Sonogenetics is an emerging synthetic biology technique that uses sound waves to activate mechanosensitive ion channel proteins on the cell surface to regulate cell behavior and function.Due to the widespread presence of mechanically sensitive ion channel systems in cells and the advantages of non-invasion,strong penetrability,high safety and high accuracy of sonogenetics technology,it has great development potential in basic biomedical research and clinical applications,especially in neuronal regulation,tumor mechanism research,sonodynamic therapy and hearing impairment.This review discusses the basic principles of sonogenetics,the development status of sonogenetics and its application in the prevention and treatment of noise-induced hearing loss,summarizes and analyzes the current challenges and future development direction,thus providing a reference for further research and development of sonogenetics in the field of military medicine.

Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） pharmacology （PTCM） is a discipline that studies the interactions between Chinese medicines and the human body， as well as their underlying mechanisms， under the guidance of TCM theories while employing modern scientific techniques and methods. This article reviews the historical development and achievements of the PTCM discipline at the Institute of Chinese Materia Medica， China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences， and outlines the reform measures undertaken in recent years to advance the construction of the graduate course system in PTCM. Building upon the foundation of the "Special Topics in PTCM" course， the curriculum has been expanded through reforms to include a series of self-designed courses， such as foundational advanced courses， experimental pharmacology courses， pharmacological research tools courses， and applied TCM research courses. Along with enriching the graduate course system， the study explores innovative approaches and methods for graduate education and teaching in PTCM， and reflects on the challenges in course system construction and teaching， serving as a reference for improving the quality of graduate training， promoting the development of the PTCM discipline， and advancing teaching reform practices.

The clinical efficacy advantages of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） compound prescriptions have always been inadequately characterized in experimental research，which has become a bottleneck restricting the development of TCM pharmacology and even the progress of TCM. The concept of simultaneous treatment/regulation，guided by the theory of mutual generation and restriction of five zang-organs，has guiding significance in the clinical practice of TCM throughout history and is still widely used in the current clinical practice. However，this unique and clinically valuable diagnostic and therapeutic medication system based on the syndrome differentiation has been completely ignored in the modern research of TCM pharmacology，which might be one of the key factors restricting the pharmacological characterization of the therapeutic advantages of TCM compound prescriptions. On the basis of systematically summarizing the phased progress and achievements of the efficacy evaluation of TCM compound prescriptions，this article explores the path of exploring the pharmacological advantages of TCM compound prescriptions on simultaneous treatment/regulation on the basis of the correlation patterns of five zang-organs，from the theory of Zangxiang，the core concept of five zang-organs，and the TCM disease recognition based on the theory of mutual generation and restriction of five zang-organs. With the heart-lung correlation as a breakthrough point，this study explored a new characterization method for the pharmacological advantages of TCM，aiming to provide new ideas for evaluating the efficacy of TCM compound prescriptions.

International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies nickel compounds as Class Ⅰ carcinogens. International Labour Organization (ILO) also lists nickel compounds as carcinogenic factors of occupational cancer. At present, China is revising the Classification and Catalogue of Occupational Diseases, and cancer caused by nickel compounds may also be included in the statutory occupational diseases. The Diagnostic and Exposure Standards for Occupational Diseases published by ILO in 2022 discussed the pathogenic characteristics, occupational exposure, main health effects, diagnostic criteria and key preventive measures of nickel compounds in detail. This article mainly introduces its contents, in order to provid a basis for the formulation of relevant standards in China.

Gliomas are the most common primary intracranial tumors in adults, among which high-grade glioma patients are characterized by short survival and poor prognosis. The diagnosis, treatment, evaluation of effective treatments, and prognosis prediction of high-grade gliomas are of great significance for improving patient survival. Conventional enhanced magnetic resonance imaging has deficiencies in delineating tumor extent, identifying tumor progression and treatment-related changes. Therefore, there is a broad consensus to incorporate amino acid PET, and ¹⁸F-FET PET inparticular, into the diagnostic and therapeutic process of high-grade gliomas. In this article, we review the new research progress of ¹⁸F-FET PET in the diagnosis and treatment of adult high-grade glioma in recent years.

With the rapid development of social economy， the number of patients with nervous system diseases has increased， and the incidence of the population has a trend of younger， which has a serious impact on life health and social economy. Artemisinin is an active antimalarial component extracted and isolated from Artemisia annua， a Chinese medicinal material. Artemisinin and its derivatives， in addition to the antimalarial effect， also have anti-parasitic， anti-fungal， anti-viral， hypoglycemic， hypolipidemic， anti-tumor， and anti-inflammatory effects， showing a wide range of pharmacological activities. In the past five years， research on the new pharmacological effects of artemisinin and its derivatives has been deepening， and the efficacy of artemisinin and its derivatives in nervous system diseases has attracted much attention， including anti-neuroinflammation， anti-oxidative stress， maintaining the stability of the blood-brain barrier， regulating the release of neurotransmitters， repairing neuronal damage， and promoting neuronal regeneration. These pharmacological effects indicate that artemisinin and its derivatives are potentially capable of neuroprotection. By sorting out literature on the pharmacological activity of artemisinin and its derivatives in nervous system during 2019－2024， this paper systematically summarized the protective effects of artemisinin and its derivatives against nervous system diseases such as stroke， neurodegenerative diseases， neuroimmunological diseases， neuralgia， and nervous system tumors. This review is expected to provide clues and evidence for new indication expansion of artemisinin drugs， innovative drug development， and clinical treatment of nervous system diseases.

The impact of air pollution on human health has always been a research hotspot in the global health field. Outdoor air pollutants composed of multiple components can enter the human body through various pathways. Cardiovascular diseases are a group of diseases caused by outdoor air pollutants. Studies have shown that the incidence of cardiovascular diseases， including hypertension， arrhythmia， and heart failure， is significantly increased among people exposed to air pollution environments. Air pollutants such as fine particulate matter， nitrogen dioxide， ozone， carbon monoxide， and sulfur dioxide are closely related to the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases， and short-term and long-term exposure causes different cardiovascular risks. By reviewing the relevant research reports from 2019 to 2024， this article summarizes the epidemiological evidence of cardiovascular diseases caused by different air pollutants. It generalizes the pathways through which air pollutants accelerate the progression of cardiovascular diseases. These pathways include oxidative stress， inflammatory response， thrombosis， extracellular vesicle release， endoplasmic reticulum stress， apoptosis， endothelial dysfunction， autonomic nervous system imbalance， and their interactions. Based on the different mechanisms of air pollution on cardiovascular diseases， the article analyzes the main progress in drug intervention and summarizes the roles of various active ingredients and compound prescriptions of traditional Chinese medicine in treating air pollution-related cardiovascular diseases， providing reference for the research on the mechanisms and drug interventions of air pollution-related cardiovascular diseases.

The complex pathophysiological mechanisms between diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases have not yet been fully elucidated， becoming one of the challenges in clinical care. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist （GLP1-RA） and sodium glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors （SGLT2） are clinically used to reduce the cardiovascular risk of patients with diabetes mellitus. Traditional Chinese medicine has diverse biological activities and unique advantages in the treatment of chronic complex diseases due to its multi-component and multi-target effects. Based on recent reports， this paper reviewed the common risk factors of diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases （e.g.， hyperglycemia， insulin resistance， and inflammation）， related targets such as apolipoprotein C-Ⅲ （APOC3）， S100 calcium-binding protein A8/A9 （S100A8/A9）， growth/differentiation factor-15 （GDF-15）， and NACHT， LRR， and PYD domains-containing protein 3 （NLRP3）， advanced glycation end products， insulin resistance， endothelial dysfunction， endoplasmic reticulum stress， mitochondrial dysfunction， and intestinal flora disorder. In addition， this paper summarized the research progress in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases in diabetes mellitus with the active ingredients （e.g.， baicalein， puerarin， curcumin， notoginsenoside， and tanshinone Ⅱ_A）， single herbal medicines （e.g.， Astragali Radix， Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma， Sophorae Flavescentis Radix， Cinnamomi Cortex， and Corni Fructus）， and compound formulas （e.g.， Buzang Tongluo Fang， Yiqi Yangyin Huoxue Fang， Shenqi Fang， Huangqisan， Danggui Buxue Tang， and Liuwei Dihuang Wan） of traditional Chinese medicine. Traditional Chinese medicine mainly treats cardiovascular diseases in diabetes mellitus by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress， ameliorating dyslipidemia and insulin resistance， protecting islet β cell function， repairing endothelial damage， inhibiting smooth muscle cell proliferation， foam cell formation， macrophage polarization， and cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis， and regulating intestinal flora disorder. These processes involve insulin receptor substrate/ phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B （IRS/PI3K/Akt）， peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α/γ （PPAR α/γ）， nuclear factor-kappa B （NF-κB）， adenosine 5′-monophosphate （AMP）-activated protein kinase （AMPK）， hypoxia-inducible factor-1-BCH domain-containing protein （HIF-1-BNIP）， vascular endothelial growth factor/hypoxia-inducible factor-1α （VEGF/HIF-1α） and other signaling pathways. This review is expected to provide a theoretical basis and reference for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases in diabetes mellitus with traditional Chinese medicine.

International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies nickel compounds as Class Ⅰ carcinogens. International Labour Organization (ILO) also lists nickel compounds as carcinogenic factors of occupational cancer. At present, China is revising the Classification and Catalogue of Occupational Diseases, and cancer caused by nickel compounds may also be included in the statutory occupational diseases. The Diagnostic and Exposure Standards for Occupational Diseases published by ILO in 2022 discussed the pathogenic characteristics, occupational exposure, main health effects, diagnostic criteria and key preventive measures of nickel compounds in detail. This article mainly introduces its contents, in order to provid a basis for the formulation of relevant standards in China.

Malaria, one of the major global public health events, is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity among children and adults in tropical and subtropical regions(mainly in sub-Saharan Africa), threatening human health. It is well known that malaria can cause various complications including anemia, blackwater fever, cerebral malaria, and kidney damage. Conventionally, cardiac involvement has not been listed as a common reason affecting morbidity and mortality of malaria, which may be related to ignored cases or insufficient diagnosis. However, the serious clinical consequences such as acute coronary syndrome, heart failure, and malignant arrhythmia caused by malaria have aroused great concern. At present, antimalarials are commonly used for treating malaria in clinical practice. However, inappropriate medication can increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases and cause severe consequences. This review summarized the research advances in the cardiovascular complications including acute myocardial infarction, arrhythmia, hypertension, heart failure, and myocarditis in malaria. The possible mechanisms of cardiovascular diseases caused by malaria were systematically expounded from the hypotheses of cell adhesion, inflammation and cytokines, myocardial apoptosis induced by plasmodium toxin, cardiac injury secondary to acute renal failure, and thrombosis. Furthermore, the effects of quinolines, nucleoprotein synthesis inhibitors, and artemisinin and its derivatives on cardiac structure and function were summarized. Compared with the cardiac toxicity of quinolines in antimalarial therapy, the adverse effects of artemisinin-derived drugs on heart have not been reported in clinical studies. More importantly, the artemisinin-derived drugs demonstrate favorable application prospects in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases, and are expected to play a role in the treatment of malaria patients with cardiovascular diseases. This review provides reference for the prevention and treatment of malaria-related cardiovascular complications as well as the safe application of antimalarials.
Child ; Adult ; Humans ; Antimalarials/pharmacology* ; Cardiovascular Diseases/drug therapy* ; Artemisinins/pharmacology* ; Quinolines ; Malaria, Cerebral/drug therapy* ; Heart Failure/drug therapy* ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac/drug therapy*