple-menting the PDCA model(2022),there were 2 cases(20.00％)of medical disputes among patients in thoracic surgery,head and neck surgery,oncology,and gynecology,as well as 1 case(10.00％)in the radiology group and 1 case(10.00％)in the early diagnosis of urban cancer.After implementing the PDCA model(2023),4 cases occurred and the incidence of medical dis-putes in relevant departments decreased(P＜0.05);There were 28 complaints before the implementation of the PDCA model(2022),and 7 after the implementation of the PDCA model(2023).There was a statistically significant difference(P＜0.05)in the reported departments of thoracic surgery,head and neck surgery,oncology,laboratory,and hospital epidemic prevention and control issues before and after management.Conclusion The PDCA model can improve the ability of medical dispute risk warning and resolution,as well as the quality of risk management work,reduce the incidence rate,and is worth promoting and applying.

Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are nanoscale vesicles secreted by Gram-negative bacteria. As a unique bacterial secretion, OMV secretion can help bacteria maintain the outer membrane stability or remove harmful substances. Studies have shown that local separation of outer membrane and peptidoglycan layers led by abnormalities in outer membrane protein function, abnormal structure or excessive accumulation of LPS, and erroneous accumulation of phospholipids in the outer leaflet, which can all lead to bacterial outer membrane protrusion and eventually bud formation of OMVs. Since OMVs are mainly composed of bacterial outer membrane and periplasmic components, the pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) on their surface can trigger strong immune responses. For example, OMVs can recruit and activate neutrophils, polarize macrophages to secrete large amounts of inflammatory factors. More importantly, OMVs can act as adjuvants to induce dendritic cell (DC) maturation to enhance adaptive immune response in the body. At the same time, OMVs are derived from bacteria, which make it easy to modify. The methods by genetic engineering and others can improve their tumor targeting, give them new functions, or reduce their immunotoxicity, which is conducive to their application in tumor therapy. OMVs not only induce apoptosis or pyroptosis of tumor cells, but also regulate the host immune system, which makes OMVs themselves have a certain killing effect on tumors. In addition, the tendency of neutrophils to inflammatory tumor sites and the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps enable OMVs to target tumor sites, and the suitable size and the characteristic that they are easily taken up by DCs give OMVs a certain lymphatic targeting ability. Therefore, OMVs are often employed as excellent drug or vaccine carriers in tumor therapy. This review mainly discusses the biological mechanism of OMVs, the regulatory effects of OMVs on immune cells, the functional modification strategies of OMVs, and their research progress in tumor therapy.

AIM: To detect the expression of P53 and mTOR in pterygium tissues and healthy conjunctival tissues, and to explore the relationship between the expression of P53 and mTOR, and the relationship between the expression of P53 and mTOR and the important clinical features of pterygium.METHODS: The surgical specimens of 43 patients(43 eyes)who underwent pterygium excision and autologous conjunctival transplantation in the First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University from November 2022 to May 2023 were collected. Healthy conjunctiva group was selected from the healthy conjunctival tissue that originated from the temporal conjunctiva of 13 patients. Totally 10 pterygium specimens and 6 normal conjunctival specimens were selected and the qPCR was used to detect the mRNA expression levels of P53 and mTOR in pterygium and normal conjunctival tissues. Another 33 cases of pterygium and 7 cases of normal conjunctival tissues were collected and the expression of P53 and mTOR in pterygium and normal conjunctival tissues were detected by immunohistochemistry. IPP6.0 software was used to calculate the average optical density, the correlation between the expression levels of P53 and mTOR, and the correlation between the expression levels of P53 and mTOR and the important clinical features of pterygium were analyzed.RESULTS: According to qPCR results, the mRNA expression levels of TP53 and mTOR in the pterygium group were significantly higher than those in the healthy conjunctiva group(all P<0.05). According to the immunohistochemical staining results, the expression levels of P53 and mTOR proteins in the pterygium group were significantly higher than those in the healthy conjunctiva group(P<0.05). The expression of P53 was positively correlated with the expression of mTOR(r=0.417, P<0.05). The expression of P53 in the group of outdoor activity time > 3 h was higher than that in the group of outdoor activity time ≤3 h(P<0.05). The expression of P53 in the group of pterygium head invasive limbal distance > 2 mm was higher than that in the group of pterygium head invasive limbal distance ≤2 mm(P<0.05). There was no difference in the expression of pterygium between the two groups of patients aged > 40 years and ≤40 years(P>0.05). There was no significant difference in the expression of mTOR between the groups of outdoor activity time > 3 h and ≤3 h, the group of pterygium head invasion distance > 2 mm and ≤2 mm, and the group of > 40 years old and ≤40 years old(all P>0.05). The expression of P53 was positively correlated with the duration of outdoor activities(r=0.484, P<0.01)and the distance of limbal invasion(r=0.479, P<0.01). The expression of mTOR was not correlated with age, duration of outdoor activities, and distance of limbus invasion(all P>0.05).CONCLUSION: The overexpression of P53 and mTOR in pterygium showed a positive correlation, suggesting that the abnormal expression of P53 and mTOR may play a role in the pathogenesis of pterygium, which provides an experimental basis for further exploring the pathogenesis of pterygium; the expression of P53 is positively correlated with the time of outdoor activities and the distance of pterygium invasion. The P53 plays a role in evaluating the severity of pterygium, and provides new ideas for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of pterygium.

This experiment aims to study the taste-masking effects of different kinds of corrigent used individually and in combination on ibuprofen oral solution, in order to optimize the taste-masking formulation. Firstly, a wide range of corrigent and the mass fractions were extensively screened using electronic tongue technology. Subsequently, a combination of sensory evaluation, analytic hierarchy process (AHP)-fuzzy mathematics evaluation, and Box-Behnken experimental design were employed to comprehensively assess the taste-masking effects of different combinations of corrigent on ibuprofen oral solution, optimize the taste-masking formulation, and validate the results. The study received ethical approval from the Review Committee of the Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (ethical code: 2024BZYLL0102). The results showed that corrigent fractions and types were screened separately through single-factor experiments. Subsequently, a Box-Behnken response surface design combined with AHP and fuzzy mathematics evaluation was used to fit a functional model: Z = 688.310 11 - 3 023.722 22X₁ - 11.477 00X₂ + 62.721 67X₃ + 14.600 00X₁X₂ - 179.666 67X₁X₃ - 3.152 00X₂X₃ + 4 031.111 11X₁² + 0.525 28X₂² + 9.772 00X₃². This model is stable and reliable, determining the optimal taste-masking formulation to be 3.9 g·L^-1 of stevioside, 100 g L^-1 of xylitol, and 30 g L^-1 of methyl-β-cyclodextrin. The comprehensive score of the verification test is 88.14, with a relative RSD of 0.39%, indicating the feasibility of this model. This study achieved the improvement of the taste of ibuprofen oral solution through a combination of objective and subjective methods. Three types of corrigent were identified for enhancing drug taste, leading to the selection of the optimal taste-masking formulation for ibuprofen oral solution. This significantly enhanced the taste of the original formulation, improved patient compliance, and offered a new approach to mitigating the undesirable taste of formulations.

Piperazines are a class of new psychoactive substances with hallucinogenic effects that af-fect the central nervous system by affecting the level of monoamine neurotransmitters.Abuse of pipera-zines will produce stimulating and hallucinogenic effects,accompanied by headache,dizziness,anxiety,insomnia,vomiting,chest pain,tachycardia,hypertension and other adverse reactions,and may even cause cardiovascular diseases and multiple organ failure and lead to death,seriously affecting human physical and mental health and public safety.The abuse of new psychoactive substance piperazines has attracted extensive attention from the international community.The study of its pharmacological toxi-cology and analytical methods has become a research hotspot in the field of forensic medicine.This paper reviews the in vivo processes,sample treatment and analytical methods of existing piperazines,in order to provide reference for forensic identification.

Objective:To investigate the impact of pumpkin polysaccharide(PP)on hypoxia/reoxygenation(H/R)-induced myocardial cell(H9C2)injury by regulating Nrf2/γ-GCS pathway.Methods:HR cell models were established,and the concentration of pumpkin polysaccharide(PP)was determined.H9C2 cells were grouped into Control group,H/R group,pumpkin polysaccharide group(PP group,2 mg/L PP),Nrf2 inhibitor group(ML385 group,2.0 μmol/L ML385),and PP+ML385 group(2.0 mg/L PP+2.0 μmol/L ML385),the apoptosis,mitochondrial membrane potential changes,oxidative stress(LDH,MDA,SOD,ROS),the lev-els of inflammatory factors(TNF-α,IL-6,IL-1β)and the protein expressions of Nrf2 and γ-GCS in H9C2 cells were detected,respec-tively.Results:Compared with Control group,H/R group had changes in cell morphology,the cell injury and mitochondrial membrane potential decreased,the H9C2 cell viability,SOD and protein expression levels of Nrf2 and γ-GCS were significantly decreased,while the apoptosis rate,LDH,MDA,ROS,and levels of TNF-α,IL-6 and IL-1β were significantly increased(P<0.05);compared with H/R group,the cell injury in PP group was reduced,the mitochondrial membrane potential was restored,the H9C2 cell viability,SOD and protein expression levels of Nrf2 and γ-GCS were significantly increased,and the apoptosis rate,LDH,MDA,ROS,and levels of TNF-α,IL-6 and IL-1β were significantly decreased(P<0.05),the effect of ML385 was opposite to that of PP,and ML385 could reverse the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of PP.Conclusion:PP up-regulates the Nrf2/γ-GCS pathway to exert antiox-idant and anti-inflammatory effects,and reduces H/R-induced H9C2 cell injury.

The distribution of Ixodes and Ana plasma carried by Ixodes ticks in Anhui Province was clarified as reference for prevention and control of anaplasmosis.In total,630 hard ticks were collected from Jinzhai County,Hanshan County,Jing-de County and Chaohu City in Anhui Province from April to August 2023.Ticks were identified by morphological analysis and 16S rRNA sequencing.Nested PCR with Anaplasma species-specific primers were used to detect 16S rRNA of Anaplasma spe-cies carried by ticks.A phylogenetic tree was constructed using MEGA11.0 software.Of the identified ticks,18.8％(18/96)were Rhipicephalus microplus and 81.2％(78/96)were Haemaphysalis longicorni in Jinzhai County of Anhui Province,all were H.longicorni in Hanshan County and Chaohu City,while the main species in Jingde County was R.microplus.The posi-tive rate of Anaplasma carried by H.longicornis was 30.9％(102/330),which included A.bovis at 1.8％(6/330),A.phagocytophilum at 21.8％(72/330)and uncultured Anaplasma species at 7.3％(24/330).R.microplus was positively cor-related to A.bovis(13.6％,18/132).The uncultured Anaplasma species was mainly detected in host-free ticks.A.phagocy-tophilum was detected in 24.4％of parasitic ticks and 15.8％of host-free ticks.The positive rates of host-free and parasitic ticks were 19.9％and 17.8％,respectively.These results show that H.longicornis and R.microplus were the dominant ticks in several counties of Anhui Province.H.longicornis and R.microplus as well as free and parasitic ticks all carried Anaplas-ma.

Objective To compare the prevalence and disease burden of thyroid cancer and their trends between China and the globe from 1990 to 2019.Methods With the global disease burden data in 2019,Joinpoint was used to predict the trends of the disease burden of thyroid cancer in China and the globe from 1990 to 2019,and logarithmic linear model was used to test the predicted trends.The R language was used for predictive analysis and graphic plotting of the disease burden from 2020 to 2035.Results From 1990 to 2019,the standardized incidence rate and the standardized mortality rate of thyroid cancer in China were lower than those in the globe.The standardized incidence rate in China and the globe showed an increasing trend(with the increases of 102.65% and 40.65%,respectively),while the standardized mortality rate showed a decreasing trend(with the decreases of 7.63% and 4.91%,respectively).Compared with those of the female population,the standardized incidence and mortality rates of the Chinese male population increased significantly from 1990 to 2019(the rates of change in the male population were 48.65% and 214.60%,respectively;and the rates of change in the female population were -39.01% and 60.44%,respectively).China's overall standardized years of life lost(YLL),years lived with disability(YLD),and disability-adjusted life years(DALY)rates during the 30-year period were lower than the global average.The Chinese and global populations showed the standardized YLL rate decreasing by 16.61% and 6.88% and the standardized DALY rate decreasing by 10.77% and 3.65%,respectively,while the rates of standardized YLD increased by 128.91% and 46.89%,respectively.The magnitude of DALY in China and the world was mainly influenced by YLL.The standardized incidence,mortality,and DALY rates of the Chinese male population were gradually approaching the global levels.From 1990 and 2019,thyroid cancer showed a higher mortality rate in the population with the age ≥ 75 years and a higher incidence rate in the population with the age <75 years.It is projected that from 2020 to 2035,the standardized incidence rates in China and the world will increase by 36.66% and 21.15%,respectively;the standardized mortality rates will decrease by 20.19% and 3.46%,respectively;and the standardized DALY rate is expected to decrease by 7.08% in China and increase by 4.35% in the world.Conclusions From 1990 to 2019,China's standardized incidence rate of thyroid cancer increased and had a higher increase than the global level,and the standardized mortality rate decreased,with a slightly higher decrease than the global level.However,the increases in the standardized incidence rate and mortality rate of this disease in China's ≥75 years male population were severe.Although China's disease burden of thyroid cancer showed a decreasing trend in line with the global trend as a whole,the disease burden in the Chinese males was higher than that in the females.Specifically,the disease burden due to premature death was predominant,and the burden in specific populations requires policy attention.
Male ; Humans ; Female ; Aged ; Quality-Adjusted Life Years ; Reference Standards ; Cost of Illness ; China/epidemiology* ; Thyroid Neoplasms/epidemiology* ; Incidence

Aim To investigate the protective effect of orcinol glucoside on dexamethasone(DEX)-induced osteoblast injury and its mechanism. Methods Primary osteoblasts were extracted from calvaria of neonatal mice and cultured in medium with DEX(1 μmol•L