Functional membrane microdomains (FMMs) that are mainly composed of scaffold proteins and polyisoprenoids play important roles in diverse cellular physiological processes in bacteria. The aim of this study was to identify the correlation between MK-7 and FMMs and then regulate the MK-7 biosynthesis through FMMs. Firstly, the relationship between FMMs and MK-7 on the cell membrane was determined by fluorescent labeling. Secondly, we demonstrated that MK-7 is a key polyisoprenoid component of FMMs by analyzing the changes in the content of MK-7 on cell membrane and the changes in the membrane order before and after destroying the integrity of FMMs. Subsequently, the subcellular localization of some key enzymes in MK-7 synthesis was explored by visual analysis, and the intracellular free pathway enzymes Fni, IspA, HepT and YuxO were localized to FMMs through FloA to achieve the compartmentalization of MK-7 synthesis pathway. Finally, a high MK-7 production strain BS3AT was successfully obtained. The production of MK-7 reached 300.3 mg/L in shake flask and 464.2 mg/L in 3 L fermenter.
Bacillus subtilis/metabolism* ; Vitamin K 2/metabolism* ; Bioreactors/microbiology* ; Membrane Microdomains/metabolism*

Humans ; Vitamins/therapeutic use* ; Iron, Dietary ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Nutrition Surveys ; Diet ; Vitamin A ; Vitamin K

Bromadiolone, commonly known as super warfarin, is a long-acting coumarin dicoumarin rodenticide. The mechanism of bromadiolone is mainly to inhibit vitamin K1 epoxide reductase and affect the synthesis of coagulation factors Ⅱ, Ⅶ, Ⅸ and Ⅹ, which causes blood coagulation dysfunction and systemic multiple organ hemorrhage. Here, we report of a case of bromadiolone poisoning patient who had digestive tract, abdominal hemorrhage, as well as secondary paralytic ileus. After blood product transfusion and vitamin K1 supplementation, the patient was discharged after the physical condition was improved. It's suggestied that clinicians should pay attention to rare complications to prevent missed diagnosis when treating other bromadiolone poisoning.
4-Hydroxycoumarins ; Blood Coagulation Factors ; Dicumarol ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction/chemically induced* ; Oxidoreductases ; Rodenticides ; Vitamin K 1 ; Warfarin

Administration, Oral ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Vitamin K

OBJECTIVES: To study the level of serum vitamin K₂ (VitK₂) and its association with bone metabolism markers osteocalcin (OC), type I procollagen amino-terminal peptide (PINP), and type I collagen carboxy-terminal peptide (CTX) in children. METHODS: A prospective analysis was performed on 1 732 children who underwent routine physical examination from October 2020 to October 2021. The serum levels of VitK₂ and 25-hydroxy vitamin D [25(OH)D] were measured. According to age, they were divided into four groups: <1 year, 1-3 years group, >3-6 years group, and >6-14 years. A total of 309 children with 25(OH)D≥50 nmol/L were screened out, and serum levels of OC, PINP, and CTX were measured to investigate the correlation of the serum levels of OC, PINP, and CTX with serum VitK₂ levels in different age groups. RESULTS: The prevalence rate of serum VitK₂ deficiency was 52.31% (906/1 732). The VitK₂ deficiency group had higher prevalence rates of overweight/obesity and growth pain (≥3 years of age) than the normal VitK₂ group (P<0.05). There were differences in the prevalence rate of serum VitK₂ deficiency (P<0.0083) and the serum level of VitK₂ (P<0.05) between the 1-3 years group and the >6-14 years group. The <1 year group had a higher serum level of CTX and a lower serum level of PINP than the >3-6 years group and the >6-14 years group (P<0.05). The <1 year group had a lower serum level of OC than the >6-14 years group (P<0.05). Serum VitK₂ level was positively correlated with OC level (r_s=0.347, P<0.01), and CTX level was negatively correlated with PINP level (r_s=-0.317, P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Serum VitK₂ deficiency may be associated with overweight/obesity. Serum VitK₂ may affect the level of OC and even bone health.
Child ; Humans ; Infant ; Biomarkers/metabolism* ; Collagen Type I/metabolism* ; Obesity/complications* ; Osteocalcin/metabolism* ; Overweight/complications* ; Peptide Fragments/metabolism* ; Peptides/metabolism* ; Procollagen/metabolism* ; Vitamin K/blood* ; Child, Preschool ; Adolescent ; Bone and Bones/metabolism*

Vitamins are organic substances that are essential for the maintenance of life activities. Generally, vitamins need to be obtained from the diet or from some synthetic source as the body cannot synthesize vitamins, or the amounts of the synthesized vitamins are insufficient. At present, vitamins are widely used in medicine, food additives, feed additives, cosmetics and other fields, and the global demand for vitamins is constantly growing. Vitamins can be produced from chemical or microbial synthesis. Chemical synthesis usually requires harsh reaction conditions, produces serious wastes, and creates great potential safety hazard. In contrast, microbial synthesis of vitamins is greener, safer, and requires much less energy input. This review summarizes the advances in metabolic engineering for vitamins production in the past 30 years, with a focus on production of water-soluble vitamins (vitamins B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, B12 and vitamin C precursors) and lipid-soluble vitamins (vitamin A, precursors of vitamin D, vitamin E and vitamin K). Moreover, the bottlenecks for fermentative production of vitamins are discussed, and future perspectives for developing next generation vitamins producing strains using synthetic biotechnology are prospected.
Biotechnology ; Metabolic Engineering ; Vitamin A ; Vitamin K ; Vitamins/analysis*

vitamin D, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B₁₂, pantothenic acid, sodium, animal iron, zinc, selenium, and cholesterol (negative trends), and carbohydrate rate, fiber, water-soluble fiber, vitamin K, vitamin C, and plant calcium (positive trends). Multivariate analysis revealed that animal fat, animal iron, and niacin (negative trends) and animal protein, fiber, and vitamin C (positive trends) were statistically significant. Pantothenic acid and sodium showed non-significant negative trends (P < 0.1), and vitamin B₁₂ showed a non-significant positive trend.CONCLUSION: This study provided a nutritional basis and extended the utility of ACFS, which is a bridgehead for future cancer-preventive clinical trials using ACFS.]]>
Animals ; Ascorbic Acid ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Calcium ; Cholesterol ; Diet ; Humans ; Iron ; Multivariate Analysis ; Niacin ; Pantothenic Acid ; Plants ; Riboflavin ; Selenium ; Sodium ; Vegetarians ; Vitamin D ; Vitamin K ; Vitamins ; Zinc

OBJECTIVE: To compare the accuracy of five warfarin-dosing algorithms and warfarin stable dose model (2.5 mg/day) for Shandong population. METHODS: One hundred and twenty five patients who achieved stable warfarin dose were enrolled. Clinical and genetic data were used to evaluate the value of each algorithm by calculating the percentage of patients whose predicted warfarin dose was within 20% of the actual stable therapeutic dose and mean absolute error (MAE). RESULTS: The frequency of patients with CYP2C9*1/*1, CYP2C9*1/*3 and CYP2C9*1/*2 genotype was 92.00%, 7.20%, 0.80%, respectively. That of VKORC1-1639 AA, AG and GG genotype was 82.40%, 15.20%, 2.40%, respectively. CYP4F2*1/*1, *1/*3, *3/*3 genotype was 50.40%, 39.20%, 10.40%, respectively. With the same genotypes for other loci, patients who carried at least one VKORC1-16398G mutant allele had increased warfarin stable daily dose compared with VKORC1-1639AA. Compared with CYP4F2*1/*1, those carrying at least one CYP4F2*3 mutant allele had warfarin stable daily dose increased by 5.9%-13.00%. The percentage of ideal prediction calculated from IWPC model (59.20%), Huang model (57.60%) and Ohno model (52.80%) were higher than others. The MAE were 0.35 (95%CI: 0.11-0.49), 0.15 (95%CI: 0.10-0.32), 0.39 (95%CI: 0.12-0.51), respectively. CONCLUSION The polymorphisms of CYP2C9, VKORC1 and CYP4F2 genes can influence the stable dose of warfarin in Shandong population. IWPC algorithm is suitable for guiding the use of warfarin in this population.
Anticoagulants ; administration & dosage ; Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9 ; genetics ; Cytochrome P450 Family 4 ; genetics ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Genotype ; Humans ; Models, Theoretical ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Vitamin K Epoxide Reductases ; genetics ; Warfarin ; administration & dosage

Thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) is one class of the most important antioxidant selenoproteins and is involved in regulating tumor genesis and progression. It has been reported that naphthoquinones can target and inhibit TrxR1 activity therefore produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediated by TrxR1, resulting into cellular redox imbalance and making the naphthoquinone compounds to become potential antitumor chemotherapy drugs. The purpose of this work is to explore the interaction between TrxR1 and menadione using biochemical and mass-spectrometric (MS) analyses, to further reveal the detailed mechanisms of TrxR1-mediated naphthoquinone reduction and inhibition of TrxR1 by naphthoquinone compounds. Using the site-directed mutagenesis and recombinantly expressed TrxR1 variants, we measured the steady-state kinetic parameters of menadione reduction mediated by TrxR1 and its variants, performed the inhibition analysis of menadione on TrxR1 activity, and eventually identified the interaction between menadione and TrxR1 through MS analysis. We found that Sec-to-Cys mutation at residue of 498 significantly enhanced the efficiency of TrxR1-mediated menadione reduction, though the Sec⁴⁹⁸ is capable to catalyze the menadione reduction, indicating that TrxR1-mediated menadione reduction is dominantly in a Se-independent manner. Mutation experiments showed that Cys⁴⁹⁸ is mainly responsible for menadione catalysis in comparison to Cys⁴⁹⁷, while the N-terminal Cys⁶⁴ is slightly stronger than Cys⁵⁹ regarding the menadione reduction. LC-MS results detected that TrxR1 was arylated with one molecule of menadione, suggesting that menadione irreversibly modified the hyper-reactive Sec residue at the C-terminus of selenoprotein TrxR1. This study revealed that TrxR1 catalyzes the reduction of menadione in a Se-independent manner meanwhile its activity is irreversibly inhibited by menadione. Hereby it will be useful for the research and development of naphthoquinone anticancer drugs targeting TrxR1.
Catalysis ; Drug Development ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Thioredoxin Reductase 1/metabolism* ; Vitamin K 3/metabolism*

In recent years, mass spectrometry has been widely used to study membrane protein structure and function. However, the application of mass spectrometry to study integral membrane protein is limited because there are many hydrophobic amino acids in the trans-membrane domain of integral membrane protein to cause low sequence coverage detected by LC-MS/MS. Therefore, we used vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKORC1), a human integral membrane protein, as a model to optimize the digestion conditions of chymotrypsin, and developed an in-gel digestion method of chymotrypsin to improve sequence coverage of membrane protein by mass spectrometry. By exploring the effects of calcium concentration, pH value and buffer system on the percentage of sequence coverage, number of total detected and types of unique peptide, and the size of unique peptide, sequence coverage and peptide diversity could be considered under condition of Tris-HCl buffer with 5-10 mmol/L calcium ion concentration and pH value 8.0-8.5. This method could make the sequence coverage of membrane protein to reach more than 80%. It could be widely used in the study of membrane protein structure and function, identification of interaction site between membrane proteins, and identification of binding site between membrane protein and small molecular drug.
Amino Acid Sequence ; Chromatography, Liquid ; Chymotrypsin/metabolism* ; Digestion ; Humans ; Membrane Proteins ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry ; Trypsin ; Vitamin K Epoxide Reductases